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Total Categories: 6
Montenegrin is classified as a distinct language family separate from the Indo-European group.
Answer: False
Montenegrin is classified within the Indo-European language family, specifically under the Balto-Slavic branch, then Slavic, South Slavic, and finally Western South Slavic, as a standard variety of Serbo-Croatian.
The Eastern Herzegovinian subdialect, which forms the basis for Montenegrin, is unique and not shared with Serbian, Croatian, or Bosnian standard varieties.
Answer: False
The Eastern Herzegovinian dialect serves as the basis for the Montenegrin language. This dialect is also spoken in the majority of Montenegro and is a foundation for the standard varieties of Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.
The Zeta-Raška dialect is primarily spoken in northern Montenegro and parts of Serbia.
Answer: False
The Zeta-Raška dialect is a dialect prevalent in mostly southern Montenegro and parts of the historical Raška region in Serbia. It is spoken by local ethnic Serbs, Montenegrins, Bosniaks, and Muslims.
The Eastern Herzegovinian dialect serves as the basis for the Montenegrin language and is also a foundation for standard varieties of Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.
Answer: True
The Eastern Herzegovinian dialect serves as the basis for the Montenegrin language. This dialect is also spoken in the majority of Montenegro and is a foundation for the standard varieties of Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.
What is the primary dialectal basis for the Montenegrin language?
Answer: The Eastern Herzegovinian subdialect
The Eastern Herzegovinian dialect serves as the basis for the Montenegrin language. This dialect is also spoken in the majority of Montenegro and is a foundation for the standard varieties of Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.
Which dialect is mentioned as being prevalent in mostly southern Montenegro and parts of Serbia?
Answer: Zeta-Raška
The Zeta-Raška dialect is a dialect prevalent in mostly southern Montenegro and parts of the historical Raška region in Serbia. It is spoken by local ethnic Serbs, Montenegrins, Bosniaks, and Muslims.
Historically, the language used in Montenegro has always been exclusively referred to as Montenegrin.
Answer: False
Historically, the language used in Montenegro has been referred to as either Serbian or Montenegrin. The concept of a distinct Montenegrin standard language emerged in the 1990s, coinciding with the push for Montenegrin independence.
Literacy in Montenegro began in the 9th century during the Duklja period, with early traces found in Latin and Greek scripts.
Answer: True
Literacy in Montenegro dates back to the 9th century during the Duklja period. Early literacy traces are found in Latin and Greek, with indirect evidence of Slavic language use. The Glagolitic script was influenced by the Slavic literacy center in Ohrid, though some suggest Slavic literature in Duklja was written in Latin script.
During the Zeta period, the Glagolitic script became dominant, gradually replacing the Cyrillic script.
Answer: False
During the Zeta period, which followed Duklja's fall to Serbian rule and encompassed the Balšić and Crnojević families' governance, Old Church Slavonic and the Cyrillic script became dominant, gradually replacing the Glagolitic script.
Đurađ Crnojević established a printing press in Zeta, which produced incunabula, making Montenegro an early adopter of printed books among Slavic nations.
Answer: True
Đurađ Crnojević established a printing press in Zeta, first in Obod and later in Cetinje. This press produced five incunabula, making Montenegro one of the few Slavic nations to have early printed books in their language during that era.
The Miroslav Gospel, from the 12th century, is cited as an example of the Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic, adapted to the local language of medieval Zeta.
Answer: True
The Miroslav Gospel, dating from the 12th century and written in Kotor, is significant as an example of the Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic. This redaction adapted Old Church Slavonic to the local language of medieval Zeta, influencing Bosnian and Serbian redactions.
Between the 15th and 18th centuries, the written language in Montenegro exclusively used Old Church Slavonic, with no vernacular features adopted.
Answer: False
From the 15th to the 18th century, the written language in Montenegro gradually shifted towards reflecting the local spoken language. While Old Church Slavonic continued to be used in the Orthodox Church, secular written language increasingly adopted vernacular features. The coastal regions also saw influence from Latin and Italian.
Andrija Zmajević and Danilo Petrović Njegoš were key literary figures of the late Baroque period who utilized the Montenegrin vernacular in their works.
Answer: True
Andrija Zmajević, active in the Bay of Kotor, and Danilo Petrović Njegoš, based in Cetinje, were significant writers of the late Baroque period. Both utilized the Montenegrin vernacular in their works.
Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reforms were poorly received in Montenegro due to the existing literary traditions.
Answer: False
Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reforms were readily accepted in Montenegro, partly because the phonetic principle was already present in Montenegrin literature. This led to an assimilation of the Montenegrin language towards Karadžić's standardized Shtokavian model, particularly through textbooks and educational practices.
Petar II Petrović Njegoš, Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša, and Marko Miljanov Popović are recognized for works that retained foundational Montenegrin language characteristics.
Answer: True
Petar II Petrović Njegoš, Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša, and Marko Miljanov Popović are recognized for their works that retained foundational Montenegrin language characteristics, even as the literary language evolved towards broader standardization.
Before the 2007 constitution, the language in the Principality/Kingdom of Montenegro was called Montenegrin, and in the Socialist Republic, it was referred to as Serbian.
Answer: False
In the Principality/Kingdom of Montenegro, the language was called Serbian. Later, during the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Serbo-Croatian was the official designation, and the 1992 Constitution referred to the 'Serbian language of the ijekavian dialect'.
In the printed version of 'Gorski vijenac', Njegoš modified features of the Zeta-South Raška dialect to align with Vuk Karadžić's proposed Serbian standard.
Answer: True
In the printed version of his work 'Gorski vijenac' (The Mountain Wreath), Njegoš modified certain features of the Zeta-South Raška dialect to conform to Vuk Karadžić's proposed Serbian standard. For example, he changed accusatives of place to locatives, as seen in the transition from 'na muku' to 'na muke'.
During the Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro, the language was officially designated as Serbo-Croatian.
Answer: False
During the Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro, the language in use was Serbian. In the 1909 census, approximately 95% of the population declared Serbian as their mother tongue.
Following the 1950 Novi Sad Agreement, the official language designation in the Socialist Republic of Montenegro became Montenegrin.
Answer: False
Following the 1950 Novi Sad Agreement, Serbo-Croatian became the officially used language in the Socialist Republic of Montenegro.
The 1992 Constitution of Montenegro declared the official language to be the 'Montenegrin language of the ijekavian dialect'.
Answer: False
The 1992 Constitution of Montenegro declared the official language to be the 'Serbian language of the ijekavian dialect'.
The Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic developed primarily during the 15th century.
Answer: False
The Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic developed during the Zeta period, with the Miroslav Gospel being a key example from the 12th century.
Major Montenegrin publishing houses, like Obod, consistently used the distinct Montenegrin vernacular regardless of official nomenclature changes.
Answer: False
Major Montenegrin publishing houses, such as Obod in Cetinje, opted to follow the official nomenclature specified in the constitution at the time (Serbian, then Serbo-Croatian, then Serbian again), rather than publishing works in the distinct Montenegrin vernacular advocated by figures like Vojislav Nikčević.
The Monastery of Prečista Krajinska was a notable center for literary activity during Montenegro's early literacy development.
Answer: True
Monasteries played a significant role in the early development of literacy in Montenegro, with numerous monasteries established in the coastal region. The Monastery of Prečista Krajinska, located near Lake Skadar, was a notable center for literary activity during this period.
Which historical figures are recognized for preserving distinct Montenegrin language characteristics in their literary works?
Answer: Petar II Petrović Njegoš, Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša, and Marko Miljanov Popović
Petar II Petrović Njegoš, Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša, and Marko Miljanov Popović are recognized for their works that retained foundational Montenegrin language characteristics, even as the literary language evolved towards broader standardization.
What was the linguistic situation in Montenegro during the Principality and Kingdom period?
Answer: The language in use was Serbian.
During the Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro, the language in use was Serbian. In the 1909 census, approximately 95% of the population declared Serbian as their mother tongue.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of monasteries in early Montenegrin literacy?
Answer: Monasteries were centers of literacy, with the Monastery of Prečista Krajinska being a notable example.
Monasteries played a significant role in the early development of literacy in Montenegro, with numerous monasteries established in the coastal region. The Monastery of Prečista Krajinska, located near Lake Skadar, was a notable center for literary activity during this period.
What was the significance of the printing press established by Đurađ Crnojević in Zeta?
Answer: It produced early printed books (incunabula) in Montenegro.
Đurađ Crnojević established a printing press in Zeta, first in Obod and later in Cetinje. This press produced five incunabula, making Montenegro one of the few Slavic nations to have early printed books in their language during that era.
What historical period saw the development of the Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic?
Answer: The Zeta period
The Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic developed during the Zeta period, with the Miroslav Gospel being a key example from the 12th century.
What was the role of monasteries in early Montenegrin literacy?
Answer: They played a significant role, with notable activity at places like the Monastery of Prečista Krajinska.
Monasteries played a significant role in the early development of literacy in Montenegro, with numerous monasteries established in the coastal region. The Monastery of Prečista Krajinska, located near Lake Skadar, was a notable center for literary activity during this period.
Which of the following authors is NOT mentioned in the source as preserving distinct Montenegrin language characteristics?
Answer: Vojislav Nikčević
Petar II Petrović Njegoš, Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša, and Marko Miljanov Popović are recognized for their works that retained foundational Montenegrin language characteristics. Vojislav Nikčević is mentioned in relation to language reform advocacy.
What was the official language designation in the Socialist Republic of Montenegro after the Novi Sad Agreement?
Answer: Serbo-Croatian
Following the 1950 Novi Sad Agreement, Serbo-Croatian became the officially used language in the Socialist Republic of Montenegro.
What is the significance of the Miroslav Gospel dating from the 12th century?
Answer: It is an example of the Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic.
The Miroslav Gospel, dating from the 12th century and written in Kotor, is significant as an example of the Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic. This redaction adapted Old Church Slavonic to the local language of medieval Zeta, influencing Bosnian and Serbian redactions.
What was the official status of the language in Montenegro before the 2007 constitution, according to the source?
Answer: It was Serbian in the Principality/Kingdom and Serbo-Croatian in the Socialist Republic.
In the Principality/Kingdom of Montenegro, the language was called Serbian. Later, during the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Serbo-Croatian was the official designation, and the 1992 Constitution referred to the 'Serbian language of the ijekavian dialect'.
What historical context of language naming in Montenegro?
Answer: The concept of a distinct Montenegrin standard emerged in the 1990s.
Historically, the language used in Montenegro has been referred to as either Serbian or Montenegrin. The concept of a distinct Montenegrin standard language emerged in the 1990s, coinciding with the push for Montenegrin independence.
What was the role of the printing press established by Đurađ Crnojević in Zeta?
Answer: To produce five incunabula, making Montenegro an early adopter of printed books.
Đurađ Crnojević established a printing press in Zeta, first in Obod and later in Cetinje. This press produced five incunabula, making Montenegro one of the few Slavic nations to have early printed books in their language during that era.
What was the official language designation in Montenegro according to the 1992 Constitution?
Answer: Serbian language of the ijekavian dialect
The 1992 Constitution of Montenegro declared the official language to be the 'Serbian language of the ijekavian dialect'.
Montenegrin officially became the language of Montenegro in 2007, coinciding with the adoption of the country's new constitution.
Answer: True
Montenegrin became the official language of Montenegro in 2007, following the adoption of the country's new constitution.
Ivan-Antun Nenadić, an 18th-century figure from Perast, advocated for a script reform that introduced new letters for specific Montenegrin sounds.
Answer: False
Ivan-Antun Nenadić, from Perast, advocated for the phonetic orthographic principle, emphasizing that written language should accurately reflect how people speak and pronounce words. This principle was later embraced in Montenegrin literature and aligned with Vuk Karadžić's reforms.
During the interwar period, Aleksandar Belić's orthography promoted the use of jotized forms and complex pronominal-adjective declensions in Montenegrin.
Answer: False
During the interwar period, influenced by Aleksandar Belić's orthography, Montenegrin linguistic peculiarities were assimilated into the broader 'Serbo-Croatian' framework. Belić promoted non-jotized forms (like 'djed' instead of 'đed') and simplified pronominal-adjective declensions, which altered the linguistic model previously associated with Vuk Karadžić's reforms.
The 2009 proposal for the Montenegrin standard introduced the letters 'ś' and 'ź' for the Latin alphabet, intended to replace the digraphs 'sj' and 'zj'.
Answer: True
The 2009 proposal for the Montenegrin standard introduced two additional letters: 'ś' and 'ź' for the Latin alphabet, and their Cyrillic equivalents 'С́' and 'З́'. These were intended to replace the digraphs 'sj' and 'zj'.
Vojislav Nikčević advocated for amending the Latin alphabet with letters like 'ś' and 'ź' and their Cyrillic counterparts 'С́' and 'З́'.
Answer: True
Vojislav Nikčević, a proponent of Montenegrin, advocated for amending the Latin alphabet with the letters ś, ź, and 3, and their Cyrillic counterparts С́, З́, and 5, representing specific sounds (IPA [ɕ], [ʑ], [dz]).
The Board for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language was established in 2008 to regulate the language's standardization.
Answer: True
The Board for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language was formed in 2008 with the aim of standardizing the Montenegrin language according to international norms, with its documents intended to become part of the educational program in Montenegrin schools.
The Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin Language supported the Ministry of Education's adopted draft for Montenegrin standardization.
Answer: False
The Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin Language criticized the Ministry of Education's adopted draft, stating it originated from 'a small group' and contained numerous 'methodological, conceptual and linguistic errors'.
The adoption of the 'Montenegrin Spelling Book' in 2009 was a step towards standardizing the Montenegrin language after it gained official status.
Answer: True
The adoption of the 'Montenegrin Spelling Book' in 2009 was a significant step in the standardization and affirmation of the Montenegrin language, following its official status granted by the 2007 constitution.
The 2009 proposal for the Montenegrin standard included Cyrillic equivalents 'С́' and 'З́' for the new letters.
Answer: True
The 2009 proposal for the Montenegrin standard introduced two additional letters: 'ś' and 'ź' for the Latin alphabet, and their Cyrillic equivalents 'С́' and 'З́'. These were intended to replace the digraphs 'sj' and 'zj'.
When did Montenegrin officially become the language of Montenegro according to the country's constitution?
Answer: 2007
Montenegrin became the official language of Montenegro in 2007, following the adoption of the country's new constitution.
How did Aleksandar Belić's orthography influence the Montenegrin language during the interwar period?
Answer: It led to the assimilation of Montenegrin peculiarities into the broader 'Serbo-Croatian' framework by promoting non-jotized forms and simplified declensions.
During the interwar period, influenced by Aleksandar Belić's orthography, Montenegrin linguistic peculiarities were assimilated into the broader 'Serbo-Croatian' framework. Belić promoted non-jotized forms (like 'djed' instead of 'đed') and simplified pronominal-adjective declensions, which altered the linguistic model previously associated with Vuk Karadžić's reforms.
Which of the following letters were proposed in 2009 for the Montenegrin Latin alphabet to replace digraphs?
Answer: ś and ź
The 2009 proposal for the Montenegrin standard introduced two additional letters: 'ś' and 'ź' for the Latin alphabet, and their Cyrillic equivalents 'С́' and 'З́'. These were intended to replace the digraphs 'sj' and 'zj'.
What was the criticism leveled against the Ministry of Education's adopted draft for Montenegrin standardization?
Answer: It contained methodological, conceptual, and linguistic errors.
The Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin Language criticized the Ministry of Education's adopted draft, stating it originated from 'a small group' and contained numerous 'methodological, conceptual and linguistic errors'.
What linguistic principle did Ivan-Antun Nenadić advocate for in the 18th century?
Answer: The phonetic orthographic principle.
Ivan-Antun Nenadić, from Perast, advocated for the phonetic orthographic principle, emphasizing that written language should accurately reflect how people speak and pronounce words. This principle was later embraced in Montenegrin literature and aligned with Vuk Karadžić's reforms.
What happened to Montenegrin peculiarities during the interwar period due to Aleksandar Belić's influence?
Answer: They were assimilated into the broader 'Serbo-Croatian' framework.
During the interwar period, influenced by Aleksandar Belić's orthography, Montenegrin linguistic peculiarities were assimilated into the broader 'Serbo-Croatian' framework. Belić promoted non-jotized forms (like 'djed' instead of 'đed') and simplified pronominal-adjective declensions, which altered the linguistic model previously associated with Vuk Karadžić's reforms.
What is the significance of the 'Montenegrin Spelling Book' adopted in 2009?
Answer: It was a step in the standardization and affirmation of the Montenegrin language.
The adoption of the 'Montenegrin Spelling Book' in 2009 was a significant step in the standardization and affirmation of the Montenegrin language, following its official status granted by the 2007 constitution.
The 1997 Declaration on the Constitutional Status of the Montenegrin Language was issued by the Serbian PEN Center.
Answer: False
The Declaration on the Constitutional Status of the Montenegrin Language, issued by the Montenegrin PEN Center in 1997, was a significant document that highlighted the autonomy and distinctiveness of the Montenegrin language.
According to the 2023 census, a larger percentage of Montenegro's population declared Serbian as their mother tongue compared to Montenegrin.
Answer: True
The 2023 census indicated that 34.5% of Montenegro's population declared Montenegrin as their mother tongue, while 43.2% identified Serbian as their mother tongue.
Proponents of the Montenegrin language argue that its recognition is solely based on linguistic differences, not political self-determination.
Answer: False
Proponents argue that the recognition of Montenegrin is primarily a matter of self-determination and the right of people to name their language, rather than an attempt to create a new language. They view it as one of several names for the shared Shtokavian linguistic system.
The 2004 Montenegrin government decision to change language classes from 'Serbian language' to 'Mother tongue' caused no significant public reaction.
Answer: False
In 2004, the Montenegrin government changed mandatory language classes from 'Serbian language' to 'Mother tongue (Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Bosnian)'. This decision led to protests, including teachers' strikes and parents refusing to send their children to school.
Organizations advocating for Montenegrin as a distinct language began appearing in the late 1980s.
Answer: False
Organizations advocating for Montenegrin as a distinct language began to appear in the early 2000s, coinciding with the period when the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro introduced the term into official usage.
The Montenegrin Orthodox Church issued a statement in 2023 referencing the 'abolition of the Montenegrin language for the sake of literary unity in 1857'.
Answer: True
A statement from the Montenegrin Orthodox Church in January 2023 addressed the 'Ukidanje crnogorskog jezika radi književnog jedinstva (1857.)', referring to the abolition of the Montenegrin language for the sake of literary unity in 1857.
Matica crnogorska is an institution that has opposed the introduction and formalization of the Montenegrin language.
Answer: False
Matica crnogorska is one of the important institutions that has supported the introduction and formalization of the Montenegrin language.
The 1997 Declaration by the Montenegrin PEN Center stated that Montenegrin is a systemically separate language distinct from Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.
Answer: False
The 1997 Declaration by the Montenegrin PEN Center stated that the Montenegrin language is not a systemically separate language but rather one of four names (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian) used by Montenegrins to refer to their part of the Shtokavian system.
What is the primary argument made by proponents of the Montenegrin language?
Answer: It is a matter of self-determination and the right to name their language.
Proponents argue that the recognition of Montenegrin is primarily a matter of self-determination and the right of people to name their language, rather than an attempt to create a new language. They view it as one of several names for the shared Shtokavian linguistic system.
What was the significance of the 1997 Declaration issued by the Montenegrin PEN Center?
Answer: It asserted Montenegrin is not a systemically separate language but one name for the Shtokavian system.
The 1997 Declaration by the Montenegrin PEN Center stated that the Montenegrin language is not a systemically separate language but rather one of four names (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian) used by Montenegrins to refer to their part of the Shtokavian system.
What change did the Montenegrin government implement in 2004 regarding language classes in schools?
Answer: Changed classes from 'Serbian language' to 'Mother tongue (Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Bosnian)'.
In 2004, the Montenegrin government changed mandatory language classes from 'Serbian language' to 'Mother tongue (Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Bosnian)'. This decision led to protests, including teachers' strikes and parents refusing to send their children to school.
According to the 2023 census data, what percentage of Montenegro's population declared Serbian as their mother tongue?
Answer: 43.2%
The 2023 census indicated that 34.5% of Montenegro's population declared Montenegrin as their mother tongue, while 43.2% identified Serbian as their mother tongue.
Which of the following is a key point of contention in the language politics surrounding Montenegrin?
Answer: Whether Montenegrin is a distinct language or a variety of Serbo-Croatian.
Key points of contention include whether Montenegrin is a distinct language or a variety of Serbo-Croatian, the introduction of new letters and orthographic rules, and the political implications of language policy for national identity and self-determination.
Which of the following statements best reflects the argument of proponents of the Montenegrin language?
Answer: Recognition of Montenegrin is primarily about self-determination and the right to name one's language.
Proponents argue that the recognition of Montenegrin is primarily a matter of self-determination and the right of people to name their language, rather than an attempt to create a new language. They view it as one of several names for the shared Shtokavian linguistic system.
What historical practice did the Montenegrin Orthodox Church address in a 2023 statement?
Answer: The 'abolition of the Montenegrin language for the sake of literary unity in 1857'.
A statement from the Montenegrin Orthodox Church in January 2023 addressed the 'Ukidanje crnogorskog jezika radi književnog jedinstva (1857.)', referring to the abolition of the Montenegrin language for the sake of literary unity in 1857.
What is the main argument made by proponents of the Montenegrin language?
Answer: Its recognition is primarily about self-determination and the right to name one's language.
Proponents argue that the recognition of Montenegrin is primarily a matter of self-determination and the right of people to name their language, rather than an attempt to create a new language. They view it as one of several names for the shared Shtokavian linguistic system.
The native names for the Montenegrin language are 'crnogorski' in Latin script and 'црногорски' in Cyrillic script.
Answer: True
The native names for the Montenegrin language are 'crnogorski' in the Latin script and 'црногорски' in the Cyrillic script.
The interwar period in Montenegro saw a decline in ekavian pronunciation usage due to strict adherence to ijekavian norms in education.
Answer: False
Despite the formal acknowledgment of the ijekavian pronunciation in the literary language, the interwar period saw an increasing use of the ekavian pronunciation in Montenegro. This shift was largely driven by educational policies, with textbooks and teachers favoring ekavian norms.
Proponents of a distinct Montenegrin language generally prefer the Cyrillic alphabet over the Latin alphabet.
Answer: False
Proponents of a distinct Montenegrin language often prefer the Gaj's Latin alphabet. Both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets used for Montenegrin include two additional letters (ś, ź in Latin; С́, З́ in Cyrillic) compared to the standard Serbian alphabets, though their implementation in Cyrillic presents typesetting challenges.
The Declaration on the Common Language asserts that a single, unified standard language is used across Montenegro, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Answer: False
The Declaration on the Common Language, signed by public figures from several former Yugoslav republics, asserts that a common, polycentric standard language is used across Montenegro, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to German or English.
Opponents of the new Montenegrin letters argue that the sounds they represent are unique phonemes exclusive to Montenegrin.
Answer: False
Opponents argue that the sounds represented by the proposed letters ś, ź, and 3 are not unique phonemes in Montenegrin but rather allophones that can be found in other dialects and languages, including Serbian and Croatian spoken outside Montenegro. They also point to technical difficulties in implementing these letters in Cyrillic.
The main difference between the Montenegrin Latin alphabet and the Serbian Latin alphabet lies in the inclusion of additional letters like 'ś' and 'ź' in the Montenegrin version.
Answer: True
The Montenegrin Latin alphabet, as proposed by its proponents, includes two additional letters, ś and ź, which are not present in the standard Serbian Latin alphabet (Gaj's Latin alphabet).
The concept of a 'pluricentric language' implies a standard language with only one national center of codification.
Answer: False
In the context of Serbo-Croatian, 'pluricentric language' refers to a standard language that has more than one national center of codification and use. Montenegrin, Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian are considered standard varieties of this pluricentric language.
Key points of contention in Montenegrin language politics include the use of ekavian pronunciation and the influence of Italian.
Answer: False
Key points of contention include whether Montenegrin is a distinct language or a variety of Serbo-Croatian, the introduction of new letters and orthographic rules, and the political implications of language policy for national identity and self-determination.
What was the trend regarding ekavian and ijekavian pronunciation in Montenegro during the interwar period?
Answer: Ekavian usage increased due to educational policies favoring it.
Despite the formal acknowledgment of the ijekavian pronunciation in the literary language, the interwar period saw an increasing use of the ekavian pronunciation in Montenegro. This shift was largely driven by educational policies, with textbooks and teachers favoring ekavian norms.
Which of the following is NOT a standard variety considered part of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language system according to the Declaration on the Common Language?
Answer: Macedonian
The Declaration on the Common Language, signed by public figures from several former Yugoslav republics, asserts that a common, polycentric standard language is used across Montenegro, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to German or English.
What is the primary argument made by opponents regarding the proposed new Montenegrin letters 'ś' and 'ź'?
Answer: The sounds are allophones, not unique phonemes, and Cyrillic implementation is challenging.
Opponents argue that the sounds represented by the proposed letters ś, ź, and 3 are not unique phonemes in Montenegrin but rather allophones that can be found in other dialects and languages, including Serbian and Croatian spoken outside Montenegro. They also point to technical difficulties in implementing these letters in Cyrillic.
What does the term 'pluricentric language' mean in the context of Montenegrin and related languages?
Answer: A standard language with more than one national center of codification and use.
In the context of Serbo-Croatian, 'pluricentric language' refers to a standard language that has more than one national center of codification and use. Montenegrin, Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian are considered standard varieties of this pluricentric language.
Montenegrin is recognized as an official minority language in the Mali Iđoš municipality in Serbia.
Answer: True
Montenegrin is recognized as a minority language in the Mali Iđoš municipality in Serbia.
The ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code assigned to the Montenegrin language is 'mne'.
Answer: False
The ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code assigned to the Montenegrin language is 'cnr'.
The ISO code 'cnr' was assigned to the Montenegrin language in 2017, recognizing it in international systems.
Answer: True
The ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code 'cnr' was assigned to the Montenegrin language on December 8, 2017, officially recognizing it in international language code systems.
The official status of Montenegrin in Mali Iđoš municipality in Serbia is that of a primary official language.
Answer: False
Montenegrin is recognized as a minority language in the Mali Iđoš municipality in Serbia.
What is the ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code assigned to the Montenegrin language?
Answer: cnr
The ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code assigned to the Montenegrin language is 'cnr'.
What is the significance of the ISO code 'cnr' for the Montenegrin language?
Answer: It was assigned in 2017, recognizing it in international language code systems.
The ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code 'cnr' was assigned to the Montenegrin language on December 8, 2017, officially recognizing it in international language code systems.