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John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare, held the office of Lord Chancellor of Ireland prior to his tenure as Attorney-General.
Answer: False
John FitzGibbon served as Attorney-General for Ireland from 1783 to 1789, and subsequently as Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1789 until his death in 1802. Therefore, he held the office of Attorney-General before becoming Lord Chancellor.
John FitzGibbon's father converted from Catholicism to the state religion to pursue a legal career.
Answer: True
John FitzGibbon's father, also named John FitzGibbon, converted from Catholicism to the established Protestant church to enable his pursuit of a legal career and accumulate wealth.
John FitzGibbon represented Kilmallock in the Irish House of Commons from 1778 until 1783.
Answer: False
John FitzGibbon represented Dublin University in the Irish House of Commons from 1778 until 1783. He later represented Kilmallock from 1783 until 1790.
What were the two primary high judicial offices held by John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare, in Ireland?
Answer: Attorney-General and Lord Chancellor
John FitzGibbon served as Attorney-General for Ireland from 1783 to 1789 and subsequently as Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1789 until his death in 1802.
Which university constituency did John FitzGibbon represent in the Irish House of Commons early in his career?
Answer: University of Dublin
John FitzGibbon represented the University of Dublin constituency in the Irish House of Commons from 1778 to 1783.
John FitzGibbon was a prominent advocate for Catholic Emancipation throughout his political career.
Answer: False
Contrary to advocating for Catholic Emancipation, John FitzGibbon was a staunch opponent of it and a prominent champion of the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland.
It is suggested that John FitzGibbon advised King George III that granting Catholic Emancipation would align with his coronation oath.
Answer: False
Historical accounts suggest that John FitzGibbon may have been the first to advise King George III that granting Catholic Emancipation would *violate*, not align with, his coronation oath. This assertion significantly influenced the King's opposition to emancipation.
Lord FitzGibbon was a strong supporter of the rights of the Catholic majority in Ireland.
Answer: False
Lord FitzGibbon was a staunch opponent of Catholic rights and a leading figure in defending the Protestant Ascendancy, which maintained the dominance of the Protestant minority.
John FitzGibbon viewed the Irish Parliament's Constitution of 1782, which granted greater legislative independence, very favorably.
Answer: False
John FitzGibbon held a strong personal and political opposition to the Constitution of 1782, viewing it negatively as it enhanced the legislative independence of the Irish Parliament.
FitzGibbon supported Henry Grattan's efforts to reform the Irish tithe system.
Answer: False
FitzGibbon was instrumental in defeating Henry Grattan's efforts to reform the Irish tithe system between 1787 and 1789. This system imposed financial burdens on Irish Catholic farmers to support the Anglican Church.
FitzGibbon strongly advocated for the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1793 from its inception.
Answer: False
FitzGibbon initially opposed the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1793. He was later persuaded by William Pitt's government to recommend its acceptance in the Irish House of Lords, primarily due to concerns about potential war with France.
FitzGibbon's opposition to Catholic Emancipation permanently prevented Catholics from gaining full rights.
Answer: False
While FitzGibbon's opposition significantly delayed Catholic Emancipation, it did not permanently prevent it. Full political rights were eventually granted to Catholics in 1829.
The Irish tithe system, which FitzGibbon opposed reforming, required non-Anglicans to financially support the minority Anglican Church of Ireland.
Answer: True
The Irish tithe system mandated that Irish Catholic farmers and other non-Anglicans provide financial support to the established Church of Ireland, a significant source of grievance that FitzGibbon resisted reforming.
John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare, is primarily known for his political stance as:
Answer: A staunch opponent of Catholic Emancipation and a champion of the Protestant Ascendancy
FitzGibbon's political career was defined by his strong defense of the Protestant Ascendancy and his vigorous opposition to Catholic Emancipation, making him a key figure in the conservative establishment of the era.
What significant, albeit potentially apocryphal, role did John FitzGibbon play concerning King George III and Catholic Emancipation?
Answer: He was the first to advise the King that granting emancipation *would* violate his coronation oath
FitzGibbon is credited with advising King George III that granting Catholic Emancipation would contravene his coronation oath. This advice was instrumental in solidifying the King's opposition and significantly delaying emancipation.
How did John FitzGibbon interact with Henry Grattan's reform efforts?
Answer: FitzGibbon was instrumental in defeating Grattan's efforts to reform the Irish tithe system
John FitzGibbon was a political adversary of Henry Grattan and played a key role in thwarting Grattan's attempts to reform the Irish tithe system in the late 1780s.
Who bore the primary financial burden of the Irish tithe system that FitzGibbon opposed reforming?
Answer: Irish Catholic farmers and other non-Anglicans
The Irish tithe system imposed a significant financial burden primarily on Irish Catholic farmers and other non-Anglicans, who were compelled to support the minority Anglican Church of Ireland.
How did John FitzGibbon view the Irish Parliament's Constitution of 1782, which granted greater legislative independence?
Answer: He strongly opposed it, viewing it negatively
John FitzGibbon held a strong opposition to the Constitution of 1782, which enhanced the legislative independence of the Irish Parliament, viewing it as detrimental to the established order.
Irish Catholics and John FitzGibbon found common ground in their opposition to the Act of Union.
Answer: False
Contrary to opposing the Act of Union, Irish Catholics and John FitzGibbon found common ground in their support for it. FitzGibbon was a strong advocate for the Union.
FitzGibbon insisted that the Act of Union should include significant concessions for Catholics to gain his support.
Answer: False
FitzGibbon was a proponent of the Act of Union but adamantly opposed linking it with Catholic emancipation. He insisted that the Union proceed without such concessions.
In his speech on the Act of Union, Lord FitzGibbon envisioned Ireland becoming a 'mercenary province' of the empire.
Answer: False
In his speech on the Act of Union, Lord FitzGibbon expressed a desire for Ireland to advance from a 'mercenary province' to an 'integral and governing member' of the empire, indicating a vision of elevated status through union.
The Act of Union, effective in 1801, immediately granted full political rights to Ireland's Catholic majority.
Answer: False
The Act of Union, enacted in 1801, was passed without significant concessions for Ireland's Catholic majority. Full political rights for Catholics were not granted until the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829.
FitzGibbon's support for Catholic emancipation alongside the Act of Union helped secure William Pitt's premiership.
Answer: False
FitzGibbon's opposition to linking Catholic emancipation with the Act of Union contributed to Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger's resignation, as Pitt had intended to pursue both reforms concurrently.
Despite significant political and religious differences, on which issue did Irish Catholics and John FitzGibbon find agreement?
Answer: The desirability of the Act of Union
Although they differed profoundly on Catholic rights, both Irish Catholics and John FitzGibbon supported the Act of Union, which ultimately abolished the Irish Parliament and merged Ireland with Great Britain.
In his 1800 speech on the Act of Union, Lord FitzGibbon expressed a desire for Ireland to achieve which status?
Answer: Advance from a 'mercenary province' to an 'integral and governing member' of the empire
Lord FitzGibbon articulated a vision where Ireland would transition from a subordinate 'mercenary province' to an 'integral and governing member' of the British Empire through the Act of Union.
How did FitzGibbon's actions influence William Pitt's political career?
Answer: FitzGibbon's insistence on passing the Union *without* concessions contributed to Pitt's resignation
FitzGibbon's firm stance against linking Catholic emancipation with the Act of Union was a critical factor in Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger's resignation, as Pitt had intended to pursue both reforms together.
Which statement best reflects John FitzGibbon's view on Ireland's potential status within the empire, as expressed in his speech on the Act of Union?
Answer: Ireland should be elevated from a 'mercenary province' to an equal partner in the empire
In his 1800 speech, FitzGibbon envisioned Ireland's status improving through the Union, moving from a 'mercenary province' to an 'integral and governing member' of the British Empire.
What was FitzGibbon's key contribution to the passage of the Act of Union?
Answer: He strongly advocated for the Union and opposed linking it with Catholic emancipation
FitzGibbon was a principal advocate for the Act of Union and crucially opposed linking its passage with any concessions for Catholics, a stance that shaped the final legislation and influenced subsequent political events.
During the 1798 rebellion, Lord Clare advocated for the lenient treatment of all rebels, regardless of rank.
Answer: False
Lord Clare's approach to the 1798 rebellion was complex. While he showed leniency towards the leadership in exchange for information, the common populace faced severe repression. He did not advocate for the lenient treatment of all rebels.
Lord Clare treated captured United Irish leaders and the common rebels with the same level of severity.
Answer: False
Lord Clare differentiated his treatment: he offered leniency and confessions to the United Irish leaders, while the common rebels faced harsh repression, including imprisonment, torture, transportation, and death.
Lord Clare believed Wolfe Tone should have been granted a full pardon upon capture.
Answer: False
Lord Clare was reportedly disgusted that Wolfe Tone was granted a trial and believed Tone should have been executed immediately upon capture, indicating opposition to any form of pardon.
The Earl of Clare attempted to unite Protestant, Catholic, and Dissenter groups against the rebellion.
Answer: False
The Earl of Clare actively sought to divide the rebels by exploiting sectarianism. He promoted the idea that the rebellion was primarily 'popish' to prevent unity among Protestant, Catholic, and Dissenter groups.
How did John FitzGibbon's treatment of captured United Irishmen differ between the leadership and the common populace during the 1798 rebellion?
Answer: He showed leniency to leaders in exchange for information but subjected commoners to severe repression
During the 1798 rebellion, FitzGibbon's administration offered leniency to the United Irish leadership in return for confessions, while the common rebels faced severe repression, including imprisonment, torture, and death.
What was Lord Clare's reaction to the capture of Wolfe Tone, a leader of the United Irishmen?
Answer: He was disgusted that Tone was granted a trial and believed he should be executed immediately
Upon Wolfe Tone's capture, Lord Clare expressed disapproval of him being granted a trial, advocating instead for his immediate execution, reflecting his hardline stance against rebellion leaders.
How did the Earl of Clare attempt to undermine the United Irishmen's movement?
Answer: By exploiting sectarianism and framing the rebellion as purely 'popish' to divide rebels
The Earl of Clare strategically employed sectarian divisions, framing the rebellion as exclusively 'popish' to alienate Protestant and Dissenter potential rebels and thus undermine the United Irishmen's goal of inter-confessional unity.
Regarding the 1798 rebellion, what aspect of Lord Clare's role is described as contentious?
Answer: His alleged support for harsh suppression methods, including torture, and influence on military affairs
The Earl of Clare's role during the 1798 rebellion is contentious, particularly concerning allegations of his support for harsh suppression tactics, including torture, and his influence over military actions against the rebels.
What strategy did the Earl of Clare employ to counter the United Irishmen's goal of uniting different religious groups?
Answer: He actively promoted sectarian divisions, framing the rebellion as 'popish'
The Earl of Clare sought to undermine the United Irishmen by exploiting sectarian divisions, framing the rebellion as a 'popish' movement to alienate Protestant and Dissenter potential rebels and prevent inter-religious unity.
John FitzGibbon was created Earl of Clare in the Peerage of Ireland in 1795, after receiving his first peerage.
Answer: True
John FitzGibbon received his first peerage, Baron FitzGibbon of Lower Connello, in 1789 upon becoming Lord Chancellor. He was subsequently created Viscount FitzGibbon in 1793 and Earl of Clare in 1795.
John FitzGibbon was created Baron FitzGibbon of Sidbury in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1799, after receiving titles within the Peerage of Ireland.
Answer: True
John FitzGibbon received his Irish peerages culminating in Earl of Clare in 1795. He was later created Baron FitzGibbon of Sidbury in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1799, thus receiving this British title after his Irish titles.
The motto of the Earl of Clare, 'Nil admirari,' translates to 'Always be amazed'.
Answer: False
The Latin motto 'Nil admirari' associated with the Earl of Clare translates to 'Marvel at nothing,' suggesting a stoic or perhaps detached perspective.
Which of the following peerages was granted to John FitzGibbon *last*?
Answer: Baron FitzGibbon of Sidbury (Great Britain)
John FitzGibbon received his Irish peerages culminating in Earl of Clare in 1795. He was later created Baron FitzGibbon of Sidbury in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1799, making this his final peerage.
What does the motto 'Nil admirari,' associated with the Earl of Clare, mean?
Answer: Marvel at nothing
The Latin motto 'Nil admirari,' associated with the Earl of Clare, translates to 'Marvel at nothing,' suggesting a stoic or perhaps detached philosophical outlook.
An apocryphal story suggests Lord Clare expressed deep sympathy for innocent victims during the 1798 rebellion's suppression.
Answer: False
An apocryphal anecdote suggests Lord Clare responded callously, 'Well suppose it were so...', when informed of atrocities against innocent victims during the rebellion's suppression, indicating a lack of sympathy.
Historical accounts universally portray Lord Clare as a harsh and exploitative landlord.
Answer: False
While FitzGibbon's political actions were controversial, historical accounts regarding his reputation as a landlord are not universally harsh. Some suggest he was a good landlord, though evidence is limited, and his broader policies towards Catholics are more prominent in historical discourse.
Lord Clare's funeral was a somber event, marked by widespread respect and mourning.
Answer: False
Due to his controversial political standing, Lord Clare's funeral was reportedly marked by a riot, with a persistent story claiming dead cats were thrown at his coffin, indicating a lack of widespread respect at the time of his death.
John FitzGibbon's political impact was more significant in British history than in Irish history.
Answer: False
John FitzGibbon's political impact was considerably more significant on Irish parliamentary and political history than on British history, due to his central roles in key Irish events like the Act of Union and the suppression of Catholic rights.
FitzGibbon's most significant historical achievement was advocating for the Constitution of 1782.
Answer: False
FitzGibbon's most significant historical achievement is widely considered to be his influence in convincing King George III that granting Catholic emancipation would violate the King's Coronation Oath, thereby delaying emancipation for decades.
Sir Jonah Barrington praised FitzGibbon's consistent political principles throughout his career.
Answer: False
Sir Jonah Barrington critically assessed FitzGibbon's political conduct as 'miserably inconsistent,' driven by ambition and prejudice, rather than praising consistent principles.
What is the apocryphal story regarding Lord Clare's reaction to reports of atrocities during the 1798 rebellion's suppression?
Answer: He callously responded, 'Well suppose it were so...', shocking observers like William Pitt
An apocryphal account relates that when informed of atrocities during the rebellion's suppression, Lord Clare responded with indifference, stating, 'Well suppose it were so...', a remark reportedly shocking to William Pitt.
What is considered John FitzGibbon's most significant historical achievement according to the provided text?
Answer: Convincing King George III that Catholic emancipation would violate his coronation oath
FitzGibbon's most impactful historical contribution is widely regarded as his successful persuasion of King George III that Catholic emancipation would violate his coronation oath, thereby delaying the measure for decades.
What was the ultimate outcome regarding Catholic Emancipation, despite FitzGibbon's successful opposition in the short term?
Answer: Catholic Emancipation was eventually granted in 1829, long after FitzGibbon's influence
FitzGibbon's opposition significantly delayed Catholic Emancipation, but it was ultimately granted in 1829, demonstrating that his efforts, while influential in the short term, did not permanently prevent the measure.
According to Sir Jonah Barrington, what characterized John FitzGibbon's political conduct?
Answer: Miserable inconsistency driven by ambition and prejudice
Sir Jonah Barrington characterized FitzGibbon's political conduct as 'miserably inconsistent,' driven by ambition and prejudice, noting a shift from advocating Irish independence to supporting union.
Sir Jonah Barrington critiqued FitzGibbon's political career primarily for its:
Answer: Inconsistency and shift from advocating Irish independence to advocating union
Sir Jonah Barrington critiqued FitzGibbon's career for its 'miserably inconsistent,' noting a significant shift from advocating for Irish independence in the early 1780s to supporting the Act of Union and Ireland's status as a province later on.
Compared to figures like Henry Grattan, John FitzGibbon's political impact is described as:
Answer: More significant on Irish parliamentary and political history than British history
John FitzGibbon's influence was more profound on Irish parliamentary and political history than on British history, despite figures like Henry Grattan often receiving more widespread recognition.