What is Zafirlukast and what is its primary medical use?

Zafirlukast is an orally administered medication classified as a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA). Its primary medical use is for the chronic treatment of asthma in adults and children over five years old.

What is the brand name for Zafirlukast in the United States, and what is its significance in drug history?

The brand name for Zafirlukast in the United States is Accolate. It holds historical significance as it was the first cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist approved by the FDA.

How does Zafirlukast function to treat asthma?

Zafirlukast functions by inhibiting the immune system's inflammatory response in the lungs. It acts as an antagonist to cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1), thereby reducing the production of inflammatory mediators implicated in asthma pathogenesis.

What are the common side effects associated with Zafirlukast use?

The most common side effects of Zafirlukast include headaches and gastrointestinal upset, such as nausea, stomach discomfort, and diarrhea. Headaches occur with a frequency similar to placebo in clinical trials.

Can Zafirlukast be used to treat an acute asthma attack?

No, Zafirlukast is not effective in the event of an acute asthma attack. It is intended for the long-term, chronic management of asthma symptoms.

How does Zafirlukast compare in effectiveness to other asthma treatments like inhaled glucocorticoids?

Zafirlukast is generally considered less effective than inhaled glucocorticoids when used as monotherapy for asthma. It is also typically less effective than long-acting beta-2 agonists when used in combination therapy, though it is useful for long-term asthma treatment.

What are the available dosage forms and strengths for Zafirlukast, and how do they differ based on age?

Zafirlukast is available in two dosage forms: a 20 mg tablet for adults and children over 12 years old, and a 10 mg tablet for children aged 5 to 12 years old.

What are the recommended storage conditions for Zafirlukast tablets?

Zafirlukast tablets should be stored at room temperature, protected from direct sunlight and moisture.

How might Zafirlukast affect older adults (65 years and above)?

In adults aged 65 and older, Zafirlukast's hepatic clearance is impaired, leading to a 2 to 3-fold increase in maximum plasma concentration and total drug exposure (area under the curve). Older adults may also have an increased risk of infections, particularly lower respiratory tract infections, though these are not typically severe.

What is the pregnancy category assigned to Zafirlukast, and what do animal studies indicate?

Zafirlukast is classified as pregnancy category B. Animal studies showed no teratogenicity at doses up to 20 times the maximum recommended human dose, although spontaneous abortions occurred in cynomolgus monkeys at the highest tested dose, which was also maternally toxic.

What is known about Zafirlukast use during lactation?

Research on Zafirlukast use in breastfeeding women is limited. Manufacturer data suggests about 0.6% of the maternal dose may transfer to the infant via breast milk, but the effects on the infant are unknown.

Does renal impairment affect how Zafirlukast is processed by the body?

No, renal impairment does not appear to significantly alter the pharmacokinetic profile of Zafirlukast, meaning its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are not notably affected by kidney issues.

How does hepatic impairment influence Zafirlukast pharmacokinetics?

Significant hepatic impairment can impair the clearance of Zafirlukast. In patients with cirrhosis, for example, the maximum plasma concentration and overall drug exposure can increase by 50-60%.

Under what circumstances is Zafirlukast contraindicated?

Zafirlukast is contraindicated in individuals who have a known hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to the medication.

Beyond common side effects like headaches and GI upset, what other adverse effects have been reported with Zafirlukast?

Other reported side effects include flu-like symptoms, sleep disturbances (such as abnormal dreams and insomnia), hallucinations, and daytime drowsiness.

What are the potential neuropsychiatric side effects associated with Zafirlukast and other LTRAs?

Neuropsychiatric side effects, ranging from less severe issues like abnormal dreams to more serious ones like hallucinations, tremors, and suicidality, have been reported with Zafirlukast and other LTRAs. These were identified through post-marketing surveillance as initial trials were not specifically designed to detect them.

What is hepatotoxicity, and how can it manifest with Zafirlukast use?

Hepatotoxicity refers to liver damage. With Zafirlukast, it can manifest as rare but serious acute liver injury, typically occurring within 2-6 months of starting the medication. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, dark urine, jaundice, and itching, often with elevated liver enzymes resembling viral hepatitis.

What is the suspected mechanism behind Zafirlukast-induced hepatotoxicity?

The exact mechanism is unclear, but it is hypothesized that hepatotoxicity may be caused by a metabolic intermediate of Zafirlukast, as the drug is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme CYP2C9.

What is the relationship between Zafirlukast and Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA)?

Several cases of EGPA have been reported in patients using Zafirlukast and other asthma medications. While an association exists, it is not believed to be directly causative; EGPA often appears in patients with long-standing asthma and sinus inflammation, particularly when chronic corticosteroids are tapered after initiating new asthma therapy like Zafirlukast.

What is the highest reported overdose amount for Zafirlukast, and what were the outcomes?

The highest reported overdose amount for Zafirlukast was 200 mg. All patients who experienced overdoses survived, reporting symptoms such as rash and upset stomach.

How does Zafirlukast interact with other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4?

Zafirlukast inhibits the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. This inhibition can lead to increased concentrations of other drugs that are also metabolized by CYP3A4, potentially causing drug-drug interactions. Examples include the anticoagulant warfarin and antiepileptic drugs like phenytoin and carbamazepine.

How does food intake affect the absorption of Zafirlukast?

The oral absorption of Zafirlukast is reduced by approximately 40% when taken with meals high in fat or protein. To maximize absorption, it should be taken on an empty stomach, defined as one hour before or two hours after a meal.

What is the pharmacodynamic action of Zafirlukast?

Pharmacodynamically, Zafirlukast acts as an antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1). This receptor is found on smooth muscle in the lungs, lung macrophages, and epithelial cells, and its activation by leukotrienes contributes to asthma symptoms like bronchoconstriction.

What is the role of cysteinyl leukotrienes in asthma, and how does Zafirlukast counteract them?

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4), produced by inflammatory cells like eosinophils, trigger bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and edema in the airways, contributing to asthma symptoms. Zafirlukast blocks the action of these leukotrienes by binding to their CysLT1 receptor, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect.

Describe the absorption and distribution characteristics of Zafirlukast in the body.

Zafirlukast is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, reaching peak plasma levels within three hours. It is moderately distributed into tissues, with a steady-state volume of distribution of 70 liters, and is highly bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin (>99%). It shows low penetration across the blood-brain barrier.

How is Zafirlukast metabolized in the body?

Zafirlukast undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, primarily mediated by the enzyme CYP2C9. This process converts Zafirlukast into inactive hydroxylated metabolites.

What is the primary route of elimination for Zafirlukast from the body?

Zafirlukast is primarily eliminated through biliary excretion. It is not detectable in urine, and its mean terminal half-life ranges from 8 to 16 hours.

How might genetic variations in LTC4 synthase affect a person's response to Zafirlukast?

Genetic polymorphisms in the LTC4 synthase promoter, such as the A444C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), have been associated with a decreased clinical response to Zafirlukast, particularly in individuals with severe asthma phenotypes.

What is the significance of CYP2C9 genetic variations in relation to Zafirlukast treatment?

Since Zafirlukast is metabolized by CYP2C9, genetic variations (SNPs) that reduce CYP2C9 function, like CYP2C9*3 or CYP2C9*13, can lead to decreased clearance of the drug and consequently increased exposure. The CYP2C9*3 variant is more prevalent in individuals of South/Central Asian ancestry.

What are the key physiochemical properties of Zafirlukast?

Pure Zafirlukast is described as a fine, white to pale yellow, amorphous powder. It is practically insoluble in water but shows slight solubility in methanol and is freely soluble in solvents like tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, and acetone.

When was Zafirlukast approved in the United States, and what was its significance?

Zafirlukast was approved in the United States in 1996. Its approval marked a significant milestone as it was the first cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist available for medical use.

What other indications, besides asthma, have been investigated or suggested for Zafirlukast?

Research suggests Zafirlukast may be beneficial for chronic urticaria (hives), cystic fibrosis (based on a pilot study), and has shown improvement in lung function in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Is Zafirlukast used in veterinary medicine?

Yes, Zafirlukast is sometimes used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bronchial asthma in cats.

What is the chemical formula and molar mass of Zafirlukast?

The chemical formula for Zafirlukast is C31H33N3O6S, and its molar mass is 575.68 g/mol.

What is the melting point range for Zafirlukast?

Zafirlukast has a melting point range of 138 to 140 degrees Celsius (280 to 284 degrees Fahrenheit).

What are the potential risks associated with Zafirlukast-induced hepatotoxicity, and who is predominantly affected?

Zafirlukast-induced hepatotoxicity can be fatal and may lead to more severe injury upon re-exposure. It has predominantly occurred in females. The liver damage pattern often resembles acute viral hepatitis.

How does Zafirlukast's interaction with CYP2C9 affect drug metabolism?

Zafirlukast itself is metabolized by CYP2C9. This means that other drugs that are also metabolized by CYP2C9 might have their metabolism affected by Zafirlukast, potentially leading to altered drug levels in the body.

What is the significance of the 'atopy' factor in pediatric asthma treatment with Zafirlukast?

Atopy refers to a predisposition to allergic conditions like asthma, hay fever, and eczema. Leukotriene receptor antagonists like Zafirlukast are generally found to be more effective in children who are younger and have less atopic asthma.

What is the classification of Zafirlukast according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System?

Zafirlukast is classified under the ATC code R03DC01.

What are the identifiers listed for Zafirlukast in various chemical and drug databases?

Zafirlukast is identified by CAS Number 107753-78-6, PubChem CID 5717, IUPHAR/BPS ID 3322, DrugBank ID DB00549, ChemSpider ID 5515, UNII XZ629S5L50, KEGG ID D00411, ChEBI ID CHEBI:10100, ChEMBL ID ChEMBL603, CompTox Dashboard ID DTXSID5023746, and ECHA InfoCard 100.189.989.

What specific leukotrienes does Zafirlukast antagonize?

Zafirlukast antagonizes cysteinyl leukotrienes, specifically Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), and Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).

What is the legal status of Zafirlukast in the United Kingdom?

In the United Kingdom, Zafirlukast is classified as POM (Prescription only).

What is the bioavailability of Zafirlukast?

The bioavailability of Zafirlukast is listed as unknown in the provided source.

What is the protein binding percentage for Zafirlukast, and to which protein is it primarily bound?

Zafirlukast is highly protein-bound, with over 99% of it bound to albumin, the most abundant protein in human plasma.

What are the known metabolites of Zafirlukast?

Zafirlukast is metabolized into hydroxylated metabolites, which are considered inactive.

What is the elimination half-life of Zafirlukast?

The elimination half-life of Zafirlukast is approximately 10 hours.

What is the primary route of excretion for Zafirlukast?

Zafirlukast is primarily excreted through feces.

What is the potential mechanism of action of Zafirlukast beyond being a simple antagonist?

There is some research suggesting that Zafirlukast might act as a partial inverse agonist at the CysLT1 receptor, although its primary classification remains as an antagonist. The clinical significance of this potential inverse agonism is currently unknown.

What is the role of albumin in drug distribution, as relevant to Zafirlukast?

Albumin is the most abundant protein in human plasma and plays a crucial role in transporting substances, including drugs like Zafirlukast, throughout the body due to its high binding capacity.

Zafirlukast Wiki: Zafirlukast: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Profile

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Understanding Zafirlukast

Pharmaceutical Classification

Zafirlukast is classified as an orally administered leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA). It functions by inhibiting the action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma.

As a leukotriene receptor antagonist, zafirlukast targets the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1). This receptor is found on smooth muscle cells in the lungs and on inflammatory cells like macrophages. By blocking this receptor, zafirlukast helps to reduce bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, mucus production, and edema associated with asthma.

Historical Context

Zafirlukast holds the distinction of being the first cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist approved in the United States. Its approval in 1996 marked a significant advancement in the pharmacological management of asthma.

Zafirlukast was developed by AstraZeneca and introduced to the market, paving the way for subsequent LTRAs. Its development reflected a growing understanding of the inflammatory pathways involved in asthma, moving beyond solely bronchodilator and corticosteroid treatments.

Brand Name and Availability

The primary brand name under which zafirlukast is marketed is Accolate. It is also available in numerous other countries under various trade names, reflecting its global use in asthma therapy.

Common brand names include Accolate, Accoleit, Aeronix, Benalucost, Freesy, Monokast, Olmoran, Ventair, Zafnil, Zalukast, and Zukast. This wide range of names underscores its established presence in the pharmaceutical market.

Mechanism of Action

CysLT1 Receptor Antagonism

Zafirlukast functions as a selective and competitive antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1). It binds to this receptor, preventing the action of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4).

Cysteinyl leukotrienes are potent inflammatory mediators released by cells such as eosinophils, mast cells, and macrophages. Upon binding to CysLT1 receptors, they trigger a cascade of effects including bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, mucus secretion, and eosinophil recruitment into the airways. Zafirlukast's antagonism of CysLT1 counteracts these effects, thereby alleviating asthma symptoms.

Pharmacological Effects

By inhibiting CysLT1, zafirlukast reduces key inflammatory processes in asthma. This includes mitigating bronchoconstriction, decreasing airway edema, and reducing mucus hypersecretion.

While effective for long-term asthma control, zafirlukast is not indicated for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations. Its therapeutic benefit is primarily observed in managing chronic inflammatory aspects of the disease.

Emerging Research

Preliminary research suggests zafirlukast may act as a partial inverse agonist at the CysLT1 receptor. The clinical significance of this potential dual action is still under investigation.

Further studies are exploring the nuances of zafirlukast's interaction with the CysLT1 receptor, potentially offering deeper insights into its anti-inflammatory properties and therapeutic potential beyond standard asthma management.

Clinical Applications

Asthma Management

Zafirlukast is FDA-approved for the prevention and chronic treatment of asthma in adults and children aged five years and older. It serves as a valuable option for long-term symptom control.

It is generally considered less effective as monotherapy compared to inhaled corticosteroids or long-acting beta-2 agonists in combination therapy. However, it plays a role in comprehensive asthma management plans, particularly for patients who benefit from targeting the leukotriene pathway.

Pediatric Considerations

Dosage forms are adjusted for age: 20 mg tablets for adults and children over 12, and 10 mg tablets for children aged 5 to 12. LTRAs like zafirlukast tend to be more effective in younger children with less atopic asthma.

Atopy, a predisposition to allergic conditions, can influence treatment response. Careful consideration of age and asthma phenotype is important when prescribing zafirlukast for pediatric patients.

Contraindications

Zafirlukast is contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity or allergy to the drug itself.

Healthcare providers must screen patients for potential hypersensitivity reactions before initiating therapy to ensure patient safety.

Pharmacological Profile

Absorption and Distribution

Following oral administration, zafirlukast is rapidly absorbed, achieving peak plasma concentrations within approximately 3 hours. It exhibits moderate tissue distribution, with a steady-state volume of distribution of 70 liters and high plasma protein binding (>99%) primarily to albumin.

The drug demonstrates limited penetration across the blood-brain barrier. Absorption is significantly reduced (by 40%) when taken with high-fat or high-protein meals, necessitating administration on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after meals).

Metabolism and Elimination

Zafirlukast undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, primarily mediated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2C9, yielding inactive hydroxylated metabolites. Elimination occurs predominantly via the biliary route, with minimal amounts detected in urine.

The elimination half-life typically ranges from 8 to 16 hours, supporting twice-daily dosing. Hepatic impairment, particularly cirrhosis, can increase plasma concentrations and exposure by 50-60%, necessitating caution.

Pharmacogenomics

Genetic variations can influence zafirlukast's efficacy and safety. Polymorphisms in the LTC4 synthase promoter may affect treatment response, while variations in CYP2C9 function (e.g., CYP2C9*3) can decrease drug clearance, leading to increased exposure.

The prevalence of certain CYP2C9 alleles varies across different ethnic populations, potentially impacting individualized dosing strategies or predicting treatment outcomes. Understanding these genetic factors is crucial for personalized medicine approaches.

Adverse Effects Profile

Common Side Effects

Zafirlukast is generally well-tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse effects include headaches (occurring in 12-20% of patients, similar to placebo) and gastrointestinal upset (nausea, stomach discomfort, diarrhea).

Other reported effects include flu-like symptoms, sleep disturbances (abnormal dreams, insomnia), hallucinations, and daytime drowsiness. Taking the medication with food can mitigate GI discomfort but impairs absorption.

Hepatotoxicity

Rare but serious cases of acute liver injury have been associated with zafirlukast, typically occurring within 2-6 months of initiation. Symptoms can range from elevated liver enzymes to jaundice and pruritus.

The mechanism is not fully elucidated but may involve metabolic intermediates. Cases can be severe and potentially fatal. Females appear to be predominantly affected. Rechallenge may lead to more severe injury. Monitoring liver function is advisable.

EGPA Association

Several cases of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA), formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome, have been reported in patients using zafirlukast and other asthma medications. This association is often linked to corticosteroid withdrawal.

EGPA typically occurs in patients with long-standing asthma, sinus inflammation, and chronic corticosteroid use. The initiation of new asthma therapy, concurrent with corticosteroid tapering, may unmask underlying EGPA. Symptoms can mimic asthma exacerbations.

Drug Interactions

CYP3A4 Inhibition

Zafirlukast inhibits the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4. This can lead to increased plasma concentrations of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, such as warfarin and certain antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine).

Concomitant use requires careful monitoring of the co-administered drug's levels and potential toxicity. Dose adjustments may be necessary.

Food Interactions

Oral bioavailability of zafirlukast is reduced by approximately 40% when taken with high-fat or high-protein meals. This necessitates administration on an empty stomach to ensure optimal absorption.

Patients should be advised to take zafirlukast at least one hour before or two hours after consuming a meal to maintain therapeutic efficacy.

Chemical Properties

Molecular Structure

Zafirlukast is characterized by its chemical formula C₃₁H₃₃N₃O₆S and a molar mass of 575.68 g/mol. It presents as a fine, white to pale yellow amorphous powder.

Key identifiers include its IUPAC name: Cyclopentyl 3-{2-methoxy-4-[(o-tolylsulfonyl)carbamoyl]benzyl}-1-methyl-1H-indol-5-ylcarbamate. Its CAS number is 107753-78-6.

Physical Characteristics

Zafirlukast exhibits poor solubility in water but is soluble in organic solvents like methanol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, and acetone. Its melting point is reported to be between 138-140 °C (280-284 °F).

The compound's physicochemical properties influence its formulation and absorption characteristics, particularly its interaction with food.

Computational Representations

Standardized representations for computational analysis include SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) and InChI (International Chemical Identifier).

SMILES: Cc1ccccc1S(=O)(=O)NC(=O)c2cc(OC)c(cc2)Cc3cn(C)c4ccc(cc43)NC(=O)OC5CCCC5
InChI: InChI=1S/C31H33N3O6S/c1-20-8-4-7-11-29(20)41(37,38)33-30(35)22-13-12-21(28(17-22)39-3)16-23-19-34(2)27-15-14-24(18-26(23)27)32-31(36)40-25-9-5-6-10-25/h4,7-8,11-15,17-19,25H,5-6,9-10,16H2,1-3H3,(H,32,36)(H,33,35)

Historical Context

Market Introduction

Zafirlukast was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1996, marking its debut as the first LTRA available for asthma management.

Its development represented a significant step forward in understanding and treating the inflammatory components of asthma, offering an alternative or adjunctive therapy to traditional treatments like bronchodilators and corticosteroids.

Global Reach

Following its U.S. approval, zafirlukast gained approval in numerous other countries, establishing its role as a globally recognized therapeutic agent for asthma.

The widespread availability under various brand names highlights its clinical utility and acceptance in diverse healthcare systems worldwide.

Research & Exploration

Beyond Asthma

Research has explored zafirlukast's potential utility in other inflammatory conditions, including chronic urticaria (hives) and cystic fibrosis, with some preliminary positive findings.

Studies suggest possible benefits in managing chronic urticaria, regardless of its etiology. A pilot study also indicated potential benefits in cystic fibrosis, warranting further investigation.

COPD Studies

In the context of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), zafirlukast has demonstrated an ability to improve lung function, suggesting a potential role in managing this related respiratory condition.

The anti-inflammatory effects targeting leukotriene pathways may offer therapeutic advantages in COPD patients, although its primary indication remains asthma.

Cost-Effectiveness

While initial evidence suggests zafirlukast might reduce healthcare costs, its overall cost-effectiveness for asthma management has not been definitively established.

Further economic evaluations are necessary to fully understand the value proposition of zafirlukast in comparison to other available asthma therapies.

Veterinary Use

Feline Asthma

Zafirlukast is sometimes employed in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bronchial asthma in feline patients, leveraging its anti-inflammatory properties.

Its use in cats reflects the conserved nature of the leukotriene pathway in inflammatory airway diseases across species.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Zafirlukast" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about zafirlukast while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

air observation post

informbiro period

premier automotive group

representative democracy

References

A full list of references for this article are available at the Zafirlukast Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Medical Information

This content has been generated by an AI and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. It is based on data from Wikipedia and may not be exhaustive, fully accurate, or entirely up-to-date.

This is not medical advice. The information provided herein is not a substitute for professional medical consultation, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of information obtained from this resource.

The creators of this page assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided.

Zafirlukast: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Profile

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Understanding Zafirlukast ⚕️

💊 Pharmaceutical Classification

📜 Historical Context

🏢 Brand Name and Availability

Mechanism of Action ⚙️

🎯 CysLT1 Receptor Antagonism

🔬 Pharmacological Effects

💡 Emerging Research

Clinical Applications 🩺

💨 Asthma Management

👶 Pediatric Considerations

⚠️ Contraindications

Pharmacological Profile 🔬

⬆️ Absorption and Distribution

🔄 Metabolism and Elimination

🧬 Pharmacogenomics

Adverse Effects Profile ⚠️

🤕 Common Side Effects

💔 Hepatotoxicity

🦠 EGPA Association

Drug Interactions ↔️

💊 CYP3A4 Inhibition

🍽️ Food Interactions

Chemical Properties 🧪

⚗️ Molecular Structure

🌡️ Physical Characteristics

💻 Computational Representations

Historical Context 🕰️

🚀 Market Introduction

🌍 Global Reach

Research & Exploration 💡

🔬 Beyond Asthma

🫁 COPD Studies

💰 Cost-Effectiveness

Veterinary Use 🐾

🐈 Feline Asthma

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Medical Information

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Understanding Zafirlukast

Pharmaceutical Classification

Historical Context

Brand Name and Availability

Mechanism of Action

CysLT1 Receptor Antagonism

Pharmacological Effects

Emerging Research

Clinical Applications

Asthma Management

Pediatric Considerations

Contraindications

Pharmacological Profile

Absorption and Distribution

Metabolism and Elimination

Pharmacogenomics

Adverse Effects Profile

Common Side Effects

Hepatotoxicity

EGPA Association

Drug Interactions

CYP3A4 Inhibition

Food Interactions

Chemical Properties

Molecular Structure

Physical Characteristics

Computational Representations

Historical Context

Market Introduction

Global Reach

Research & Exploration

Beyond Asthma

COPD Studies

Cost-Effectiveness

Veterinary Use

Feline Asthma

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Medical Information