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Modern liberalism in the United States is primarily characterized by its commitment to laissez-faire economics and minimal government intervention.
Answer: False
Modern liberalism in the United States advocates for a mixed economy and significant government intervention to address market failures, ensure fair competition, and support a social safety net, directly contrasting with laissez-faire principles.
Franklin D. Roosevelt defined a liberal party as one that believes the government must find new solutions when individuals cannot address new conditions and problems.
Answer: True
Franklin D. Roosevelt articulated that a liberal party's duty is to ensure the average person's rights by utilizing government power and resources to address new social problems with innovative social controls.
John F. Kennedy described a liberal as someone who rigidly adheres to old ideas and avoids new approaches.
Answer: False
John F. Kennedy characterized a liberal as an individual who looks forward, embraces new ideas without rigid reactions, and is deeply concerned with the welfare of the populace, including their health, housing, and civil rights.
Modern liberal economic philosophy generally rejects Keynesian economic theory.
Answer: False
Keynesian economic theory is a crucial component of modern liberal economic philosophy, which advocates for government management of the macroeconomy to ensure national prosperity, low unemployment, and controlled inflation.
In Europe, the term 'liberalism' typically refers to modern liberalism, similar to its usage in the United States.
Answer: False
In the United States, 'liberalism' almost exclusively refers to modern liberalism, whereas in Europe, the term typically denotes classical liberalism, which emphasizes limited government and laissez-faire economics.
Modern liberalism generally supports state socialism as an alternative to capitalism.
Answer: False
Modern liberalism generally opposes state socialism, doubting that political opposition and freedom can endure when power is concentrated in the state, and instead favors a mixed ownership system to achieve abundance and equality of opportunity.
What is a defining characteristic of modern liberalism's economic approach in the United States?
Answer: Support for government intervention to safeguard against market failures and ensure fair competition.
Modern liberalism's economic approach is defined by its advocacy for government intervention to safeguard against market failures, ensure fair competition, prevent corporate monopolies, and uphold labor rights, contrasting with minimal government intervention.
According to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941, what is the duty of a liberal party?
Answer: To ensure the average person's right to economic and political life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness by finding new solutions to new problems.
Franklin D. Roosevelt defined a liberal party's duty as finding new solutions to new problems when individuals cannot address them, using government power to ensure the average person's economic and political rights.
What did John F. Kennedy emphasize as a characteristic of a liberal in 1960?
Answer: Looking forward, embracing new ideas, and caring deeply about the welfare of the people.
John F. Kennedy emphasized that a liberal is someone who looks forward, embraces new ideas without rigid reactions, and cares deeply about the welfare of the people, including their health, housing, and civil rights.
What role does Keynesian economic theory play in modern liberal philosophy?
Answer: It is a crucial component, advocating government management of the macroeconomy.
Keynesian economic theory is a crucial component of modern liberal economic philosophy, advocating for government management of the macroeconomy to maintain low unemployment, control inflation, and ensure high economic growth.
How does the American usage of 'liberalism' typically differ from its usage in Europe?
Answer: In the U.S., 'liberalism' almost exclusively refers to modern liberalism, while in Europe it typically denotes classical liberalism.
In the United States, 'liberalism' almost exclusively refers to modern liberalism, whereas in Europe, the term typically denotes classical liberalism, which emphasizes limited government and laissez-faire economics.
The Great Depression was a key factor in the formation of modern liberalism in the United States during the 20th century.
Answer: True
The Great Depression necessitated a reevaluation of the government's role in society, leading to the formation of modern liberalism, which advocated for increased government intervention in economic and social affairs.
The Affordable Care Act is considered an example of a classical liberal policy program in U.S. history.
Answer: False
The Affordable Care Act is a significant example of a modern liberal policy program, characterized by expanded government intervention in healthcare, which contrasts with the principles of classical liberalism that emphasize limited government.
Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal is considered a historical root of modern liberalism in the U.S.
Answer: True
Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal and New Nationalism are explicitly identified as historical roots of modern liberalism in the United States, representing early forms of government intervention for social welfare.
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. argued that liberalism in the United States aims to achieve equality of outcome for all.
Answer: False
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. argued that liberalism in the United States aims to achieve equality of opportunity for all, with the methods adapting to changing circumstances, rather than equality of outcome.
The Progressive movement retained Victorian liberalism's advocacy of laissez-faire economics.
Answer: False
The Progressive movement discarded Victorian liberalism's advocacy of laissez-faire economics while retaining its commitment to civil liberties and individual rights, laying groundwork for the modern welfare state.
Herbert Croly, through *The New Republic* magazine, advocated for a planned economy and increased education spending, helping to define the new liberalism.
Answer: True
Herbert Croly was a key intellectual figure during the Progressive Era who, through *The New Republic* magazine, advocated for a planned economy and increased education spending, contributing to the definition of the new liberalism.
The primary goal of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs was to reduce the role of the federal government in economic and social problems.
Answer: False
The primary goal of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs was to alleviate economic desperation and joblessness, provide opportunities, and restore prosperity, which involved an increased role for the federal government in economic and social problems.
The New Deal's Recovery programs aimed to restore the economy to pre-Depression levels through increased government spending and dropping the gold standard.
Answer: True
The New Deal's Recovery programs specifically aimed to restore the economy to pre-Depression levels through measures such as increased government spending, deficit spending, and dropping the gold standard.
The New Deal actively worked to dismantle Jim Crow laws and promote racial integration in its programs.
Answer: False
The New Deal's record on race was marked by segregation within its programs, with black and white individuals rarely working together and limited black supervisory roles, particularly in the South. It did not actively dismantle Jim Crow laws.
Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policy remained consistently isolationist throughout his presidency.
Answer: False
Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policy shifted from isolationism before 1938 to interventionism as the world moved towards war, and he later supported the creation of the United Nations.
Which historical event is primarily credited with shaping modern liberalism in the United States during the 20th century?
Answer: The Great Depression
The Great Depression is primarily credited with shaping modern liberalism in the United States during the 20th century, as it necessitated a reevaluation of the government's role in addressing societal challenges.
Which of the following policy programs is NOT considered a significant example of modern liberal initiatives in U.S. history?
Answer: The Supply-Side Economics Initiative
The New Deal, the Great Society, and the Affordable Care Act are all significant examples of modern liberal initiatives. The Supply-Side Economics Initiative, in contrast, is associated with conservative economic policy.
Which of the following historical figures or movements is NOT explicitly mentioned as a root of modern liberalism in the U.S.?
Answer: Herbert Hoover's 'Rugged Individualism'
Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal, Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom, and Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society are all explicitly mentioned as historical roots of modern liberalism. Herbert Hoover's 'Rugged Individualism' represents a contrasting philosophy.
According to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., what was the primary aim of liberalism in the United States?
Answer: To achieve equality of opportunity for all.
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. posited that the primary aim of liberalism in the United States is to achieve equality of opportunity for all, with its methods evolving based on historical circumstances.
How did the Progressive movement transform Victorian liberalism regarding economics?
Answer: It discarded its advocacy of laissez-faire economics while retaining commitment to civil liberties.
The Progressive movement transformed Victorian liberalism by discarding its advocacy of laissez-faire economics, instead embracing government intervention to solve social and economic problems, while maintaining a commitment to civil liberties.
Which intellectual figure helped define the new liberalism during the Progressive Era through *The New Republic* magazine?
Answer: Herbert Croly
Herbert Croly was a key intellectual figure during the Progressive Era who, through *The New Republic* magazine, advocated for a planned economy and increased education spending, thereby helping to define the new liberalism.
What was the primary goal of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs?
Answer: To alleviate economic desperation, provide opportunities, and restore prosperity.
The primary goal of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs was to alleviate economic desperation and joblessness, provide greater opportunities, and restore prosperity to the nation through increased federal government involvement.
Which New Deal program category focused on providing immediate aid to the hardest-hit population?
Answer: Relief
The New Deal comprised three types of programs: Relief, which specifically focused on providing immediate aid to the hardest-hit population through initiatives like the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).
What was the New Deal's record concerning race relations?
Answer: It was marked by segregation, with limited black supervisory roles, especially in the South.
The New Deal's record on race relations was characterized by segregation within its programs, with black and white individuals rarely working together and limited black supervisory roles, particularly in the Southern states.
How did Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies evolve during his presidency?
Answer: They reflected isolationism until 1938, then shifted towards interventionism.
Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies evolved from reflecting American isolationism until 1938 to shifting towards interventionism as the world approached war, and he later supported the formation of the United Nations.
Cold War liberalism in the United States generally endorsed the nationalization of industry, similar to European social democracy.
Answer: False
While Cold War liberalism shared some similarities with European social democracy in its focus on social welfare, American liberals generally did not endorse the nationalization of industry, favoring government regulation instead.
Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs included the establishment of Medicare and federal aid to education.
Answer: True
Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs represented a climax of liberalism, achieving significant initiatives including the establishment of Medicare and expanded federal aid to education at all levels.
What was a key characteristic of American liberalism during the Cold War era regarding the domestic economy?
Answer: Support for a domestic economy balanced between organized labor and management.
A key characteristic of American liberalism during the Cold War era was its support for a domestic economy balanced between organized labor and management, favoring large corporations, alongside an embrace of Keynesian economics.
What was a major achievement of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs?
Answer: The establishment of Medicare.
A major achievement of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs was the establishment of Medicare, alongside landmark civil rights legislation, expanded welfare, and federal aid to education.
Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Democratic Party became predominantly liberal, and the Republican Party became predominantly conservative.
Answer: True
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prompted a significant political realignment, as conservative Democrats, particularly in the South, left the party, leading to the Democratic Party's predominantly liberal stance and the Republican Party's shift towards conservatism by the 1970s.
Rockefeller Republicans were known for promoting low state and federal spending and opposing civil rights.
Answer: False
Rockefeller Republicans were known for promoting economic growth, high state and federal spending, and strong support for civil rights for African Americans and women's rights, directly opposing the characteristics mentioned.
The liberal Republican element largely faded away after Congressman John B. Anderson bolted the party in 1980 to run as an independent against Ronald Reagan.
Answer: True
The departure of Congressman John B. Anderson from the Republican Party in 1980 to run as an independent against Ronald Reagan is cited as a significant event marking the fading away of the liberal Republican element.
Relations between white liberals and the civil rights movement improved significantly with the emergence of the Black Power movement.
Answer: False
The emergence of the Black Power movement, advocating for racial separatism, contributed to a growing rift and a white backlash against liberals and civil rights activists, straining relations rather than improving them.
Liberals at the 1960 Democratic National Convention rejected a proposal to endorse the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) due to opposition from labor unions and the ACLU.
Answer: True
A proposal to endorse the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was rejected at the 1960 Democratic National Convention due to explicit opposition from various liberal groups, including labor unions and the ACLU, who favored special protections for women.
Neoconservatives were a group of liberals who shifted to the political left in the 1970s, driven by domestic policy concerns.
Answer: False
Neoconservatives were liberals who shifted to the political right in the 1970s, primarily driven by foreign policy concerns such as a strong anti-Soviet and pro-Israel stance, rather than domestic policy.
The New Left primarily used the term 'liberal' as a complimentary label for established political figures.
Answer: False
The New Left, composed of younger radicals, often used 'liberal' as a derogatory term to criticize the 'corrupted liberal order' and established political figures in the early 1960s.
The Vietnam War unified liberal ranks, strengthening their consensus on both domestic and foreign policy.
Answer: False
The Vietnam War created significant divisions within liberal ranks, separating 'hawks' from 'doves' and fracturing the liberal consensus on foreign policy, rather than unifying it.
President Richard Nixon, despite his rhetoric, enacted many liberal policies, including establishing the Environmental Protection Agency.
Answer: True
Despite his anti-liberal rhetoric, President Richard Nixon enacted several liberal policies, such as establishing the Environmental Protection Agency, expanding national endowments for the arts and humanities, and opening diplomatic relations with Communist China.
Private sector union membership significantly increased during the late 20th century, enhancing their political weight in the liberal consensus.
Answer: False
Private sector union membership significantly declined during the late 20th century, which reduced their political weight within the liberal consensus, despite the growth of public sector unionization.
Environmentalism emerged as a significant political discourse in the 1970s, appealing primarily to the well-educated middle class.
Answer: True
Environmentalism emerged as a new and significant political discourse in the 1970s, primarily appealing to the well-educated middle class and leading to new environmental regulations and legislation.
The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan, who introduced non-Keynesian economic policies, is often cited as marking a philosophical realignment away from Democratic liberalism.
Answer: True
The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan, who introduced non-Keynesian and supply-side economic policies, is widely cited as a pivotal event marking a philosophical realignment away from Democratic liberalism and contributing to the end of the liberal consensus.
The 'Third Way' political position seeks to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by synthesizing center-right economic and left-leaning social policies.
Answer: True
The 'Third Way' political position emerged as an effort to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by synthesizing center-right economic policies with left-leaning social policies, representing a re-evaluation within center-left progressive movements.
How did the political alignment of major American parties shift after the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Answer: The Democratic Party became predominantly liberal, and the Republican Party became predominantly conservative.
Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a significant political realignment occurred, leading to the Democratic Party becoming predominantly liberal and the Republican Party becoming predominantly conservative by the 1970s.
Which of the following was NOT considered a liberal or moderate Republican in the early to mid-20th century?
Answer: Senator Barry Goldwater
Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Robert M. La Follette, and Governor Nelson Rockefeller were all considered liberal or moderate Republicans. Senator Barry Goldwater, in contrast, was a prominent conservative figure who opposed the liberal Republican wing.
What were Rockefeller Republicans known for regarding state and federal spending?
Answer: Promoting economic growth and high state and federal spending.
Rockefeller Republicans were known for promoting economic growth and high state and federal spending, while also accepting high taxes and much liberal legislation, believing they could administer it more efficiently.
What event is cited as largely marking the fading away of the liberal Republican element by the 1980s?
Answer: Congressman John B. Anderson bolting the party in 1980 to run as an independent.
The departure of Congressman John B. Anderson from the Republican Party in 1980 to run as an independent against Ronald Reagan is cited as largely marking the fading away of the liberal Republican element.
How did the emergence of the Black Power movement impact relations between white liberals and the civil rights movement in the mid-1960s?
Answer: It led to a growing rift and a white backlash against liberals and civil rights activists.
The emergence of the Black Power movement, advocating for racial separatism, led to a growing rift and a white backlash against liberals and civil rights activists, straining relations in the mid-1960s.
Why was a proposal to endorse the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) rejected at the 1960 Democratic National Convention?
Answer: Explicit opposition from various liberal groups, including labor unions and the ACLU.
A proposal to endorse the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was rejected at the 1960 Democratic National Convention due to explicit opposition from various liberal groups, including labor unions and the ACLU, who favored special protections for women in the workplace.
What was a primary driver for neoconservatives shifting from liberalism to the political right in the 1970s?
Answer: A strong anti-Soviet and pro-Israel foreign policy stance.
Neoconservatives shifted from liberalism to the political right in the 1970s primarily due to foreign policy concerns, specifically a strong anti-Soviet and pro-Israel stance.
How did the New Left generally view the term 'liberal' in the early 1960s?
Answer: As a derogatory term used to criticize the 'corrupted liberal order'.
The New Left generally viewed the term 'liberal' as derogatory in the early 1960s, using it to criticize the 'corrupted liberal order' and established political figures.
What was a significant consequence of the Vietnam War on liberal ranks?
Answer: It created a significant division between pro-war 'hawks' and 'doves'.
The Vietnam War created significant divisions within liberal ranks, separating pro-war 'hawks' from 'doves' and fracturing the liberal consensus on foreign policy, overshadowing domestic issues.
Which of the following liberal policies was enacted by President Richard Nixon, despite his rhetorical attacks on liberals?
Answer: Opening diplomatic relations with Communist China.
Despite his anti-liberal rhetoric, President Richard Nixon enacted several liberal policies, including opening diplomatic relations with Communist China, establishing the Environmental Protection Agency, and initiating affirmative action policies.
How did the influence of private sector labor unions change within the liberal consensus over time?
Answer: Their membership significantly declined, reducing their political weight.
Private sector union membership significantly declined over time, reducing their political weight within the liberal consensus, despite their historical centrality and continued mobilization for liberal policies.
When did environmentalism emerge as a significant political discourse in the U.S.?
Answer: The 1970s, appealing primarily to the well-educated middle class.
Environmentalism emerged as a significant new political discourse in the 1970s, primarily appealing to the well-educated middle class and leading to new environmental regulations and legislation.
Which event is often cited as marking a philosophical realignment away from Democratic liberalism and contributing to the end of the liberal consensus?
Answer: The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan.
The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan, who introduced non-Keynesian economic policies, is often cited as a pivotal event marking a philosophical realignment away from Democratic liberalism and contributing to the end of the liberal consensus.
Which U.S. president's policies firmly adopted and partly redefined the 'Third Way'?
Answer: Bill Clinton
President Bill Clinton's policies firmly adopted and partly redefined the 'Third Way' in the United States, which sought to synthesize center-right economic and left-leaning social policies.
What was a core principle of the 'Third Way' regarding egalitarianism?
Answer: Pursuing greater egalitarianism by increasing the distribution of skills and capacities.
A core principle of the 'Third Way' regarding egalitarianism was to pursue greater equality by increasing the distribution of skills, capacities, and productive endowments, rather than primarily through income redistribution.
In the 21st century, rural areas in the United States tend to be more liberal than urban areas.
Answer: False
In the 21st century, urban areas in the United States generally exhibit more liberal political leanings, while rural areas tend to be more conservative.
A 2005 Pew Research Center study found that liberals were among the least educated ideological demographics.
Answer: False
A 2005 Pew Research Center study indicated that liberals were the most educated ideological demographic, with a higher percentage of college graduates and affluence compared to the national average.
Liberalism has become the dominant political ideology within academia in the United States.
Answer: True
Surveys indicate that liberalism is the dominant political ideology within academia in the United States, with a significant percentage of academics identifying as liberal.
21st-century modern liberalism in the U.S. advocates for multilateralism and support for international institutions.
Answer: True
21st-century modern liberalism in the U.S. advocates for multilateralism and robust support for international institutions as part of its foreign policy approach.
Modern liberals have consistently opposed state recognition of gay marriage since 2000.
Answer: False
Since 2000, modern liberals have consistently advocated for state recognition of gay marriage and anti-discrimination laws for homosexuals, leading to significant legal and social changes.
Since the Obama administration, modern liberals have advocated for a system of universal healthcare.
Answer: True
Since the Obama administration, modern liberals have increasingly advocated for a system of universal healthcare, making it a prominent issue in their policy agenda.
In the 21st century, where are liberal strongholds primarily found in the United States?
Answer: The Northeastern United States, the Great Lakes region, and the West Coast
In the 21st century, liberal strongholds in the United States are primarily located in urban areas, particularly in the Northeastern United States, the Great Lakes region, parts of the Southwestern United States, and the West Coast.
According to a 2005 Pew Research Center study, what demographic characteristic was observed among liberals?
Answer: They were tied with enterprisers as the most affluent group.
A 2005 Pew Research Center study found that liberals were the most educated ideological demographic and were tied with enterprisers as the most affluent group, with a high percentage of college graduates and household incomes exceeding $75,000.
What percentage of academics identify as liberal, according to surveys from the source?
Answer: Between 44% and 62%
Surveys indicate that between 44% and 62% of academics identify as liberal, depending on the exact wording of the survey, making liberalism the dominant political ideology in academia.
Which of the following social issues is NOT typically advocated for by 21st-century modern liberalism in the U.S.?
Answer: Unilateral foreign policy without international institutional support.
21st-century modern liberalism in the U.S. advocates for multilateralism and support for international institutions, making unilateral foreign policy an issue it typically does not support.
How did modern liberals address LGBT rights starting in 2000?
Answer: They advocated for state recognition of gay marriage and anti-discrimination laws for homosexuals.
Starting in 2000, modern liberals actively advocated for state recognition of gay marriage and anti-discrimination laws for homosexuals, leading to significant legal advancements in LGBT rights.
What is a key economic stance of 21st-century modern liberals, particularly since the Obama administration?
Answer: Advocacy for a system of universal healthcare.
Since the Obama administration, a key economic stance of 21st-century modern liberals has been the advocacy for a system of universal healthcare, alongside increased regulation and oversight of businesses and tax increases on the wealthy.
What was the primary focus of the Occupy Wall Street movement, which emerged in the early 21st century?
Answer: Focusing on social and economic inequality, corporate influence, and the wealth gap.
The Occupy Wall Street movement, which emerged in the early 21st century, primarily focused on social and economic inequality, corporate influence, and the wealth gap, using the slogan 'We are the 99%.'