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Flagellation is exclusively a form of punishment imposed on an unwilling subject.
Answer: False
While often a punishment, flagellation can also be willingly submitted to or self-administered in sadomasochistic or religious contexts, as detailed in the definition.
The 'cat o' nine tails' is a bundle of birch twigs primarily used in British judicial and school punishments.
Answer: False
The cat o' nine tails is a multi-corded whip traditionally used in naval and military punishments, while the birch rod is a bundle of birch twigs used in British judicial and school punishments.
What is the term for beating the soles of a person's bare feet?
Answer: Bastinado
Bastinado is a moderated subform of flagellation that specifically targets the soles of a person's bare feet for beating, also known as foot whipping.
In British legal terminology, what implement was typically used for 'flogging'?
Answer: A cat o' nine tails
In British legal terminology, 'flogging' was typically administered with a cat o' nine tails, a multi-corded whip.
Which of the following implements is described as a stiff, braided leather whip from Imperial Russia?
Answer: The knout
The knout is described as a stiff, braided leather whip originating from Imperial Russia, used to flog criminals and political offenders.
The British legal system abolished both flogging and whipping as forms of corporal punishment in 1948.
Answer: True
British legal terminology distinguished between flogging (with a cat o' nine tails) and whipping (with a birch), both of which were abolished in Britain in 1948.
ISIS frequently used flagellation as a form of torture, often tying prisoners to the ceiling and whipping them in venues like Raqqa Stadium.
Answer: True
The extremist Islamist group ISIS frequently employed flagellation as a form of torture, often tying prisoners to the ceiling and whipping them for various reasons, with Raqqa Stadium being a common venue.
Jewish law (Halakha) traditionally limited flagellation to 40 strokes to avoid exceeding the legal limit.
Answer: False
While the Torah stated a limit of 40 strokes, in practice, Jewish law (Halakha) traditionally limited flagellation to 39 strokes to avoid accidentally exceeding the legal limit due to a miscount.
Roman flagellation was typically reserved for Roman citizens, as stipulated by the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia.
Answer: False
The Romans generally reserved flagellation for non-citizens, as stipulated by the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia, not for Roman citizens.
The Whipping Act of 1530 in England mandated that vagrants be publicly beaten until their bodies were bloody.
Answer: True
The Whipping Act, passed in England in 1530, indeed mandated that vagrants be tied naked to a cart and beaten with whips through a market town until their bodies were bloody.
Public whipping of women in England was abolished in 1862, the same year it was formally abolished for men.
Answer: False
Public whipping of women in England was abolished in 1817, while for men it was formally abolished in 1862, after declining in the early 1830s.
Private whipping in English prisons was abolished in 1967, with its last use in 1962.
Answer: False
Private whipping of men in English prisons was abolished in 1948. The power of prison's visiting justices to order birching or the cat o' nine tails for serious assaults on prison staff was abolished in 1967, with its last use in 1962.
During the French Revolution, Anne Josephe Theroigne de Mericourt was publicly flogged, which reportedly led to her mental decline.
Answer: True
On May 31, 1793, Anne Josephe Theroigne de Mericourt was publicly flogged by Jacobin women, an event that reportedly caused her to refuse clothes and eventually led to her mental decline.
In the Russian Empire, knouts were primarily used for minor offenses, rarely resulting in death.
Answer: False
In the Russian Empire, knouts were used to flog criminals and political offenders, and sentences of a hundred lashes typically resulted in death, indicating they were not for minor offenses and often fatal.
The photograph 'Whipped Peter' in 1863 depicted an enslaved man with severe scars, contributing to anti-slavery sentiment during the American Civil War.
Answer: True
The 1863 photograph 'Whipped Peter' (Gordon) showed an enslaved African-American man with severe keloid scars, sparking widespread outcry against slavery and significantly contributing to anti-slavery sentiment during the Civil War.
Flogging was banned on all U.S. Navy ships in September 1850, largely due to the advocacy of Senator John P. Hale.
Answer: True
Flogging was indeed banned on all U.S. ships in September 1850, a development largely influenced by Senator John P. Hale's advocacy and Herman Melville's writings.
'Flogged around the fleet' in the British Navy involved a single, severe flogging of up to 600 lashes on one ship.
Answer: False
'Flogged around the fleet' involved dividing a significant number of lashes (up to 600) among multiple ships on a station, with the condemned taken to each ship to be flogged, rather than a single flogging on one ship.
The 'Great Cat Contention' in 1879 led to the abolition of flogging in the Royal Navy after a member of Parliament requested to see the cat o' nine tails.
Answer: True
The 'Great Cat Contention' in the British House of Commons in June 1879, prompted by John O'Connor Power's request to see the cat o' nine tails, led to the passage of a motion that quietly abolished flogging in the Royal Navy.
During the Napoleonic Wars, the British Army could inflict up to 1,200 lashes, a punishment that Wellington strongly opposed.
Answer: False
While the British Army could inflict up to 1,200 lashes during the Napoleonic Wars, Wellington actually supported this code, despite many officers recognizing its brutalizing effect.
The King's German Legion (KGL) regularly practiced flogging as part of their military discipline, aligning with British standards.
Answer: False
The King's German Legion (KGL) did not practice flogging, and a German commander once refused to carry out a flogging sentence on a British soldier, indicating a divergence from British standards.
British law in penal colonies allowed for convicts to be both flogged and hanged for the same offense.
Answer: False
British law in penal colonies forbade combining corporal and capital punishment; a convict was either flogged or hanged for an offense, but not both.
In Australian penal colonies, female convicts were never subjected to flogging, only males.
Answer: False
Female convicts were indeed subjected to flogging in Australian penal colonies, both on convict ships and in the colonies, though they generally received fewer lashes than males.
The last recorded instance of flogging in Australia occurred in 1958 at Melbourne's Pentridge Prison.
Answer: True
The last recorded instance of flogging in Australia took place in 1958, when William John O'Meally was flogged in Melbourne's Pentridge Prison.
In the Roman Empire, for whom was flagellation typically reserved, according to the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia?
Answer: Non-citizens
The lex Porcia and lex Sempronia stipulated that Roman flagellation was generally reserved for non-citizens, not Roman citizens.
When was public whipping of women abolished in England?
Answer: 1817
Public whipping of women in England was abolished in 1817, while for men it was formally abolished later, in 1862.
What was the last year that the power of prison's visiting justices to order birching or the cat o' nine tails for serious assaults on prison staff was abolished in England?
Answer: 1967
The power of prison's visiting justices to order birching or the cat o' nine tails for serious assaults on prison staff in England was abolished in 1967, with its last use occurring in 1962.
What was the reported outcome for Anne Josephe Theroigne de Mericourt after her public flogging during the French Revolution?
Answer: She refused to wear clothes and eventually went mad.
After her public flogging in the Tuileries garden, Anne Josephe Theroigne de Mericourt reportedly refused to wear clothes and eventually went mad, ending her days in an asylum.
What was the typical consequence of a sentence of a hundred lashes with a knout in the Russian Empire?
Answer: Death
In the Russian Empire, sentences of a hundred lashes with a knout typically resulted in death, highlighting the extreme brutality of this punishment.
In the United States, what early form of police force was authorized to whip enslaved people violating slave codes?
Answer: Slave 'patrolers'
Slave 'patrolers,' an early form of police force in the United States, were authorized to whip any enslaved person violating the slave codes.
What was the maximum number of lashes allowed for soldiers convicted by courts-martial during the American Revolutionary War?
Answer: 100
During the American Revolutionary War, the American Congress increased the legal limit on lashes for soldiers convicted by courts-martial from 39 to 100.
When was flogging eventually banned on all U.S. ships?
Answer: September 1850
Flogging was eventually banned on all U.S. ships in September 1850, largely due to the advocacy of Senator John P. Hale.
What was the average number of lashes per man in the British Navy between 1790 and 1820?
Answer: 19.5 lashes
Between 1790 and 1820, flogging in the British Navy averaged 19.5 lashes per man.
What was the 'Great Cat Contention' in the British House of Commons in 1879 primarily about?
Answer: A motion to abolish flogging in the Royal Navy.
The 'Great Cat Contention' in the British House of Commons in June 1879 was a debate on a motion to abolish flogging in the Royal Navy, which ultimately passed.
During the Napoleonic Wars, what was the maximum number of lashes the British Army could inflict on soldiers?
Answer: 1,200
During the Napoleonic Wars, the British Army could inflict up to 1,200 lashes on soldiers, a punishment that could permanently disable or kill a man.
In Australian penal colonies, what was the wooden tripod used to suspend offenders during flagellation called?
Answer: The triangle
In Australian penal colonies, the wooden tripod used to suspend offenders during flagellation, often with their feet barely touching the ground, was known as 'the triangle'.
What was the purpose of rinsing the lacerated back with brine after flagellation in Australian penal colonies?
Answer: As a painful disinfectant
After flagellation in Australian penal colonies, the lacerated back was typically rinsed with brine, which served as a painful disinfectant.
What was the primary purpose of public floggings for both male and female convicts in Australian penal colonies?
Answer: To inflict pain, humiliate offenders, and demonstrate submission to authority.
Public floggings for both male and female convicts in Australian penal colonies served not only to inflict pain but also to humiliate offenders and forcefully demonstrate submission to authority before the entire colony.
What was the significance of the 'Whipped Peter' photograph during the American Civil War?
Answer: It sparked widespread outcry against slavery and contributed to anti-slavery sentiment.
The 'Whipped Peter' photograph, depicting an enslaved man with severe scars, sparked widespread outcry against the brutality of slavery and significantly contributed to anti-slavery sentiment during the American Civil War.
In the Maldives, flogging is primarily a legal punishment for theft, with men being the most common recipients.
Answer: False
In the Maldives, flogging is primarily a legal punishment for extramarital sex, and women are the most common recipients.
The US State Department's 2022 Human Rights Practices Report explicitly mentioned the continued imposition of flogging in UAE's Sharia courts for offenses like adultery.
Answer: False
The US State Department's 2021 report mentioned continued flogging in UAE's Sharia courts, but the 2022 report did not mention corporal punishment in the UAE at all, suggesting a potential shift in practice or reporting.
Raif Badawi was a Saudi blogger sentenced to 1,000 lashes for 'insulting Islam' online.
Answer: True
Raif Badawi, a Saudi blogger, was sentenced multiple times between 2012 and 2014 to 1,000 lashes and 10 years in prison for 'insulting Islam' online.
Saudi Arabia officially abolished flogging as a form of punishment in April 2020, replacing it with prison sentences or fines.
Answer: True
In April 2020, the Supreme Court of Saudi Arabia announced the abolition of flogging, intending to replace it with prison sentences or fines, although a leaked draft legal code from 2024 still included lashing.
Courts in the Islamic Republic of Iran have sentenced individuals to flogging for 'at least' 148 offenses, including during interrogation.
Answer: True
The Abdorrahman Boroumand Center reports that Iranian courts have sentenced thousands to flogging for 'at least' 148 offenses, including Sharia hudood punishments and during detainee interrogation.
The Taliban reintroduced public flogging in Afghanistan in 2021, criticizing international human rights activists.
Answer: True
After recapturing Afghanistan in 2021, the Taliban announced the reintroduction of Islamic law, including public flogging, and publicly denounced international human rights activists for their criticism.
Pakistan's Hudud Ordinances of 1979 significantly reduced the use of whipping by allowing it only for 'hadd' sentences.
Answer: False
Pakistan's Hudud Ordinances of 1979 *introduced* new criminal offenses and punishments, including whipping. It was the subsequent Abolition of Whipping Act in 1996 that allowed whipping only for 'hadd' sentences, thereby reducing its use.
In Aceh, Indonesia, women offenders are flogged by male officials to ensure strict adherence to Sharia law.
Answer: False
In Aceh, Indonesia, women offenders are flogged by other women to prevent the mixing of sexes, in adherence to Sharia law.
Brunei's Sharia Penal Code prohibits caning for women and males under 8 or over 50 years of age.
Answer: True
Brunei's Sharia Penal Code explicitly prohibits caning for women and males under 8 or over 50 years of age, or if a doctor orders an interruption for medical reasons.
In Islamic law, hudud punishments for drinking alcohol typically range from 40 to 80 lashes.
Answer: True
In Islamic law, hudud punishments for drinking alcohol typically range from 40 to 80 lashes, depending on the specific legal school.
Traditionally, lashes in Islamic society were intended to leave permanent scars as a deterrent.
Answer: False
Traditionally in Islamic society, lashes for punishment were not intended to leave permanent scars, and when a high number of lashes was prescribed, they were often administered in batches to minimize severe harm.
The Islamic revival in the late 20th century led to a decrease in the application of Sharia-based criminal laws in many Muslim countries.
Answer: False
The Islamic revival and calls for full implementation of Sharia in the late 20th century actually led to the *reinstatement* of lashing and other hudud punishments in many Muslim countries, often disregarding traditional strict restrictions.
What unique aspect of flogging in the Maldives allows for a 'less harsh' tool to be substituted for offenders with greater political influence?
Answer: Peacock feathers, a handkerchief, or a string of 100 rosary beads
In the Maldives, for offenders with greater political influence, a 'less harsh' tool such as peacock feathers, a handkerchief, or a string of 100 rosary beads (each bead counting as a lash) may be substituted for the typical paddle.
According to Robert Fisk's reports between 1993 and 1995, who were primarily sentenced to flogging in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates?
Answer: Young Asian guest workers, primarily women
Journalist Robert Fisk reported that between 1993 and 1995, 'hundreds' of young Asian guest workers, primarily women, were sentenced to flogging in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates by Sharia courts.
What was the primary reason for Saudi blogger Raif Badawi's sentence of 1,000 lashes?
Answer: Insulting Islam online
Raif Badawi, a Saudi blogger, was sentenced to 1,000 lashes and 10 years in prison for 'insulting Islam' online.
How many offenses are 'at least' punishable by flogging in the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the Abdorrahman Boroumand Center?
Answer: 148
The Abdorrahman Boroumand Center reports that there are 'at least' 148 offenses punishable by flogging in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
What significant legal change regarding corporal punishment occurred in Pakistan in 1996?
Answer: The Abolition of Whipping Act allowed whipping only for 'hadd' sentences.
In 1996, Pakistan's Abolition of Whipping Act allowed whipping or lashing only for 'hadd' sentences, significantly reducing its use after the 1979 Hudud Ordinances.
In Aceh, Indonesia, what is a specific regulation regarding the gender of the flogger for women offenders?
Answer: Women offenders are flogged by other women.
In Aceh, Indonesia, women offenders are flogged by other women to prevent the mixing of sexes, in adherence to Sharia law.
Under Brunei's Sharia Penal Code, which group is explicitly prohibited from receiving caning?
Answer: Women
Brunei's Sharia Penal Code explicitly prohibits caning for women, as well as for males under 8 or over 50 years of age.
Who was the Saudi Arabian poet sentenced to 800 lashes for apostasy in 2016?
Answer: Ashraf Fayadh
Ashraf Fayadh, a Saudi Arabian poet, was sentenced to 800 lashes for apostasy in 2016, a sentence that replaced an earlier death penalty.
In Islamic law, what is the prescribed number of lashes for false accusation of adultery or fornication (qadhf)?
Answer: 80 lashes
In Islamic law, the hudud punishment for false accusation of adultery or fornication (qadhf) is 80 lashes.
What traditional guideline is followed when administering lashes in Islamic society to minimize severe harm, especially for a high number of lashes?
Answer: Administering them in batches
Traditionally in Islamic society, when a high number of lashes is prescribed, they are frequently administered in batches to minimize the risk of severe harm and avoid leaving permanent scars.
Which of the following countries is NOT listed as including hudud punishments, including flogging, in its legal system in the 21st century?
Answer: Egypt
The listed countries that include hudud punishments are Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and the northern part of Nigeria. Egypt is not on this list.
What did the Supreme Court of Saudi Arabia announce in April 2020 regarding flogging?
Answer: Its abolition, to be replaced with prison sentences or fines.
In April 2020, the Supreme Court of Saudi Arabia announced the abolition of flogging as a form of punishment, with the intention of replacing it with prison sentences or fines.
During the Roman festival of Lupercalia, women would expose themselves to whipping with thongs, believing it aided conception.
Answer: True
During the ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia, women intentionally exposed themselves to whipping with thongs from sacrificed goats, believing it would aid conception or ensure easy childbirth.
In a Christian context, 'The Flagellation' refers to Jesus being whipped after his crucifixion.
Answer: False
In a Christian context, 'The Flagellation' refers to the episode in the Passion of Christ where Jesus was whipped *before* his crucifixion, not after.
The Flagellants were a 13th-century group who publicly beat each other, initially permitted by Pope Clement VI during the Black Plague.
Answer: True
The Flagellants were a 13th-century group of Roman Catholics who publicly beat and whipped each other, a practice initially permitted by Pope Clement VI in 1348 during the Black Plague before he condemned them.
St. Thérèse of Lisieux advocated for taking on extraneous sufferings through instruments of penance as more pleasing to God.
Answer: False
St. Thérèse of Lisieux emphasized that loving acceptance of the many sufferings of daily life was more pleasing to God than taking on extraneous sufferings through instruments of penance, though she herself practiced voluntary corporal mortification.
Tatbir, a form of Shia self-flagellation, is primarily practiced for mortification of the flesh, similar to some Christian traditions.
Answer: False
Tatbir is practiced by some Shia Muslims in memory of the suffering and death of Hussein ibn Ali, and for not aiding the martyr, rather than primarily for mortification of the flesh as in some Christian traditions.
High-ranking Shia scholars have prohibited the practice of tatbir, but it continues among some Shi'ite men and boys.
Answer: True
The practice of tatbir is controversial and has been prohibited by high-ranking Shia scholars like Ali Khamenei and Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, yet it persists among some Shi'ite men and boys.
Which ancient Roman festival involved young men whipping people with thongs from sacrificed goats, with women believing it aided conception?
Answer: Lupercalia
The ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia involved young men whipping people with thongs from sacrificed goats, and women would intentionally expose themselves to these blows, believing it aided conception.
What is the instrument of penance for self-flagellation in a Christian context called today?
Answer: A discipline
In a Christian context, the instrument of penance for self-flagellation is called a 'discipline,' typically a cattail whip made of knotted cords.
Which prominent Protestant Reformer regularly practiced self-flagellation before leaving the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: Martin Luther
Martin Luther, the prominent Protestant Reformer, regularly practiced self-flagellation as a form of mortification of the flesh before his departure from the Roman Catholic Church.
According to St. Thérèse of Lisieux, what was more pleasing to God than taking on extraneous sufferings through instruments of penance?
Answer: Loving acceptance of the many sufferings of daily life
St. Thérèse of Lisieux emphasized that loving acceptance of the many sufferings of daily life was more pleasing to God than taking on extraneous sufferings through instruments of penance.
What is the name for the voluntary religious ritual of self-flagellation practiced by some Shia Muslims in memory of Hussein ibn Ali?
Answer: Tatbir
Tatbir is the voluntary religious ritual of self-flagellation practiced by some Shia Muslims in memory of the suffering and death of Hussein ibn Ali.
What is the earliest recorded period for the practice of flagellation in an erotic setting?
Answer: 1590s
The practice of flagellation in an erotic setting has been recorded since at least the 1590s, with anecdotal reports dating back to the 14th century.
Which 1749 novel by John Cleland features a flagellation scene, providing historical evidence for its erotic practice in England?
Answer: 'Fanny Hill'
John Cleland's 1749 novel 'Fanny Hill' features a flagellation scene, serving as historical evidence for its erotic practice in England.