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The common name 'black jack' is the sole designation for the fish species *Caranx lugubris*.
Answer: False
The species *Caranx lugubris* is recognized by multiple common appellations, including 'black trevally', 'black kingfish', and 'black ulua', in addition to 'black jack'.
The species *Caranx lugubris* is classified within the family Scombridae.
Answer: False
Contrary to the statement, *Caranx lugubris* belongs to the family Carangidae, commonly known as jacks or trevallies.
The coloration of *Caranx lugubris* is typically vibrant blue and yellow.
Answer: False
The typical coloration of *Caranx lugubris* is a uniform olive to brown or grey dorsally, lightening to grey-blue ventrally, with grey to black fins and black scutes.
*Caranx lugubris* belongs to the family Carangidae, which is commonly known as:
Answer: Jacks or trevallies
The family Carangidae, to which *Caranx lugubris* belongs, is commonly referred to as jacks or trevallies.
*Caranx lugubris* belongs to the family Carangidae, which is commonly known as:
Answer: Jacks or trevallies
The family Carangidae, to which *Caranx lugubris* belongs, is commonly referred to as jacks or trevallies.
*Caranx lugubris* exhibits a circumantarctic distribution, found exclusively in the coldest oceanic waters.
Answer: False
*Caranx lugubris* possesses a circumtropical distribution, inhabiting warm, oceanic waters across tropical zones, not a circumantarctic one.
*Caranx lugubris* is typically encountered in shallow, inshore waters adjacent to continental coastlines.
Answer: False
This species is predominantly found in deep, clear offshore waters, favoring reefs, ledges, and seamounts, and is rarely observed in shallow, inshore areas near continental shelves.
*Caranx lugubris* is found in the Indian Ocean, ranging from South Africa to Australia.
Answer: True
The distribution of *Caranx lugubris* in the Indian Ocean extends from Natal, South Africa, eastward to northern Australia, encompassing various islands.
In the Pacific, *Caranx lugubris* is commonly found near the coasts of mainland China.
Answer: False
While found in the Pacific, *Caranx lugubris* is more commonly associated with islands and offshore reefs, and its range near mainland coasts is limited, not typically including the coasts of mainland China.
The known range of *Caranx lugubris* in the western Atlantic includes Brazil but not the Gulf of Mexico.
Answer: False
The western Atlantic range of *Caranx lugubris* extends from North Carolina south to Brazil and includes the Gulf of Mexico.
*Caranx lugubris* typically inhabits depths between 500 and 1000 meters.
Answer: False
This species is typically found at depths ranging from 12 to 354 meters, not between 500 and 1000 meters.
The term 'benthopelagic' implies *Caranx lugubris* lives exclusively on the seafloor.
Answer: False
'Benthopelagic' signifies living in the water column near the seafloor, not exclusively on it. This aligns with the species' preference for deep reefs and seamounts.
In the eastern Pacific, *Caranx lugubris* is found as far north as Mexico.
Answer: True
The range of *Caranx lugubris* in the eastern Pacific extends from Mexico and the Revillagigedo Islands in the north.
The term 'benthopelagic' used to describe *Caranx lugubris* means it:
Answer: Inhabits the water column near the seafloor
A 'benthopelagic' organism resides in the water column proximate to the seabed, which accurately describes the habitat preference of *Caranx lugubris*.
In the eastern Pacific, *Caranx lugubris* is found from Mexico south to which country?
Answer: Costa Rica
The range of *Caranx lugubris* in the eastern Pacific extends from Mexico southward to Costa Rica.
What type of distribution does *Caranx lugubris* exhibit?
Answer: Circumtropical
*Caranx lugubris* possesses a circumtropical distribution, meaning it is found across the tropical oceanic zones of the world's oceans.
Where is *Caranx lugubris* most commonly found within its oceanic range?
Answer: Deep reefs, ledges, and seamounts in offshore waters
This species predominantly inhabits deep, clear offshore waters, favoring reefs, ledges, and seamounts, and is rarely found in shallow, inshore continental areas.
Which of these locations is NOT mentioned as a habitat for *Caranx lugubris* in the Indian Ocean?
Answer: Madagascar
While *Caranx lugubris* is found in the Indian Ocean from South Africa to Northern Australia and around islands like the Seychelles, Madagascar is not explicitly listed as a habitat in the provided source material.
In the Pacific Ocean, *Caranx lugubris* is known to inhabit which island group?
Answer: Hawaii
Hawaii is listed as one of the island groups in the Pacific where *Caranx lugubris* is found.
What is the northernmost limit of *Caranx lugubris*'s range in the western Atlantic Ocean?
Answer: North Carolina
In the western Atlantic, the range of *Caranx lugubris* extends northward to North Carolina.
What is the typical depth range where *Caranx lugubris* is found?
Answer: 12-354 meters
*Caranx lugubris* typically inhabits oceanic waters at depths ranging from 12 to 354 meters.
In the eastern Pacific, *Caranx lugubris* is found from Mexico south to which country?
Answer: Costa Rica
The range of *Caranx lugubris* in the eastern Pacific extends from Mexico southward to Costa Rica.
What type of distribution does *Caranx lugubris* exhibit?
Answer: Circumtropical
*Caranx lugubris* possesses a circumtropical distribution, meaning it is found across the tropical oceanic zones of the world's oceans.
Where is *Caranx lugubris* most commonly found within its oceanic range?
Answer: Deep reefs, ledges, and seamounts in offshore waters
This species predominantly inhabits deep, clear offshore waters, favoring reefs, ledges, and seamounts, and is rarely found in shallow, inshore continental areas.
Which of these locations is NOT mentioned as a habitat for *Caranx lugubris* in the Indian Ocean?
Answer: Madagascar
While *Caranx lugubris* is found in the Indian Ocean from South Africa to Northern Australia and around islands like the Seychelles, Madagascar is not explicitly listed as a habitat in the provided source material.
In the Pacific Ocean, *Caranx lugubris* is known to inhabit which island group?
Answer: Hawaii
Hawaii is listed as one of the island groups in the Pacific where *Caranx lugubris* is found.
What is the northernmost limit of *Caranx lugubris*'s range in the western Atlantic Ocean?
Answer: North Carolina
In the western Atlantic, the range of *Caranx lugubris* extends northward to North Carolina.
What is the typical depth range where *Caranx lugubris* is found?
Answer: 12-354 meters
*Caranx lugubris* typically inhabits oceanic waters at depths ranging from 12 to 354 meters.
The term 'benthopelagic' used to describe *Caranx lugubris* means it:
Answer: Inhabits the water column near the seafloor
A 'benthopelagic' organism resides in the water column proximate to the seabed, which accurately describes the habitat preference of *Caranx lugubris*.
In the eastern Pacific, *Caranx lugubris* is found from Mexico south to which country?
Answer: Costa Rica
The range of *Caranx lugubris* in the eastern Pacific extends from Mexico southward to Costa Rica.
A distinguishing physical characteristic of *Caranx lugubris* is its bright yellow fins.
Answer: False
The fins of *Caranx lugubris* are typically grey to black, not bright yellow. Its scutes are distinctly black.
The maximum recorded length for *Caranx lugubris* is approximately 2.21 meters.
Answer: True
While commonly cited lengths are around 1 meter, some sources indicate a potential maximum length of 2.21 meters for *Caranx lugubris*, which would classify it as one of the largest carangids.
The head of *Caranx lugubris* slopes gently downwards from the snout to the nape.
Answer: False
The head profile of *Caranx lugubris* is characterized by a steep, angular slope near the snout and a concave indent between the snout and nape, rather than a gentle downward slope.
The mouth of *Caranx lugubris* contains villiform teeth only.
Answer: False
The mouth of *Caranx lugubris* contains strong outer canines and smaller teeth in the upper jaw, and conical teeth in the lower jaw, not exclusively villiform teeth.
The dorsal fin of *Caranx lugubris* has a single continuous section with numerous spines.
Answer: False
The dorsal fin of *Caranx lugubris* is divided into two sections: the first has 8 spines, and the second has 1 spine followed by 20-22 soft rays.
*Caranx lugubris* possesses 10-15 scutes along the straight posterior section of its lateral line.
Answer: False
The straight posterior section of the lateral line in *Caranx lugubris* contains 26 to 32 strong scutes, not 10-15.
*Caranx lugubris* is distinguished by a concave indent between the snout and nape.
Answer: True
A notable morphological feature of *Caranx lugubris* is the presence of a concave indent located between the snout and the nape, centered near the nostrils.
The anal fin of *Caranx lugubris* contains 16-19 spines.
Answer: False
The anal fin of *Caranx lugubris* possesses 2 detached anterior spines and 16-19 soft rays, not spines.
The pectoral fins of *Caranx lugubris* are shorter than the head.
Answer: False
The pectoral fins of *Caranx lugubris* are described as falcate (sickle-shaped) and are longer than the head.
*Caranx lugubris* possesses between 30 and 40 gill rakers.
Answer: False
*Caranx lugubris* has a total of 23 to 30 gill rakers, not 30 to 40.
The head of *Caranx lugubris* slopes gently downwards from the snout to the nape.
Answer: False
The head profile of *Caranx lugubris* is characterized by a steep, angular slope near the snout and a concave indent between the snout and nape, rather than a gentle downward slope.
Which feature characterizes the head profile of *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: A steep, angular profile near the snout
The head profile of *Caranx lugubris* is distinguished by a steep, angular contour near the snout and a concave indent between the snout and nape.
How are the pectoral fins of *Caranx lugubris* described?
Answer: Falcate (sickle-shaped) and longer than the head
The pectoral fins of *Caranx lugubris* are characterized as falcate, meaning sickle-shaped, and are notably longer than the fish's head.
The head of *Caranx lugubris* slopes gently downwards from the snout to the nape.
Answer: False
The head profile of *Caranx lugubris* is characterized by a steep, angular slope near the snout and a concave indent between the snout and nape, rather than a gentle downward slope.
Which physical characteristic is NOT mentioned as distinguishing *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: Elongated, bright red dorsal fin lobe
Distinguishing features include black scutes, black or grey fins, and a steep head profile. An elongated, bright red dorsal fin lobe is not a characteristic mentioned for this species.
What is the maximum potential length cited for *Caranx lugubris*, which would make it one of the largest carangids?
Answer: 2.21 meters
While commonly cited lengths are around 1 meter (3.3 feet) and weights up to 17.9 kg, some sources suggest a potential maximum length of 2.21 meters for *Caranx lugubris*.
The anal fin of *Caranx lugubris* contains 16-19 soft rays.
Answer: True
The anal fin of *Caranx lugubris* is characterized by 2 detached anterior spines and 16-19 soft rays.
*Caranx lugubris* possesses between 30 and 40 gill rakers.
Answer: False
*Caranx lugubris* has a total of 23 to 30 gill rakers, not 30 to 40.
The head of *Caranx lugubris* slopes gently downwards from the snout to the nape.
Answer: False
The head profile of *Caranx lugubris* is characterized by a steep, angular slope near the snout and a concave indent between the snout and nape, rather than a gentle downward slope.
Which physical characteristic is NOT mentioned as distinguishing *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: Elongated, bright red dorsal fin lobe
Distinguishing features include black scutes, black or grey fins, and a steep head profile. An elongated, bright red dorsal fin lobe is not a characteristic mentioned for this species.
What is the maximum potential length cited for *Caranx lugubris*, which would make it one of the largest carangids?
Answer: 2.21 meters
While commonly cited lengths are around 1 meter (3.3 feet) and weights up to 17.9 kg, some sources suggest a potential maximum length of 2.21 meters for *Caranx lugubris*.
Which feature characterizes the head profile of *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: A steep, angular profile near the snout
The head profile of *Caranx lugubris* is distinguished by a steep, angular contour near the snout and a concave indent between the snout and nape.
How are the pectoral fins of *Caranx lugubris* described?
Answer: Falcate (sickle-shaped) and longer than the head
The pectoral fins of *Caranx lugubris* are characterized as falcate, meaning sickle-shaped, and are notably longer than the fish's head.
*Caranx lugubris* is a solitary fish that never associates with conspecifics or other species.
Answer: False
*Caranx lugubris* can be found individually or in small schools, and it is known to school with other fish species, such as almaco jacks and greater amberjacks.
The diet of *Caranx lugubris* consists exclusively of small crustaceans.
Answer: False
The primary diet of *Caranx lugubris* comprises fish and crustaceans, and also includes molluscs in some regions.
Black jacks coordinate schooling behavior using visual cues exclusively.
Answer: False
While visual cues may play a role, black jacks have been observed to coordinate schooling behavior using chemical sensing, specifically detecting dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP).
*Caranx lugubris* has been observed schooling with tuna species.
Answer: False
Observations indicate that *Caranx lugubris* schools with other carangid species, such as almaco jack and greater amberjack, but not typically with tuna species.
Studies indicate *Caranx lugubris* primarily consumes algae and plankton.
Answer: False
Research shows that *Caranx lugubris* is a predator whose diet primarily consists of fish and crustaceans, not algae and plankton.
There is no evidence of food competition between *Caranx lugubris* and other fish species.
Answer: False
In Brazil, there is evidence suggesting potential food competition between *Caranx lugubris* and the red snapper (*Lutjanus campechanus*) due to overlapping dietary components.
Black jacks have been observed feeding on the excrement of spinner dolphins.
Answer: True
Observations have documented *Caranx lugubris* following spinner dolphins and feeding on their excrement, indicating a unique ecological interaction.
Besides fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, *Caranx lugubris* has been noted to feed on marine mammals.
Answer: False
While its diet includes fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, there is no evidence that *Caranx lugubris* feeds on marine mammals. The association with spinner dolphins involves feeding on their excrement.
What unusual feeding behavior has been observed in *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: Following spinner dolphins to feed on their excrement
An unusual feeding behavior documented for *Caranx lugubris* involves following spinner dolphins and consuming their excrement, indicating a specialized foraging strategy.
How does *Caranx lugubris* typically organize itself socially?
Answer: Individually or in small schools, sometimes with other species
*Caranx lugubris* is typically found living individually or in small aggregations, and it is also known to school alongside other fish species.
Based on studies, what constitutes the primary diet of *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: Fish and crustaceans
Research indicates that the primary dietary components of *Caranx lugubris* are fish and crustaceans, supplemented by molluscs in certain regions.
How does *Caranx lugubris* typically organize itself socially?
Answer: Individually or in small schools, sometimes with other species
*Caranx lugubris* is typically found living individually or in small aggregations, and it is also known to school alongside other fish species.
Based on studies, what constitutes the primary diet of *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: Fish and crustaceans
Research indicates that the primary dietary components of *Caranx lugubris* are fish and crustaceans, supplemented by molluscs in certain regions.
What unusual feeding behavior has been observed in *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: Following spinner dolphins to feed on their excrement
An unusual feeding behavior documented for *Caranx lugubris* involves following spinner dolphins and consuming their excrement, indicating a specialized foraging strategy.
Female *Caranx lugubris* reach sexual maturity at a smaller size than males.
Answer: True
Data indicates that female *Caranx lugubris* attain sexual maturity at approximately 34.6 cm, whereas males mature at a slightly larger average length of 38.2 cm.
Spawning for *Caranx lugubris* in the Caribbean occurs year-round.
Answer: False
In the Caribbean region, spawning for *Caranx lugubris* is typically observed between February and September, not throughout the entire year.
The early life history stages of *Caranx lugubris* are extensively documented.
Answer: False
Available information indicates that the early life history stages of *Caranx lugubris* are very poorly understood.
In Jamaica, the population of *Caranx lugubris* shows a higher number of females than males.
Answer: False
In Jamaica, the reported sex ratio for *Caranx lugubris* is approximately 1 male to 0.55 females, indicating males are more numerous than females.
Mature male *Caranx lugubris* are typically shorter on average than mature females.
Answer: False
Analysis suggests that mature male *Caranx lugubris* average approximately 50 cm in length, while mature females average around 48 cm, indicating males are slightly longer on average.
At what approximate length do female *Caranx lugubris* typically reach sexual maturity?
Answer: 34.6 cm
Female *Caranx lugubris* generally reach sexual maturity at an approximate length of 34.6 cm.
During which months is spawning typically observed for *Caranx lugubris* in the Caribbean?
Answer: February to September
In the Caribbean region, spawning activities for *Caranx lugubris* have been documented to occur primarily between February and September.
What is the state of knowledge regarding the early life stages of *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: Very poorly understood
The available scientific literature indicates that the early life history stages of *Caranx lugubris* remain very poorly understood.
At what approximate length do male *Caranx lugubris* typically reach sexual maturity?
Answer: 38.2 cm
Male *Caranx lugubris* generally reach sexual maturity at an average length of approximately 38.2 cm.
At what approximate length do female *Caranx lugubris* typically reach sexual maturity?
Answer: 34.6 cm
Female *Caranx lugubris* generally reach sexual maturity at an approximate length of 34.6 cm.
During which months is spawning typically observed for *Caranx lugubris* in the Caribbean?
Answer: February to September
In the Caribbean region, spawning activities for *Caranx lugubris* have been documented to occur primarily between February and September.
What is the state of knowledge regarding the early life stages of *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: Very poorly understood
The available scientific literature indicates that the early life history stages of *Caranx lugubris* remain very poorly understood.
*Caranx lugubris* is a significant catch in fisheries located on continental shelves.
Answer: False
While *Caranx lugubris* is important to island fisheries, it is rarely encountered in fisheries situated on continental shelves.
*Caranx lugubris* is universally considered an excellent food fish.
Answer: False
The edibility of *Caranx lugubris* varies; while some consider it excellent, others find it less desirable, and it is also associated with ciguatera poisoning.
*Caranx lugubris* is considered unimportant for commercial fisheries.
Answer: False
*Caranx lugubris* holds moderate to high importance in commercial fisheries, particularly around offshore islands where it is often a primary catch.
Commercially caught black jack are primarily marketed frozen.
Answer: False
Commercially caught *Caranx lugubris* are typically marketed fresh as whole fish, or processed and sold salted or dried, rather than primarily frozen.
*Caranx lugubris* is not considered a significant gamefish by anglers.
Answer: False
In certain offshore locations, *Caranx lugubris* is regarded as an important gamefish, known for providing a strong fight for anglers.
Ciguatera poisoning has never been associated with the consumption of *Caranx lugubris*.
Answer: False
Consumption of *Caranx lugubris* has been linked to numerous cases of ciguatera poisoning, with laboratory tests confirming the presence of ciguatoxin in its flesh.
The IGFA all-tackle world record for *Caranx lugubris* weighs over 50 pounds.
Answer: False
The IGFA all-tackle world record for *Caranx lugubris* is 41 lb 7 oz (18.80 kg), which is under 50 pounds.
What is the IGFA all-tackle world record weight for *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: 41 lb 7 oz (18.80 kg)
The International Game Fish Association (IGFA) records the all-tackle world record for *Caranx lugubris* at 18.80 kg (41 lb 7 oz).
*Caranx lugubris* is noted for its importance in which type of fisheries?
Answer: Island fisheries
*Caranx lugubris* holds considerable importance for island fisheries, often representing a significant component of the catch, whereas it is less prevalent in continental shelf fisheries.
Regarding its edibility, *Caranx lugubris* is described as:
Answer: Having variable quality, with some finding it excellent and others less desirable
The edibility of *Caranx lugubris* is considered variable; while some populations are deemed excellent food fish, others are less desirable and have been linked to ciguatera poisoning.
*Caranx lugubris* is noted for its importance in which type of fisheries?
Answer: Island fisheries
*Caranx lugubris* holds considerable importance for island fisheries, often representing a significant component of the catch, whereas it is less prevalent in continental shelf fisheries.
Regarding its edibility, *Caranx lugubris* is described as:
Answer: Having variable quality, with some finding it excellent and others less desirable
The edibility of *Caranx lugubris* is considered variable; while some populations are deemed excellent food fish, others are less desirable and have been linked to ciguatera poisoning.
What is the IGFA all-tackle world record weight for *Caranx lugubris*?
Answer: 41 lb 7 oz (18.80 kg)
The International Game Fish Association (IGFA) records the all-tackle world record for *Caranx lugubris* at 18.80 kg (41 lb 7 oz).
Georges Cuvier initially named the species *Caranx lugubris*.
Answer: False
Georges Cuvier initially named the species *Caranx ascensionis*. The valid scientific name, *Caranx lugubris*, was later designated by Felipe Poey.
The specific epithet 'lugubris' is derived from Greek and signifies 'swift swimmer'.
Answer: False
The specific epithet 'lugubris' is Latin, meaning 'mournful', likely referencing the fish's dark coloration, not 'swift swimmer'.
The name *Caranx lugubris* was conserved by the ICZN to resolve confusion with *Caranx hippos*.
Answer: False
The ICZN conserved the name *Caranx lugubris* primarily to resolve confusion with *Caranx ascensionis*, not *Caranx hippos*.
*Caranx lugubris* is classified as 'Endangered' on the IUCN Red List.
Answer: False
According to the IUCN Red List, *Caranx lugubris* is classified as 'Least Concern', indicating it is not currently considered threatened.
The ICZN conserved the name *Caranx lugubris* to resolve confusion with the name *Caranx ascensionis*.
Answer: True
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) formally conserved the specific name *Caranx lugubris* to resolve taxonomic confusion arising from the prior use of *Caranx ascensionis* for multiple species.
What is the conservation status of *Caranx lugubris* according to the IUCN Red List?
Answer: Least Concern
The IUCN Red List classifies *Caranx lugubris* as 'Least Concern', indicating that the species is not currently facing significant threats to its population.
Why was the specific name *Caranx lugubris* formally conserved by the ICZN?
Answer: Because the name *Caranx ascensionis* was also used for another species
The ICZN conserved the name *Caranx lugubris* to resolve taxonomic confusion stemming from the name *Caranx ascensionis* being applied to multiple distinct species.
What is the meaning of the Latin specific epithet 'lugubris'?
Answer: Mournful
The Latin specific epithet 'lugubris' translates to 'mournful', likely referencing the dark coloration of the species *Caranx lugubris*.
Why was the specific name *Caranx lugubris* formally conserved by the ICZN?
Answer: Because the name *Caranx ascensionis* was also used for another species
The ICZN conserved the name *Caranx lugubris* to resolve taxonomic confusion stemming from the name *Caranx ascensionis* being applied to multiple distinct species.
What is the meaning of the Latin specific epithet 'lugubris'?
Answer: Mournful
The Latin specific epithet 'lugubris' translates to 'mournful', likely referencing the dark coloration of the species *Caranx lugubris*.
What is the conservation status of *Caranx lugubris* according to the IUCN Red List?
Answer: Least Concern
The IUCN Red List classifies *Caranx lugubris* as 'Least Concern', indicating that the species is not currently facing significant threats to its population.
Why was the specific name *Caranx lugubris* formally conserved by the ICZN?
Answer: Because the name *Caranx ascensionis* was also used for another species
The ICZN conserved the name *Caranx lugubris* to resolve taxonomic confusion stemming from the name *Caranx ascensionis* being applied to multiple distinct species.