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Total Categories: 6
Arvanitika is fundamentally a variety of the Greek language that has incorporated Albanian vocabulary over time.
Answer: False
The source material defines Arvanitika as a variety of the Albanian language, not Greek, although it has been significantly influenced by Greek.
Arvanitika was introduced to Southern Greece during the late Middle Ages by Albanian settlers migrating southward.
Answer: True
The source indicates that Arvanitika was brought to Southern Greece in the late Middle Ages by Albanian settlers migrating from their homeland.
The name 'Arvanítika' is derived from the ancient Greek word for 'language'.
Answer: False
The name 'Arvanítika' is derived from the ethnonym 'Arvanites,' which in turn originates from the medieval toponym 'Arbën' or 'Arbër' in modern Albania.
Which of the following statements provides the most accurate definition of Arvanitika?
Answer: A variety of the Albanian language spoken by Arvanites in Greece.
Arvanitika is defined as a variety of the Albanian language traditionally spoken by the Arvanites, a population group residing in Greece.
When was Arvanitika introduced to Southern Greece?
Answer: In the late Middle Ages.
The source specifies that Arvanitika was introduced to Southern Greece during the late Middle Ages by migrating Albanian settlers.
From what does the name 'Arvanítika' originate?
Answer: The ethnonym 'Arvanites', derived from a medieval Albanian toponym.
The name 'Arvanítika' is derived from the ethnonym 'Arvanites,' which itself comes from 'Arbën,' a toponym for a region in medieval Albania.
In the past, Albanians generally referred to themselves using terms like 'Arbërorë' and 'Arbëreshë', reflecting a historical connection to the toponym 'Arbën'.
Answer: True
The source confirms that native equivalents like 'Arbërorë' and 'Arbëreshë' were historically used as self-designations by Albanians, linking them to the toponym 'Arbën'.
Many modern Arvanites identify ethnically and nationally as Albanians, despite residing in Greece.
Answer: False
Despite the Albanian origin of their language, many modern Arvanites identify nationally and ethnically as Greeks.
Many Arvanites prefer their language to be called 'Albanian' to emphasize their historical ties to Albania.
Answer: False
The source reports that many Arvanites dislike the name 'Albanian' for their language, preferring 'Arvanitika' to reflect their distinct identity as Greeks.
Sociolinguistic work has described Arvanitika using frameworks like 'ausbausprachen' and 'abstandssprachen' to analyze its relationship with other languages.
Answer: True
The source mentions that Arvanitika has been described within the conceptual framework of 'ausbausprachen' and 'abstandssprachen' in sociolinguistic analysis.
Arvanites commonly use Standard Albanian as their standard language and are literate in its Latin-based orthography.
Answer: False
Arvanites do not use Standard Albanian as their standard language and are generally not literate in its standard orthography.
Arvanitika functions as a 'dachsprache' (roof language) for other Albanian dialects in Greece.
Answer: False
Arvanitika is not functionally subordinated to Standard Albanian as a 'dachsprache,' meaning it does not serve as an overarching standard for its speakers.
Some groups in northwest Greece use the term 'Shqip' to refer to their language, which implies they identify ethnically as Greeks.
Answer: False
The use of 'Shqip' (the Albanian word for the Albanian language) has sometimes been interpreted as implying that these groups identify ethnically as Albanians, not Greeks.
How did Albanians historically refer to themselves using terms related to 'Arbën'?
Answer: As 'Arbërorë' and 'Arbëreshë'.
The source indicates that in the past, Albanians commonly used self-designations such as 'Arbërorë' and 'Arbëreshë', reflecting their connection to the toponym 'Arbën'.
Despite the Albanian origin of their language, how do many modern Arvanites identify themselves ethnically and nationally?
Answer: As Greeks.
The source states that many modern Arvanites identify nationally and ethnically as Greeks, despite the linguistic origins of Arvanitika.
How do many Arvanites generally feel about their language being called 'Albanian'?
Answer: They dislike it, preferring 'Arvanitika' to reflect their Greek identity.
The source reports that many Arvanites dislike designating their language as 'Albanian' and prefer the term 'Arvanitika' to align with their identity as Greeks.
Which conceptual frameworks are used in sociolinguistic work to describe Arvanitika?
Answer: 'Ausbausprachen' and 'Abstandssprachen'.
Sociolinguistic analysis of Arvanitika has utilized the conceptual framework of 'ausbausprachen' and 'abstandssprachen' to examine its relationship with other linguistic varieties.
Do Arvanites use Standard Albanian as their standard language?
Answer: No, they are generally not literate in Standard Albanian orthography and do not use its media.
Arvanites do not use Standard Albanian as their standard language; they are generally not literate in its orthography and do not consume its media.
In what sense is Arvanitika not functionally subordinated to Standard Albanian?
Answer: Standard Albanian does not function as a 'dachsprache' or 'roof language' for Arvanitika speakers.
Arvanitika is not functionally subordinated to Standard Albanian because Standard Albanian does not serve as a 'dachsprache' (roof language) for Arvanitika speakers.
What term do some groups in northwest Greece use to refer to their language, and what does it imply?
Answer: 'Shqip', implying they identify ethnically as Albanians.
Some groups in the northwest use the term 'Shqip' (the Albanian word for the language), which has been interpreted as implying an Albanian ethnic identity.
Arvanitika has preserved elements of medieval Albanian and has been significantly influenced by the Greek language, incorporating Greek vocabulary and phonological features.
Answer: True
The source confirms that Arvanitika retains elements of medieval Albanian while also showing significant influence from Greek in its vocabulary and phonology.
Arvanitika is classified as part of the Gheg dialect group of Albanian, sharing ties with varieties spoken in northern Albania.
Answer: False
Arvanitika is classified as part of the Tosk dialect group of Albanian, which is associated with southern Albania.
Arvanitika is closely related to Arbëresh, the dialect of Albanian spoken in Italy, with Arbëresh largely tracing its origins to Arvanite settlers from Greece.
Answer: True
The source states that Arvanitika is closely related to the Arbëresh dialect of Italy, as the latter's origins are largely traced to Arvanite settlers who migrated from Greece.
The Arbëresh dialect has retained some words borrowed directly from Latin, indicating a historical connection to Roman culture.
Answer: False
The Arbëresh dialect has retained words borrowed directly from Greek, not Latin, such as 'haristis' for 'thank you'.
There is ongoing debate among linguistic scholars regarding Arvanitika's classification, with some considering it a distinct language separate from Albanian.
Answer: False
Linguistic scholarship unanimously describes Arvanitika as a dialect of Albanian, not a separate language.
The three main geographical groups of Arvanitic settlements in Greece are located in the north, central, and southern regions.
Answer: False
The three main geographical groups are located in the south, the northwest, and a small outlying group in Thrace (northeast).
Some authors consider 'Arvanitika' in its proper sense to apply only to the southern group of dialects, or to the southern and Thracian groups combined.
Answer: True
The source states that some authors apply the term 'Arvanitika' in its proper sense only to the southern group, or the southern and Thracian groups, which have been separated from core Albanian for centuries.
The northwestern Arvanitic dialects are classified by Ethnologue as part of core Tosk Albanian, distinct from 'Arvanitika Albanian' in the narrow sense.
Answer: True
Ethnologue classifies the northwestern dialects as part of core Tosk Albanian, distinguishing them from the 'Arvanitika Albanian' of the southern and Thracian groups.
Sasse (1991) identified only three distinct dialect groups within the southern Arvanitika area.
Answer: False
Sasse (1991) distinguished as many as eleven distinct dialect groups within the southern Arvanitika area.
Arvanitika shares many features with the Tosk dialect spoken in Southern Albania, indicating a common linguistic ancestry.
Answer: True
The source confirms that Arvanitika shares many features with the Tosk dialect of Southern Albania, which points to a common linguistic origin.
What are the primary linguistic influences on Arvanitika?
Answer: Medieval Albanian and Greek.
Arvanitika's core is medieval Albanian, but it has been significantly influenced by Greek, incorporating its vocabulary and phonological features.
To which dialect group of Albanian does Arvanitika belong?
Answer: Tosk.
Arvanitika is classified as part of the Tosk dialect group of Albanian, which is spoken across southern Albania.
What is the relationship between Arvanitika and the Arbëresh dialect spoken in Italy?
Answer: Arvanitika is closely related to Arbëresh, which largely traces its origins to Arvanite settlers from Greece.
The source confirms a close relationship, noting that the Arbëresh dialect's origins are largely traced back to Arvanite settlers who migrated from Greece to Italy.
What evidence suggests a historical connection between Arbëresh and Greek?
Answer: Retention of words borrowed directly from Greek, like 'haristis' for 'thank you'.
The historical connection is evidenced by the retention of Greek loanwords in the Arbëresh dialect, such as 'haristis' (thank you) and 'dhrom' (road).
What is the general consensus among linguistic scholars regarding Arvanitika's classification?
Answer: It is unanimously described as a dialect of Albanian.
Linguistic scholarship unanimously classifies Arvanitika as a dialect of Albanian based on its linguistic features and historical development.
Which of the following accurately lists the three main geographical groups of Arvanitic settlements in Greece?
Answer: South (Attica, Boeotia, Peloponnese), Northwest, and Thrace.
The three main geographical groups of Arvanitic settlements are the large southern group, a smaller northwestern group, and an outlying group in Thrace.
According to some authors, which Arvanitic dialects are considered 'Arvanitika' in the proper sense?
Answer: The southern group, or the southern and Thracian groups combined.
Some authors reserve the term 'Arvanitika' in its proper sense for the southern group, or the southern and Thracian groups combined, due to their long separation from the main Albanian-speaking area.
How do the northwestern Arvanitic dialects differ from the southern and Thracian ones?
Answer: They are more similar to neighboring Tosk dialects within Albania.
The northwestern dialects are reported to be more similar to the neighboring Tosk dialects spoken within Albania, distinguishing them from the more isolated southern and Thracian groups.
How many distinct dialect groups did Sasse (1991) distinguish within the southern Arvanitika area?
Answer: Eleven.
Sasse (1991) identified as many as eleven distinct dialect groups within the southern Arvanitika area, highlighting its internal diversity.
What is a primary characteristic Arvanitika shares with Tosk Albanian?
Answer: Many phonological and grammatical features.
Arvanitika's classification as a Tosk dialect is based on the many phonological and grammatical features it shares with the Tosk spoken in Southern Albania.
Italo-Arbëresh and Graeco-Arvanitika share a mutually intelligible vocabulary base, with differences primarily stemming from modern Italian or Greek terms.
Answer: True
The source confirms that these two dialects share a mutually intelligible vocabulary base, and non-intelligible elements are typically modern loanwords from Italian or Greek.
Linguists generally agree that mutual intelligibility between Arvanitika and Standard Tosk Albanian is consistently high.
Answer: False
Assessments of mutual intelligibility between Arvanitika and Standard Tosk vary, ranging from fairly high to only partial.
Mutual intelligibility is generally consistent across all different subdialects of Arvanitika.
Answer: False
The source indicates that mutual intelligibility can be problematic even between different subdialects within Arvanitika itself.
Mutual intelligibility between Standard Tosk and Arvanitika is lower than the intelligibility between the Tosk and Gheg dialects of Albanian.
Answer: False
The source states that mutual intelligibility between Standard Tosk and Arvanitika is actually higher than that between the Tosk and Gheg dialects.
Arvanitika has simplified certain syllable-initial consonant clusters that have been preserved in Standard Albanian.
Answer: False
Arvanitika has preserved certain conservative syllable-initial consonant clusters (e.g., 'gljuhë') that have been simplified in Standard Albanian (e.g., 'gjuhë').
What is the degree of mutual intelligibility between Italo-Arbëresh and Graeco-Arvanitika?
Answer: They share a mutually intelligible vocabulary base.
The source indicates that Italo-Arbëresh and Graeco-Arvanitika share a mutually intelligible vocabulary base, with differences often arising from modern loanwords.
What is the range of linguists' assessments regarding mutual intelligibility between Arvanitika and Standard Tosk Albanian?
Answer: Varying from fairly high to only partial.
Linguistic assessments of mutual intelligibility between Arvanitika and Standard Tosk are not uniform, with reports ranging from fairly high to only partial.
What is true about mutual intelligibility within Arvanitika itself?
Answer: It may even be problematic between different subdialects.
The source notes that due to internal variation, mutual intelligibility can be problematic even among speakers of different Arvanitika subdialects.
How does the mutual intelligibility between Standard Tosk and Arvanitika compare to that between Tosk and Gheg?
Answer: It is higher than between Tosk and Gheg.
Mutual intelligibility between Standard Tosk and Arvanitika is reported to be higher than that between the two main Albanian dialect groups, Tosk and Gheg.
What specific conservative feature has Arvanitika preserved that was simplified in Standard Albanian?
Answer: Certain syllable-initial consonant clusters, like 'gljuhë' vs. 'gjuhë'.
Arvanitika has preserved certain syllable-initial consonant clusters, such as in the word 'gljuhë' (language), which have been simplified in Standard Albanian to 'gjuhë'.
The existence of a separate writing system, specifically the Greek-based Arvanitic alphabet, is a strong indicator of Arvanitika's sociolinguistic autonomy.
Answer: True
The source identifies the existence of the separate, Greek-based Arvanitic alphabet as a strong indicator of the language's autonomy in the sociolinguistic sense of 'ausbau'.
The Greek-based writing system for Arvanitika was entirely unique and never used by other Albanian speakers.
Answer: False
A very similar Greek-based writing system was formerly used by other Tosk Albanian speakers between the 16th and 18th centuries.
The Arvanitic script is widely used today in public domains and written publications.
Answer: False
The Arvanitic script is very rarely used today, as Arvanitika is almost exclusively a spoken language confined to the private sphere.
There is a general consensus among Arvanites that the Latin alphabet should be used to write their language.
Answer: False
The source indicates there is disagreement among Arvanites regarding whether the Latin alphabet should be used to write their language.
Standardization efforts have successfully created a common spoken and written Standard Arvanitika.
Answer: False
No further standardization has occurred, and spoken Arvanitika remains internally diversified into various sub-dialects.
Arvanitika has a rich history of written literature and public documents.
Answer: False
Arvanitika has rarely been written throughout its history and has primarily existed as a spoken language.
Arvanitika has only ever been written using the Greek alphabet.
Answer: False
The source reports that Arvanitika has been written using both the Greek and the Latin alphabets.
Historical evidence of written Arvanitika includes private correspondence and election pamphlets from the 19th century.
Answer: True
The source confirms that written Arvanitika texts have survived in the form of private letters and 19th-century election pamphlets.
In the 19th century, Arvanitika was used in election pamphlets to promote party lines among Arvanites and facilitate communication with voters.
Answer: True
The source states that 19th-century election pamphlets were published in Arvanitika to propagate party lines and aid communication between candidates and Arvanite voters.
Language samples for Arvanitika primarily focus on complex literary excerpts.
Answer: False
The provided language samples consist of common phrases, pronouns, and basic verb paradigms, not complex literary excerpts.
The Lord's Prayer is used as a sample text to compare Arvanitika with Standard Tosk, Gheg, and Arbëresh Albanian.
Answer: True
The source uses The Lord's Prayer as a comparative sample text to illustrate the linguistic relationships between Arvanitika and other varieties of Albanian.
What is considered a strong indicator of Arvanitika's autonomy in a sociolinguistic sense?
Answer: The existence of a separate writing system, the Greek-based Arvanitic alphabet.
The existence of the separate, Greek-based Arvanitic alphabet is cited as a strong indicator of its autonomy in the sociolinguistic sense of 'ausbau' (development towards a standard).
Was the Greek-based writing system for Arvanitika unique?
Answer: No, a similar system was used by other Tosk Albanian speakers between the 16th and 18th centuries.
The source clarifies that a very similar Greek-based writing system was also used by other Tosk Albanian speakers in earlier centuries.
How is the Arvanitic script primarily used today?
Answer: It is very rarely used, as Arvanitika is almost exclusively a spoken language.
The Arvanitic script is rarely used in practice today because Arvanitika is almost exclusively a spoken language confined to the private sphere.
What is the stance among Arvanites regarding the use of the Latin alphabet for their language?
Answer: There is some disagreement, similar to the Aromanians.
The source indicates that there is some disagreement among Arvanites about whether the Latin alphabet should be used to write their language.
Has there been any standardization towards a common spoken or written Standard Arvanitika?
Answer: No further standardization has taken place, and it remains diversified.
The source states that no further standardization has occurred, and spoken Arvanitika remains internally diversified into various sub-dialects.
How frequently has Arvanitika been written historically?
Answer: Rarely, primarily existing as a spoken language.
Throughout its history, Arvanitika has rarely been written and has existed almost exclusively as a spoken language.
In which alphabets has Arvanitika reportedly been written?
Answer: Both the Greek and Latin alphabets.
The source reports that Arvanitika has been written using both the Greek alphabet (often with modifications) and the Latin alphabet.
What historical evidence exists of Arvanitika being written?
Answer: Private correspondence and 19th-century election pamphlets.
Historical evidence of written Arvanitika includes surviving private letters and election pamphlets from the 19th century.
For what public purpose was Arvanitika used in the 19th century?
Answer: To facilitate communication in election pamphlets.
In the 19th century, Arvanitika was used in election pamphlets to communicate with and propagate party lines among Arvanite voters.
What grammatical elements are presented in the language samples for Arvanitika?
Answer: Pronouns and verb paradigms for 'HAVE' and 'BE' across various tenses.
The provided language samples include grammatical information on pronouns and verb paradigms for 'HAVE' and 'BE' in different tenses.
Which religious text is used to compare Arvanitika with other Albanian forms?
Answer: The Lord's Prayer.
The Lord's Prayer is used as a sample text to compare Arvanitika with Standard Tosk, Gheg, and Arbëresh Albanian.
Arvanitika is currently experiencing a resurgence in usage, with younger members of the Arvanite community actively learning and speaking it.
Answer: False
The source states that Arvanitika is an endangered language, as most younger members of the community no longer speak it, leading to a decline in active use.
The term 'terminal speakers' refers to younger generation members who have acquired an imperfect command of Arvanitika and are unlikely to transmit it.
Answer: True
The source defines 'terminal speakers' as members of the younger generation with an imperfect command of the language who are unlikely to pass it on to future generations.
There are still some monolingual Arvanitika speakers today, primarily in isolated rural areas.
Answer: False
The source explicitly states that there are no monolingual Arvanitika speakers today, as all are now bilingual in Greek.
Recent linguistic observations indicate 'language attrition' in Arvanitika, characterized by structural convergence towards Greek and simplification.
Answer: True
Linguists have observed signs of 'language attrition,' including accelerated structural convergence towards Greek and simplification, indicating the language's decline.
What is the current status of Arvanitika in terms of its usage?
Answer: It is considered an endangered language.
The source clearly states that Arvanitika is considered an endangered language due to a language shift towards Greek, especially among younger generations.
What does the term 'terminal speakers' refer to in the context of Arvanitika?
Answer: Members of the younger generation with imperfect command, unlikely to transmit the language.
In the context of Arvanitika's decline, 'terminal speakers' are younger individuals with an imperfect command of the language who are unlikely to pass it on.
Are there any monolingual Arvanitika speakers today?
Answer: No, all speakers are now bilingual in Greek.
The source explicitly states that there are no longer any monolingual Arvanitika speakers; all are now bilingual in Greek.
What recent linguistic observations indicate the decline of Arvanitika?
Answer: Accelerated structural convergence towards Greek and structural simplification.
The decline of Arvanitika is indicated by linguistic observations of 'language attrition,' specifically its accelerated structural convergence towards Greek and overall simplification.