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Human migration is exclusively defined as the permanent movement of people across international borders.
Answer: False
The fundamental definition of human migration includes both permanent and temporary movements, and can occur within a single country (internal migration) or across international borders.
The four major forms of human migration identified in the source are invasion, conquest, colonization, and tourism.
Answer: False
The source identifies the four major forms of human migration as invasion, conquest, colonization, and emigration/immigration, not tourism.
Nomadic movements are generally considered a form of human migration because they involve repeated changes in geographic location.
Answer: False
Nomadic movements are generally not considered migration because they are typically seasonal and lack the intention to settle permanently in a new place.
The distinction between voluntary and forced migration is always clear-cut, with no overlap in motivators.
Answer: False
The distinction between voluntary and forced migration can be subjective, as various motivators, such as economic factors, frequently exhibit overlap between the two types.
The term 'transit migration' was initially coined by the UN in 1990 to refer to immigrants traveling through countries surrounding Europe with the ultimate goal of reaching a European Union state.
Answer: True
The term 'transit migration' was indeed coined by the UN in 1990, specifically to describe immigrants passing through countries surrounding Europe en route to an EU state.
Critics argue that the term 'transit migration' is Eurocentric and oversimplifies the complex journeys migrants undertake.
Answer: True
Critics contend that the term 'transit migration' is Eurocentric and fails to capture the intricate and often perilous journeys undertaken by migrants, which may involve flexible plans rather than a fixed end destination.
Internal migration is the dominant form of human migration globally.
Answer: True
Internal migration, referring to movement within a single country, is indeed the predominant form of human migration worldwide.
What is the fundamental definition of human migration?
Answer: The movement of people from one geographic location to another with the intention of settling, either permanently or temporarily.
Human migration is fundamentally defined as the movement of individuals from one geographic location to another with the intent of establishing residence, either permanently or temporarily, in the new locale.
Which of the following is NOT identified as one of the four major forms of human migration in the source material?
Answer: Tourism
The four major forms of human migration identified are invasion, conquest, colonization, and emigration/immigration. Tourism is explicitly excluded from the definition of migration.
How are 'migrants' traditionally defined in the provided text?
Answer: Individuals who change their country of residence for general reasons like job opportunities or healthcare needs.
The text traditionally defines 'migrants' as individuals who change their country of residence for general reasons, such as seeking better job opportunities or healthcare needs.
Which type of human movement is generally NOT considered 'migration' according to the source?
Answer: Nomadic movements
Nomadic movements are generally not considered migration because they are typically seasonal and lack the intention to settle permanently in a new place.
What is the primary distinction between voluntary and forced migration?
Answer: Voluntary migration is based on free will, while forced migration is compelled by circumstances beyond control.
Voluntary migration is predicated on an individual's free will, whereas forced migration occurs when people are compelled to move due to circumstances beyond their control.
What is 'transit migration'?
Answer: Immigrants who are in the process of moving to a final destination country, often passing through intermediate countries.
'Transit migration' describes immigrants who are in the process of moving to a final destination country, frequently passing through intermediate countries.
What is 'Internal Migration'?
Answer: The movement of people within the borders of a single country.
Internal migration refers to the movement of people within the borders of a single country, which is the dominant form of human migration globally.
The World Bank, IOM, and United Nations Statistics Division all publish statistical estimates and reports on worldwide migration patterns.
Answer: True
These three organizations are explicitly mentioned as key publishers of statistical estimates and reports on global migration patterns.
Between 1970 and 2020, the percentage of international migrants in the world's population decreased slightly, despite an increase in absolute numbers.
Answer: False
Between 1970 and 2020, the percentage of international migrants in the world's population actually increased from 2.3% to 3.6%, alongside an increase in absolute numbers.
One of the most significant changes in migrant patterns over the last fifty years is that almost half of all migrants are now women.
Answer: True
The 'Feminisation of migration' highlights that nearly half of all migrants are now women, marking a significant shift in global migration patterns over the past five decades.
As of 2019, China was the top country of origin for migrants globally.
Answer: False
As of 2019, India was the top country of origin for migrants globally, with China ranking third.
The New York metropolitan area has the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia.
Answer: True
The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, estimated at 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017.
The decline in US interstate migration from 1991 to 2011 has been linked to an increased geographic specificity of occupations.
Answer: False
The decline in US interstate migration from 1991 to 2011 has been linked to a *decrease* in the geographic specificity of occupations, meaning jobs are less tied to specific locations.
Which organization publishes the 'World Migration Report'?
Answer: The International Organisation for Migration (IOM)
The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) is specifically mentioned as the publisher of the 'World Migration Report'.
What trend has been observed in migration to Western countries in recent decades?
Answer: Migration has risen sharply, increasing the share of the foreign-born population.
In recent decades, migration to nearly every Western country has risen sharply, leading to an increased share of the foreign-born population.
As of 2013, what percentage of all migrants moved from developing countries to other developing countries (South-South migration)?
Answer: 38%
As of 2013, 38% of all migrants moved from developing countries to other developing countries, a phenomenon known as South-South migration.
How did the number of international migrants change between 1970 and 2020?
Answer: It increased from approximately 84 million to 280 million.
The number of international migrants increased from 84,460,125 in 1970 to 280,598,105 in 2020.
What significant change regarding gender has been observed in migrant patterns over the last fifty years?
Answer: Almost half of all migrants are now women.
One of the most significant changes in migrant patterns over the last fifty years is the 'Feminisation of migration,' where almost half of all migrants are now women.
Which country was NOT among the top ten immigration destinations as of 2019?
Answer: China
As of 2019, China was among the top countries of *origin* for migrants, but not among the top ten immigration *destinations*.
As of 2019, which country was the top country of origin for migrants?
Answer: India
In 2019, India was identified as the top country of origin for migrants globally.
What is notable about New York City's Chinese population?
Answer: It is the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia.
The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, estimated at 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017.
The overall economic impact of human migration on the world economy has been largely negative, despite some individual benefits.
Answer: False
The overall economic impact of human migration on the world economy has been largely positive, with migrants contributing a disproportionately high percentage to global GDP relative to their population share.
A 2021 Boston Consulting Group survey found that most executives believed migration had a negative impact on their countries.
Answer: False
A 2021 Boston Consulting Group survey found that 72% of executives believed migration benefited their countries, indicating a largely positive perception.
The Centre for Global Development estimates that opening all international borders could add $78 billion to the world's GDP.
Answer: False
The Centre for Global Development estimates that opening all international borders could add an astounding $78 *trillion* to the world's GDP, not $78 billion.
Remittances are funds transferred by migrant workers to their home countries and are a substantial part of the economy in some nations.
Answer: True
Remittances are defined as funds sent by migrant workers to their home countries, providing crucial financial support and contributing significantly to national income in many developing economies.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10 aims to increase the transaction costs of migrants' remittances to ensure fair pricing.
Answer: False
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10 aims to *reduce* the transaction costs of migrants' remittances to less than 3% by 2030, not to increase them.
Peggy Levitt and other scholars contributed to the conceptualization of 'social remittances,' which are the financial transfers migrants send to their homelands.
Answer: False
Peggy Levitt and other scholars contributed to the conceptualization of 'social remittances,' which refer to the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital migrants transfer, not financial transfers (which are remittances).
Migration is often associated with improved human capital and is considered a direct route out of poverty for many.
Answer: True
Migration is frequently linked to enhanced human capital for individuals and households, and is often considered a direct pathway out of poverty for many.
What was the overall economic impact of human migration on the world economy in 2015?
Answer: Migrants, making up 3.3% of the population, contributed 9.4% to global GDP.
In 2015, migrants, despite constituting only 3.3% of the world population, contributed a significant 9.4% to the global GDP, demonstrating a largely positive economic impact.
According to a 2021 Boston Consulting Group survey, what percentage of executives believed that migration benefited their countries?
Answer: 72%
A 2021 Boston Consulting Group survey found that 72% of executives believed that migration benefited their countries.
What is the potential impact on global GDP if all borders were opened, according to the Centre for Global Development?
Answer: An astounding $78 trillion
The Centre for Global Development estimates that opening all international borders could potentially add an astounding $78 trillion to the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
What are 'remittances' in the context of human migration?
Answer: Funds transferred by migrant workers back to their home countries.
Remittances are defined as funds transferred by migrant workers back to their home countries, providing crucial financial support to families and contributing significantly to national income.
Which country was the top recipient of remittances in 2018?
Answer: India
In 2018, India was the top recipient of remittances, receiving approximately 80 billion US dollars.
What is the target set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10 regarding remittances?
Answer: To reduce remittance transaction costs to less than 3% by 2030.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10 aims to substantially reduce the transaction costs of migrants' remittances to less than 3% by 2030.
What concept, influenced by Peggy Levitt, describes the ideas, behaviors, and social capital migrants transfer to their countries of origin?
Answer: Social remittances
Peggy Levitt and other scholars contributed to the conceptualization of 'social remittances,' which refer to the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that migrants transfer to their countries of origin.
How does human migration relate to human capital and poverty reduction?
Answer: Migration is often associated with improved human capital and is considered a direct route out of poverty for many.
Migration is frequently associated with improved human capital for individuals and households and is considered a direct pathway out of poverty for many, enhancing human development.
The Neoclassical economic theory of migration suggests that migration is primarily driven by social entities like households, not individual wage differences.
Answer: False
The Neoclassical economic theory of migration posits that the primary driver for labor migration is the wage difference between two geographic locations, focusing on individual economic incentives rather than household strategies.
The Dual Labor Market Theory attributes migration to more developed countries primarily to 'push factors' from the countries of origin.
Answer: False
The Dual Labor Market Theory attributes migration to more developed countries primarily to 'pull factors' within those countries, specifically the demand for low-skilled workers in their secondary labor markets, rather than 'push factors' from countries of origin.
The Relative Deprivation Theory of migration suggests that awareness of income disparities among neighbors in the sending community is a key incentive for migration.
Answer: True
The Relative Deprivation Theory posits that the awareness of income disparities among neighbors or other households in the migrant-sending community serves as a crucial incentive for migration.
World Systems Theory views migration as primarily an individual decision based on personal economic gain, independent of global interactions.
Answer: False
World Systems Theory views migration from a global perspective, asserting that interactions between different societies are significant drivers of social change, rather than solely individual economic decisions.
The Osmosis Theory of human migration compares countries to animal cells and borders to semipermeable membranes, with humans migrating from areas of less pressure to high pressure.
Answer: True
The Osmosis Theory uses an analogy to osmosis, comparing countries to animal cells and borders to semipermeable membranes, with humans moving from areas of less migration pressure to those with higher pressure.
Structural functionalism analyzes migration's role in fulfilling societal functions like reducing despair and strengthening social networks.
Answer: True
Structural functionalism is one of the sociological perspectives that examines migration's role in fulfilling societal functions, including reducing despair and strengthening social networks.
Ernst Georg Ravenstein proposed that urban residents are generally more migratory than rural inhabitants.
Answer: False
Ernst Georg Ravenstein proposed the opposite: that urban residents are generally *less* migratory than rural inhabitants.
According to Everett S. Lee's model, 'pull factors' are unfavorable aspects of a person's home area that compel them to emigrate.
Answer: False
According to Everett S. Lee's model, 'pull factors' are attractive aspects of a different host area that encourage people to emigrate there, while 'push factors' are the unfavorable aspects of the home area.
Climate cycles have been identified as a root cause for successive waves of Eurasian nomadic movement, leading to a 'migratory domino effect'.
Answer: True
Modern climate history suggests that climate cycles causing pastureland expansion or contraction were a root cause for Eurasian nomadic movements, leading to a 'migratory domino effect'.
Idyorough's (2008) theory suggests that migration occurs because individuals seek food, sex, and security, and that towns and cities are a result of this human struggle.
Answer: True
Idyorough's (2008) theory indeed proposes that the fundamental human struggle for food, sex, and security drives migration, and that towns and cities emerge as a result of this pursuit.
The Gravity model of migration predicts that larger populations and shorter distances between places lead to greater migration flows.
Answer: True
The Gravity model of migration predicts that the flow of migrants between two places is directly proportional to their population sizes and inversely proportional to the distance between them, meaning larger populations and shorter distances lead to greater flows.
Bauder's regulation of labor markets theory (2006) argues that international migration is merely a consequence of labor market demands, not an active regulator.
Answer: False
Bauder's theory reverses the conventional perspective, arguing that international migration actively regulates labor markets and is essential for industrialized economies, rather than merely being a consequence.
The 'migratory domino effect' describes a process where one group's movement displaces another, leading to a chain reaction of migrations.
Answer: True
The 'migratory domino effect' accurately describes a chain reaction of migrations where the movement of one group leads to the displacement of another.
What does the 'push-pull factors' concept explain in voluntary migration?
Answer: The combination of negative aspects in the country of origin and positive attractions in the destination country.
The 'push-pull factors' concept explains voluntary migration as being influenced by a combination of negative aspects in the country of origin (push factors) and positive attractions in the country of destination (pull factors).
Which of the following is an example of a 'push strategy' in voluntary migration mentioned in the text?
Answer: Providing incentives to people who migrate to live in villages near a border with security concerns.
The Armenian government's offering of incentives to people who migrate to live in villages near the border with Azerbaijan is cited as an example of a 'push strategy' to encourage settlement in areas with security concerns.
What is the main premise of the Neoclassical economic theory of migration?
Answer: The primary driver for labor migration is the wage difference between two geographic locations.
The Neoclassical economic theory of migration posits that the primary driver for labor migration is the wage difference between two geographic locations, linked to labor supply and demand.
According to the Dual Labor Market Theory, what primarily causes migration to more developed countries?
Answer: The demand for low-skilled workers in the secondary labor market of developed economies.
The Dual Labor Market Theory suggests that migration to more developed countries is primarily caused by the demand for low-skilled workers in the secondary labor market of developed economies, which native laborers often avoid.
What is the core idea behind the Relative Deprivation Theory of migration?
Answer: Awareness of income disparities among neighbors in the sending community is a crucial incentive for migration.
The Relative Deprivation Theory posits that the awareness of income disparities among neighbors or other households in the migrant-sending community serves as a crucial incentive for migration.
How does the World Systems Theory view migration?
Answer: From a global perspective, asserting that interactions between different societies are significant drivers of social change.
World Systems Theory examines migration from a global perspective, asserting that interactions between different societies are significant drivers of social change, often linked to economic disparities and historical ties.
Which sociological perspective views migration through the lens of competition for power and resources?
Answer: Social conflict theory
Social conflict theory is one of the three main sociological perspectives that views migration through the lens of competition for power and resources.
In Everett S. Lee's model, what are 'pull factors'?
Answer: Attractive aspects of a different host area.
In Everett S. Lee's model, 'pull factors' are defined as attractive aspects of a different host area that encourage people to emigrate there.
What is the 'Gravity model of migration' primarily used to predict?
Answer: The flow of migrants between two places based on their population sizes and distance.
The Gravity model of migration is a theoretical model that predicts the flow of migrants between two places based on their population sizes and the distance between them.
What is the central argument of Bauder's regulation of labor markets theory (2006)?
Answer: International migration of workers is essential for the survival of industrialized economies and actively regulates labor markets.
Bauder's theory argues that the international migration of workers is essential for industrialized economies and actively regulates labor markets, rather than merely being shaped by them.
Internally-displaced persons (IDPs) are individuals who have fled their homes due to conflict but have remained within their home country.
Answer: True
The text defines internally-displaced persons as individuals compelled to leave their homes due to events like conflict or natural disasters, but who remain within their national borders.
Asylum seekers are individuals whose application for shelter in a different country has been formally approved, granting them legal refugee status.
Answer: False
Asylum seekers are individuals who have formally requested shelter in a different country due to persecution. Their status changes to 'refugee' only *after* their application for shelter is approved.
The UNHCR defines refugees as persons forced to flee their country specifically due to violence or persecution.
Answer: True
The UNHCR specifically defines refugees as individuals compelled to flee their country due to violence or persecution, often involving war or other forms of oppression.
By the end of 2018, the number of internally displaced persons globally was higher than the number of refugees.
Answer: True
By the end of 2018, there were 41.3 million internally displaced persons compared to 25.9 million refugees, indicating a higher number of IDPs.
According to the text, what is the legal status of individuals who flee to a different country due to persecution and formally request shelter?
Answer: Asylum seekers
Individuals who flee to a different country due to persecution and formally request shelter are known as asylum seekers. Their status changes to refugee upon approval of their application.
According to World Bank estimates, what percentage of migrants qualified as refugees in 2010?
Answer: 7.6%
The World Bank estimated that in 2010, 7.6% of all migrants qualified as refugees.
By the end of 2018, what was the estimated total number of forced migrants globally?
Answer: 67.2 million
By the end of 2018, the estimated total number of forced migrants globally was 67.2 million, which included both refugees and internally displaced persons.
Migration governance has historically remained largely with individual states because migration directly impacts fundamental elements of state sovereignty.
Answer: True
States retain power over the entry and stay of non-nationals because migration directly impacts fundamental elements of statehood, such as its permanent population and defined territory, which are core aspects of state sovereignty.
The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration is a legally binding international treaty adopted in 2018.
Answer: False
The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, adopted in 2018, is a landmark international agreement but it is *not* legally binding.
Colonialism and colonization played a role in globalizing migration systems and establishing enduring ties that persist today.
Answer: True
Colonialism and colonization were pivotal in globalizing migration systems and creating lasting connections that continue to influence migration patterns today.
Why has migration governance historically remained largely with individual states?
Answer: States retain power over the entry and stay of non-nationals, impacting state sovereignty.
Migration governance has historically remained largely with individual states because states retain the power to decide on the entry and stay of non-nationals, which directly impacts fundamental elements of state sovereignty.
Which of the following is a significant and widely ratified international treaty related to migration governance?
Answer: The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is identified as a significant and widely ratified international treaty related to migration governance.
What was a key role of colonialism and colonization in modern migration systems?
Answer: To globalize migration systems and establish enduring ties.
Colonialism and colonization played a crucial role in globalizing migration systems and establishing enduring ties that persist today, through various forms of forced and settler migration.