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Draft evasion is defined as any successful attempt to elude a government-imposed military service obligation, typically involving non-compliance with draft laws.
Answer: True
Draft evasion refers to any successful attempt by an individual to elude a government-imposed obligation to serve in the nation's military forces, often involving refusal to comply with military draft laws.
Draft avoidance involves legal methods to circumvent military draft laws, whereas draft evasion typically involves illegal actions or outright refusal.
Answer: True
Draft avoidance encompasses practices that adhere to or legally circumvent draft laws to obtain deferments or exemptions. In contrast, draft evasion typically involves illegal actions or outright refusal to comply with the draft.
Draft resisters characterize their actions as a direct confrontation with the draft system, rather than as mere evasion or avoidance.
Answer: True
Draft resisters reject the categorization of their actions as evasion or avoidance, arguing that their intent is to confront, rather than evade or avoid, the draft system.
The term 'slacker,' while often used pejoratively for draft evaders during World War I, also carried broader connotations.
Answer: False
While 'slacker' was often used pejoratively for draft evaders during World War I, the term's usage may not have been exclusively limited to this specific context.
Draft evasion is a phenomenon with historical roots predating the 20th and 21st centuries.
Answer: False
Draft evasion is not a recent phenomenon; its history extends back thousands of years, and it has been a significant issue in military conflicts across the 20th and 21st centuries.
During World War I in the United States, 'slacker raids' were conducted primarily to apprehend individuals evading military service, not to arrest anti-draft activists.
Answer: False
During World War I in the US, 'slacker raids' were operations conducted to track down individuals avoiding military service, often described as 'slackers'. This period also saw activists arrested under the Espionage Act for speaking out against the draft.
Draft evasion was not minimal in Napoleonic France; rather, it was a significant issue despite enforcement measures.
Answer: False
During the Napoleonic Era, draft evasion was a significant problem for the French military, with estimates reaching hundreds of thousands. To combat this, a gendarmerie was assembled to hunt for evaders and deserters, and measures like mandatory passport carrying were enforced.
During the American Civil War, draft evaders were most prevalent among poor Irish immigrants in the North and in specific regions of the South, not primarily wealthy plantation owners.
Answer: False
During the American Civil War, draft evaders were most numerous among poor Irish immigrants in the North. In the South, evaders were most common in hill country and specific regions of Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia.
The New York City draft riots in 1863 resulted in significant casualties, indicating widespread resistance to conscription, not acceptance.
Answer: False
The anti-draft riots in New York City in 1863 were violent demonstrations that lasted several days, resulting in significant casualties, including up to 120 deaths and 2,000 injuries, highlighting the intense resistance to conscription.
The Selective Service Act of 1917 permitted exemptions for religious scruples and essential occupations, contrary to prohibiting them.
Answer: False
The Selective Service Act of 1917 was designed to remedy defects in the Civil War draft by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples, while prohibiting the purchase of exemptions or the use of substitutions.
During World War I, approximately 11 percent of the draft-eligible population in the US reportedly refused to register or report for induction.
Answer: True
During World War I, it is estimated that nearly 11 percent of the draft-eligible population in the US refused to register or report for induction, and about 12 percent of draftees either failed to report to training camps or deserted.
During the Vietnam War, more than half of the men eligible for the draft were deferred, exempted, or disqualified.
Answer: False
During the Vietnam War, more than half of the 27 million men eligible for the draft were deferred, exempted, or disqualified, partly due to the large Baby Boomer cohort and the availability of student deferments.
During the Vietnam War era in the US, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders.
Answer: True
During the Vietnam era, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders, and about 210,000 were formally accused of violations. However, only a small fraction, around 8,750, were convicted, and just 3,250 were jailed.
American draft evaders who relocated to Canada during the Vietnam War frequently achieved prominence in arts and academia, significantly contributing to the cultural landscape.
Answer: True
American draft evaders who relocated to Canada during the Vietnam War often became prominent in Canadian arts and academia, contributing to the cultural scene and pushing politics leftward. While initially controversial for some Canadians, the government eventually welcomed them, and draft evasion was not a criminal offense in Canada.
Literary critics noted that memoirs of Vietnam War draft dodgers in Canada often demonstrated less interest in romantic love, prioritizing immediate sexual urges.
Answer: False
Literary critics noted that draft dodgers in these memoirs often denounced the state and resisted mass movements, contradicting stereotypes of them being unthinking followers or radicals. They also showed less interest in romantic love, prioritizing immediate sexual urges, which aligned with Herbert Marcuse's ideas on the liberatory power of eros.
During the American Civil War, draft evaders were most prevalent among poor Irish immigrants in the North and in specific regions of the South, not primarily wealthy plantation owners.
Answer: False
During the American Civil War, draft evaders were most numerous among poor Irish immigrants in the North. In the South, evaders were most common in hill country and specific regions of Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia.
The New York City draft riots in 1863 resulted in significant casualties, indicating widespread resistance to conscription, not acceptance.
Answer: False
The anti-draft riots in New York City in 1863 were violent demonstrations that lasted several days, resulting in significant casualties, including up to 120 deaths and 2,000 injuries, highlighting the intense resistance to conscription.
The Selective Service Act of 1917 permitted exemptions for religious scruples and essential occupations, contrary to prohibiting them.
Answer: False
The Selective Service Act of 1917 was designed to remedy defects in the Civil War draft by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples, while prohibiting the purchase of exemptions or the use of substitutions.
During World War I, approximately 11 percent of the draft-eligible population in the US reportedly refused to register or report for induction.
Answer: True
During World War I, it is estimated that nearly 11 percent of the draft-eligible population in the US refused to register or report for induction, and about 12 percent of draftees either failed to report to training camps or deserted.
During the Vietnam War, more than half of the men eligible for the draft were deferred, exempted, or disqualified.
Answer: False
During the Vietnam War, more than half of the 27 million men eligible for the draft were deferred, exempted, or disqualified, partly due to the large Baby Boomer cohort and the availability of student deferments.
During the Vietnam War era in the US, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders.
Answer: True
During the Vietnam era, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders, and about 210,000 were formally accused of violations. However, only a small fraction, around 8,750, were convicted, and just 3,250 were jailed.
What impact did American draft evaders who relocated to Canada have on Canadian society?
Answer: They became prominent in arts and academia, contributing to the cultural scene.
American draft evaders who relocated to Canada during the Vietnam War often became prominent in Canadian arts and academia, contributing to the cultural scene and pushing politics leftward. While initially controversial for some Canadians, the government eventually welcomed them, and draft evasion was not a criminal offense in Canada.
What did literary critics find regarding the memoirs of Vietnam War draft dodgers who went to Canada?
Answer: They showed little interest in romantic love, prioritizing immediate sexual urges.
Literary critics noted that draft dodgers in these memoirs often denounced the state and resisted mass movements, contradicting stereotypes of them being unthinking followers or radicals. They also showed less interest in romantic love, prioritizing immediate sexual urges, which aligned with Herbert Marcuse's ideas on the liberatory power of eros.
During the American Civil War, draft evaders were most common among wealthy plantation owners in the South.
Answer: Poor Irish immigrants in the North and specific Southern regions.
During the American Civil War, draft evaders were most numerous among poor Irish immigrants in the North. In the South, evaders were most common in hill country and specific regions of Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia.
The New York City draft riots in 1863 resulted in minimal casualties, highlighting widespread acceptance of conscription.
Answer: They resulted in significant casualties and highlighted intense resistance to conscription.
The anti-draft riots in New York City in 1863 were violent demonstrations that lasted several days, resulting in significant casualties, including up to 120 deaths and 2,000 injuries, highlighting the intense resistance to conscription.
How did the Selective Service Act of 1917 improve upon the Civil War draft?
Answer: By allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples.
The Selective Service Act of 1917 was designed to remedy defects in the Civil War draft by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples, while prohibiting the purchase of exemptions or the use of substitutions.
What was the estimated rate of draft evasion in the US during World War I?
Answer: Nearly 11 percent refused to register or report.
During World War I, it is estimated that nearly 11 percent of the draft-eligible population in the US refused to register or report for induction, and about 12 percent of draftees either failed to report to training camps or deserted.
During the Vietnam War, what proportion of draft-eligible men in the US were deferred, exempted, or disqualified?
Answer: More than half.
During the Vietnam War, more than half of the 27 million men eligible for the draft were deferred, exempted, or disqualified, partly due to the large Baby Boomer cohort and the availability of student deferments.
What was the scale of draft offenses and convictions during the Vietnam War era in the US?
Answer: Many offenses, with a small fraction convicted and an even smaller fraction jailed.
During the Vietnam era, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders, and about 210,000 were formally accused of violations. However, only a small fraction, around 8,750, were convicted, and just 3,250 were jailed.
In Canada during World War I and II, conscription was a unifying issue that reduced ethnic tensions.
Answer: False
During both World Wars, conscription was a highly divisive issue in Canada, leading to political party collapses and ethnic tensions, particularly between French Canadians who largely opposed conscription and English Canadians who generally accepted it. Riots and draft evasion followed the implementation of draft laws.
The Conscription Crisis of 1917 in Canada was primarily caused by a lack of military necessity for conscription.
Answer: False
The Conscription Crisis of 1917 in Canada arose from deep divisions over military conscription during World War I. Many Canadians objected for various reasons, including perceived lack of necessity, lack of identification with Britain, or the imposition of unfair burdens on the poor. This led to a significant number of exemption filings and some Canadians leaving the country to avoid conscription.
During WWII in Canada, 'Zombies' referred to soldiers serving overseas who were considered less committed.
Answer: False
The NRMA, introduced in 1940, allowed conscripts to serve only within Canada, not overseas. This distinction led to controversy and the pejorative nickname 'Zombies' for NRMA men, who were seen as less committed than those serving abroad. Later in the war, a levy of NRMA men was sent overseas, with many deserting rather than fight abroad.
In Colombia, wealthier individuals often evade the draft by paying bribes or obtaining false medical exemptions.
Answer: True
In Colombia, middle-to-upper class individuals typically evade the draft by obtaining college or medical deferments, or by paying bribes for a military ID card. Poorer individuals often avoid showing up for the draft and risk periodic sweeps by the army, facing limited employment prospects if caught without an ID.
Eritrea's military draft policy allows for indefinite service, making emigration a primary method for many to avoid it.
Answer: True
Eritrea instituted a military draft in 1995, which became open-ended three years later, allowing enlistment for indefinite periods for those under 50. Release often depends on a commander's whim. This policy, combined with the illegality of leaving the country without permission, has led many Eritreans to leave the country primarily to avoid the draft.
The 'kapykaarti' or 'metsäkaarti' in Finland during WWII were official military units tasked with hunting draft evaders.
Answer: False
The 'kapykaarti' (Pine Cone Guard) or 'metsäkaarti' (Forest Guard) was a term used facetiously in Finland during WWII for draft evaders and deserters who lived as outlaws in the forests. They often lived in groups, sometimes in dugouts, and received support from sympathizers or stole provisions, while being hunted by the army and police.
During Finland's Continuation War, ideological opposition to the war was a reason for draft evasion.
Answer: True
During Finland's Continuation War (1941-1944), reasons for draft evasion and desertion included fear of war, weariness, objection to the war as an offensive action, ideological opposition, or support for Communism. Finnish Communists were often detained to prevent them from serving, as previous attempts to conscript them had led to defections.
In Israel, legal grounds for evading military service historically included strictly Orthodox Jewish status and genuine medical conditions.
Answer: True
In Israel, military draft can legally be evaded on physical or psychological grounds. Historically, strictly Orthodox Jews also had an exception, though this was challenged in court.
Draft evasion was reportedly uncommon in the Soviet Union during the Soviet-Afghan War.
Answer: False
Draft evasion was reportedly 'endemic' in the Soviet Union during the Soviet-Afghan War. The Soviet elite often bribed officials to exempt their sons from deployment or military service altogether.
In the mid-2010s, approximately half of young men called up annually in Russia were reported to be evading the draft.
Answer: True
In the mid-2010s, it was reported that about half of the approximately 150,000 young men called up annually in Russia were evading the draft.
Following Putin's mobilization order in September 2022, over 600,000 Russian citizens reportedly left the country to avoid the draft.
Answer: True
In September 2022, following President Putin's mobilization order, over 600,000 mobilization-eligible Russian citizens reportedly left the country to avoid the draft, with Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia being primary destinations.
Syrian draft evaders fleeing the country after 2011 were primarily motivated by disgust with the government and fear of the civil war.
Answer: True
The primary motivations for Syrian draft evaders fleeing the country after 2011 included fear of dying in the civil war, obeying parental wishes, and disgust with the government of Bashar al-Assad.
In Tunisia, alternative civilian service options have successfully reduced draft evasion significantly since their introduction.
Answer: False
The Tunisian draft, in place since 1956, has long been poorly enforced, leading to rampant evasion. To combat this, Tunisia introduced alternative civilian or national service options, but these have not significantly reduced evasion, with a very low percentage of eligible men reporting for service in recent years.
Fear of death and opposition to war were primary reasons for Ukrainian draft evasion in 2015.
Answer: True
In 2015, a significant number of Ukrainians refused military service due to fear of death in the conflict, general opposition to war, or an unwillingness to fight against those they perceived as countrymen.
An estimated 600,000 to 850,000 Ukrainian men managed to flee to Europe despite a ban on male nationals aged 18 to 60 leaving the country after the Russian invasion.
Answer: True
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which imposed a ban on male nationals aged 18 to 60 leaving the country, an estimated 600,000 to 850,000 Ukrainian men still managed to flee to Europe.
What was the significance of the term 'Zombies' in Canada during WWII?
Answer: It was a pejorative nickname for conscripts obligated to serve only within Canada.
During World War II in Canada, 'Zombies' was a pejorative nickname given to men conscripted under the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) who were only obligated to serve within Canada, not overseas. They were seen as 'dead-to-life' or useless by those serving abroad.
What was the historical context of 'purchasable military commutation' in 19th-century Belgium?
Answer: A method for wealthy citizens to legally buy their way out of military draft.
In 19th-century Belgium, the practice of 'purchasable military commutation' allowed citizens to legally buy their way out of military draft. This system was criticized by some as a 'bastard form of equality' that favored the wealthy over the poor.
How has the draft evasion in Eritrea been related to gender?
Answer: Mothers are typically excused, leading to an increase in pregnancies among single women to evade service.
In Eritrea, mothers are typically excused from the draft. This policy has reportedly led to an increase in pregnancies among single women, as it serves as a method to evade mandatory military service.
How many Ukrainian men reportedly fled to Europe after the Russian invasion, despite a travel ban?
Answer: An estimated 600,000 to 850,000.
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which imposed a ban on male nationals aged 18 to 60 leaving the country, an estimated 600,000 to 850,000 Ukrainian men still managed to flee to Europe.
What policy in Eritrea has led many to leave the country primarily to avoid the draft?
Answer: An open-ended military draft allowing indefinite enlistment.
Eritrea instituted a military draft in 1995, which became open-ended three years later, allowing enlistment for indefinite periods for those under 50. Release often depends on a commander's whim. This policy, combined with the illegality of leaving the country without permission, has led many Eritreans to leave the country primarily to avoid the draft.
What was the 'kapykaarti' or 'metsäkaarti' in Finland during WWII?
Answer: A term for draft evaders and deserters living as outlaws in forests.
The 'kapykaarti' (Pine Cone Guard) or 'metsäkaarti' (Forest Guard) was a term used facetiously in Finland during WWII for draft evaders and deserters who lived as outlaws in the forests. They often lived in groups, sometimes in dugouts, and received support from sympathizers or stole provisions, while being hunted by the army and police.
Which of the following was a reason for draft evasion and desertion in Finland during the Continuation War?
Answer: Fear of war and weariness.
During Finland's Continuation War (1941-1944), reasons for draft evasion and desertion included fear of war, weariness, objection to the war as an offensive action, ideological opposition, or support for Communism. Finnish Communists were often detained to prevent them from serving, as previous attempts to conscript them had led to defections.
What was the scale of draft evasion in Napoleonic France?
Answer: Significant, with estimates reaching hundreds of thousands.
During the Napoleonic Era, draft evasion was a significant problem for the French military, with estimates reaching hundreds of thousands. To combat this, a gendarmerie was assembled to hunt for evaders and deserters, and measures like mandatory passport carrying were enforced.
What are the historical grounds for legally evading military service in Israel?
Answer: Physical or psychological grounds, and historically, strictly Orthodox Jewish status.
In Israel, military draft can legally be evaded on physical or psychological grounds. Historically, strictly Orthodox Jews also had an exception, though this was challenged in court.
What was the reported rate of draft evasion in Russia in the mid-2010s?
Answer: About half of those called up annually.
In the mid-2010s, it was reported that about half of the approximately 150,000 young men called up annually in Russia were evading the draft.
What is the general societal attitude towards draft evasion in South Korea?
Answer: Very hostile, viewed as a severe transgression.
South Korean society is reportedly very hostile to draft evasion, viewing it as a severe transgression. Celebrities attempting to evade the draft have faced significant backlash, with one commentator stating it's 'almost like suicide' for them to do so. Evasion can lead to prison sentences and lifelong bans from public life.
What were primary motivations for Syrian draft evaders fleeing the country after 2011?
Answer: Fear of dying in the civil war and disgust with the government.
The primary motivations for Syrian draft evaders fleeing the country after 2011 included fear of dying in the civil war, obeying parental wishes, and disgust with the government of Bashar al-Assad.
How has Tunisia addressed draft evasion?
Answer: By offering alternative civilian service options, though evasion remains high.
The Tunisian draft, in place since 1956, has long been poorly enforced, leading to rampant evasion. To combat this, Tunisia introduced alternative civilian or national service options, but these have not significantly reduced evasion, with a very low percentage of eligible men reporting for service in recent years.
What were key reasons for Ukrainian draft evasion in 2015?
Answer: Fear of death in the conflict and opposition to war.
In 2015, a significant number of Ukrainians refused military service due to fear of death in the conflict, general opposition to war, or an unwillingness to fight against those they perceived as countrymen.
How many Ukrainian men reportedly fled to Europe after the Russian invasion, despite a travel ban?
Answer: An estimated 600,000 to 850,000.
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which imposed a ban on male nationals aged 18 to 60 leaving the country, an estimated 600,000 to 850,000 Ukrainian men still managed to flee to Europe.
Claiming conscientious objector status based on sincerely held beliefs is considered a legal method of draft avoidance.
Answer: True
Practices that adhere to the law include claiming conscientious objector status based on sincerely held beliefs, obtaining student deferments, claiming genuine medical or psychological problems, or purchasing legal exemptions where permitted.
Feigning medical problems or bribing officials are examples of draft evasion practices that violate the law.
Answer: True
Practices that circumvent the law include feigning or exaggerating medical or psychological problems, obtaining deferments through false claims (e.g., about homosexuality), deliberately self-injuring, bribing officials, or failing military intelligence tests.
Draft resistance encompasses overt acts of defiance, such as burning draft cards or adopting an 'underground' existence to evade service.
Answer: True
Draft resistance involves overt lawbreaking or communicating conscious opposition to government policy, including declining to register, refusing induction, burning draft cards, living 'underground', emigrating, going to jail, or resorting to violence against draft officials.
Which of the following is listed as an example of a practice that complies with the law to avoid military service?
Answer: Claiming conscientious objector status based on sincerely held beliefs.
Practices that adhere to the law include claiming conscientious objector status based on sincerely held beliefs, obtaining student deferments, claiming genuine medical or psychological problems, or purchasing legal exemptions where permitted.
Which of the following is an example of draft evasion that circumvents or violates the law?
Answer: Exaggerating medical problems to get an exemption.
Practices that circumvent the law include feigning or exaggerating medical or psychological problems, obtaining deferments through false claims (e.g., about homosexuality), deliberately self-injuring, bribing officials, or failing military intelligence tests.
What actions are considered part of 'draft resistance'?
Answer: Declining to register or report for induction.
Draft resistance involves overt lawbreaking or communicating conscious opposition to government policy, including declining to register, refusing induction, burning draft cards, living 'underground', emigrating, going to jail, or resorting to violence against draft officials.
What did the 'Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada' suggest for draft evasion?
Answer: Feigning mental illness or physical ailments.
The 'Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada' suggested various methods for evading the draft, including feigning mental illness or physical ailments, and advised readers to consider the Nuremberg principles when making their draft decisions.
According to Michael S. Foley, what type of draft evasion is considered effective in stopping wars or drafts?
Answer: Public anti-draft activity undertaken consciously and collectively.
Michael S. Foley argued that only public anti-draft activity, undertaken consciously and collectively, is relevant to stopping a draft or a war. He viewed many other forms of draft evasion as merely personally beneficial.
What is the perspective of draft resisters regarding their actions?
Answer: They see their actions as a confrontation with the draft system, not evasion.
Draft resisters reject the categorization of their actions as evasion or avoidance, arguing that their intent is to confront, rather than evade or avoid, the draft system.
Draft counseling groups during the Vietnam War primarily encouraged civil disobedience like burning draft cards.
Answer: False
Draft counseling groups, often connected to national organizations like the American Friends Service Committee or Students for a Democratic Society, provided support and guidance to potential draft evaders. Specially trained individuals often served as counselors for these groups.
'The Resistance' organization during the Vietnam War aimed to end the war and the draft system through civil disobedience.
Answer: True
'The Resistance' was a prominent organization that spearheaded draft resistance during the Vietnam War. It encouraged civil disobedience, such as burning draft cards or refusing induction, aiming to end the war and the draft system, often leading members to face imprisonment.
James Fallows argued that conscience, not social class, was the dominant factor in who fought versus who evaded the draft during the Vietnam War.
Answer: False
James Fallows argued that social class, rather than conscience or political conviction, was the primary factor determining who served in the Vietnam War and who evaded their obligation. He felt shame realizing that his evasion, aided by sophisticated counselors, meant working-class individuals from Boston would fight in his place.
Howard Zinn and Tom Hayden viewed draft evasion as a negative reflection on democratic participation.
Answer: False
Howard Zinn and Tom Hayden considered certain forms of draft evasion to be a positive expression of democracy, suggesting it reflected individual resistance to unjust government policies.
Ancient Greek playwrights expressed concern that pervasive draft evasion could undermine the foundations of democracy and community cohesion.
Answer: True
According to scholar Mathew R. Christ, ancient Greek playwrights were concerned that ongoing draft evasion in democratic Athens could have corrosive effects on democracy and community. They often emphasized the moral imperative for individuals to support their community and serve the common good.
Jimmy Carter's 1977 pardon for Vietnam War draft resisters offered unconditional amnesty, though it controversially required resisters to admit guilt.
Answer: True
In 1977, President Jimmy Carter issued a pardon offering unconditional amnesty to Vietnam War draft resisters who requested it. This move was controversial, with critics on the right arguing it lacked penalty and critics on the left noting it required admitting guilt.
Michael S. Foley argued that only collective, public anti-draft activity, not individual evasion, is effective in stopping wars or drafts.
Answer: False
Michael S. Foley argued that only public anti-draft activity, undertaken consciously and collectively, is relevant to stopping a draft or a war. He viewed many other forms of draft evasion as merely personally beneficial.
Societal attitudes towards draft evasion in South Korea are notably stringent, not permissive, and celebrities involved often face significant backlash.
Answer: False
South Korean society is reportedly very hostile to draft evasion, viewing it as a severe transgression. Celebrities attempting to evade the draft have faced significant backlash, with one commentator stating it's 'almost like suicide' for them to do so. Evasion can lead to prison sentences and lifelong bans from public life.
What role did draft counseling groups play during the Vietnam War in the US?
Answer: They provided support and guidance to potential draft evaders.
Draft counseling groups, often connected to national organizations like the American Friends Service Committee or Students for a Democratic Society, provided support and guidance to potential draft evaders. Specially trained individuals often served as counselors for these groups.
What was the primary goal of 'The Resistance' organization during the Vietnam War?
Answer: To end the war and the draft system through civil disobedience.
'The Resistance' was a prominent organization that spearheaded draft resistance during the Vietnam War. It encouraged civil disobedience, such as burning draft cards or refusing induction, aiming to end the war and the draft system, often leading members to face imprisonment.
According to James Fallows, what was the dominant factor determining who fought versus who evaded the draft during the Vietnam War?
Answer: Social class.
James Fallows argued that social class, rather than conscience or political conviction, was the primary factor determining who served in the Vietnam War and who evaded their obligation. He felt shame realizing that his evasion, aided by sophisticated counselors, meant working-class individuals from Boston would fight in his place.
How did Howard Zinn and Tom Hayden view draft evasion in relation to democracy?
Answer: As a positive expression of individual resistance to unjust policies.
Howard Zinn and Tom Hayden considered certain forms of draft evasion to be a positive expression of democracy, suggesting it reflected individual resistance to unjust government policies.
What concern did ancient Greek playwrights have regarding draft evasion?
Answer: That it could have corrosive effects on democracy and community.
According to scholar Mathew R. Christ, ancient Greek playwrights were concerned that ongoing draft evasion in democratic Athens could have corrosive effects on democracy and community. They often emphasized the moral imperative for individuals to support their community and serve the common good.
What did Jimmy Carter's 1977 pardon for Vietnam War draft resisters entail?
Answer: It offered unconditional amnesty to those who requested it.
In 1977, President Jimmy Carter issued a pardon offering unconditional amnesty to Vietnam War draft resisters who requested it. This move was controversial, with critics on the right arguing it lacked penalty and critics on the left noting it required admitting guilt.
What was the 'Shministim' movement in Israel?
Answer: A movement of high school students declaring conscientious opposition to military service.
The 'Shministim' was a group of Israeli high school students in 2008 who declared themselves conscientiously opposed to military service. Their stance contrasted with other groups like 'Yesh Gvul' and 'Courage to Refuse', who sometimes negotiated selective refusal, whereas the Shministim advocated for absolute refusal based on pacifist and feminist ideologies.
What is the general societal attitude towards draft evasion in South Korea?
Answer: Very hostile, viewed as a severe transgression.
South Korean society is reportedly very hostile to draft evasion, viewing it as a severe transgression. Celebrities attempting to evade the draft have faced significant backlash, with one commentator stating it's 'almost like suicide' for them to do so. Evasion can lead to prison sentences and lifelong bans from public life.
What role did draft counseling groups play during the Vietnam War in the US?
Answer: They provided support and guidance to potential draft evaders.
Draft counseling groups, often connected to national organizations like the American Friends Service Committee or Students for a Democratic Society, provided support and guidance to potential draft evaders. Specially trained individuals often served as counselors for these groups.
What was the primary goal of 'The Resistance' organization during the Vietnam War?
Answer: To end the war and the draft system through civil disobedience.
'The Resistance' was a prominent organization that spearheaded draft resistance during the Vietnam War. It encouraged civil disobedience, such as burning draft cards or refusing induction, aiming to end the war and the draft system, often leading members to face imprisonment.
According to James Fallows, what was the dominant factor determining who fought versus who evaded the draft during the Vietnam War?
Answer: Social class.
James Fallows argued that social class, rather than conscience or political conviction, was the primary factor determining who served in the Vietnam War and who evaded their obligation. He felt shame realizing that his evasion, aided by sophisticated counselors, meant working-class individuals from Boston would fight in his place.
How did Howard Zinn and Tom Hayden view draft evasion in relation to democracy?
Answer: As a positive expression of individual resistance to unjust policies.
Howard Zinn and Tom Hayden considered certain forms of draft evasion to be a positive expression of democracy, suggesting it reflected individual resistance to unjust government policies.
What concern did ancient Greek playwrights have regarding draft evasion?
Answer: That it could have corrosive effects on democracy and community.
According to scholar Mathew R. Christ, ancient Greek playwrights were concerned that ongoing draft evasion in democratic Athens could have corrosive effects on democracy and community. They often emphasized the moral imperative for individuals to support their community and serve the common good.
What did Jimmy Carter's 1977 pardon for Vietnam War draft resisters entail?
Answer: It offered unconditional amnesty to those who requested it.
In 1977, President Jimmy Carter issued a pardon offering unconditional amnesty to Vietnam War draft resisters who requested it. This move was controversial, with critics on the right arguing it lacked penalty and critics on the left noting it required admitting guilt.
Which of the following was NOT one of the three original railroad companies that jointly owned the Florida Publishing Company?
Answer: CSX Transportation
The three original railroad owners were the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, the Florida East Coast Railway, and the Seaboard Air Line Railway. CSX Transportation is a modern successor to two of those companies but was not an original owner.
Ted Nugent reportedly consumed crystal meth and defecated in his pants to avoid the Vietnam War draft.
Answer: True
Ted Nugent reportedly took extreme measures to avoid the draft, including consuming crystal meth and defecating in his pants before his physical examination, as stated in a 1970s High Times article and a 1990 newspaper interview.
Bernie Sanders was not drafted into the military after his conscientious objector status was denied; delays in the process rendered him too old for conscription.
Answer: False
After graduating college, Bernie Sanders applied for conscientious objector status, though he was not religious. His application was denied, but a series of hearings and delays extended his eligibility until he was too old to be drafted, a process that took him to age 26.
Donald Trump received a medical deferment for the Vietnam War draft based on a diagnosis of bone spurs in his heels.
Answer: True
Donald Trump received a medical deferment from the Vietnam War draft due to a diagnosis of bone spurs in his heels, reportedly granted by a doctor who was a friend of his father.
What extreme measures did Ted Nugent reportedly take to avoid the Vietnam War draft?
Answer: He consumed crystal meth and defecated in his pants before his examination.
Ted Nugent reportedly took extreme measures to avoid the draft, including consuming crystal meth and defecating in his pants before his physical examination, as stated in a 1970s High Times article and a 1990 newspaper interview.
How did Bernie Sanders navigate the draft system after his conscientious objector status was denied?
Answer: He was too old to be drafted due to delays from hearings.
After graduating college, Bernie Sanders applied for conscientious objector status, though he was not religious. His application was denied, but a series of hearings and delays extended his eligibility until he was too old to be drafted, a process that took him to age 26.
What was the reason given for Donald Trump's medical deferment from the Vietnam War draft?
Answer: A diagnosis of bone spurs in his heels.
Donald Trump received a medical deferment from the Vietnam War draft due to a diagnosis of bone spurs in his heels, reportedly granted by a doctor who was a friend of his father.