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The long title of the Sheppard-Towner Act was 'An Act for the promotion of the welfare and hygiene of maternity and infancy, and for other purposes.'
Answer: True
The long title of the Sheppard-Towner Act, 'An Act for the promotion of the welfare and hygiene of maternity and infancy, and for other purposes,' clearly delineates its focus on maternal and infant health.
The Sheppard-Towner Act was enacted during the 66th United States Congress.
Answer: False
The Sheppard-Towner Act was enacted during the 67th United States Congress, not the 66th.
The Sheppard-Towner Act became effective on November 23, 1921.
Answer: True
The Sheppard-Towner Act officially became effective on November 23, 1921, marking the commencement of its provisions.
The Sheppard-Towner Act is identified by Public Law 66–97.
Answer: False
The Sheppard-Towner Act is identified by Public Law 67–97, not Public Law 66–97.
The Sheppard-Towner Act can be found in Volume 41, Chapter 135 of the United States Statutes at Large.
Answer: False
The Sheppard-Towner Act is codified in Volume 42, Chapter 135 of the United States Statutes at Large.
President Woodrow Wilson signed the Sheppard-Towner Act into law.
Answer: False
President Warren G. Harding signed the Sheppard-Towner Act into law, not Woodrow Wilson.
The Supreme Court case *Roe v. Wade* is mentioned in relation to the Sheppard-Towner Act.
Answer: False
The Supreme Court case *Massachusetts v. Mellon* is mentioned in relation to the Sheppard-Towner Act, not *Roe v. Wade*.
The common name for the act was the Maternity and Infancy Act.
Answer: False
The common name for the act was the Sheppard-Towner Act, not the Maternity and Infancy Act.
Senator Morris Sheppard of California and Representative Horace Mann Towner of Iowa were the key legislative sponsors.
Answer: False
Senator Morris Sheppard was from Texas, and Representative Horace Mann Towner was from Iowa. Their sponsorship was key to the act's passage.
Representative Jeannette Pickering Rankin introduced the Sheppard-Towner bill in Congress in 1920.
Answer: False
Representative Jeannette Pickering Rankin introduced a bill that served as a model, but the Sheppard-Towner bill itself was introduced by Senator Morris Sheppard and Representative Horace Mann Towner.
A bill presented by Representative Jeannette Pickering Rankin served as a model for the Sheppard-Towner Act.
Answer: True
A bill previously presented by Representative Jeannette Pickering Rankin served as a foundational model for the Sheppard-Towner Act.
President Harding opposed the Sheppard-Towner bill when it was presented to him.
Answer: False
President Harding endorsed the Sheppard-Towner bill, which was crucial for its passage.
The House passed the Sheppard-Towner Act with a vote of 39 to 279.
Answer: False
The House passed the Sheppard-Towner Act with a vote of 279 to 39, indicating strong support.
Supreme Court cases challenging the Sheppard-Towner Act's constitutionality were upheld in 1923.
Answer: False
Supreme Court cases challenging the Sheppard-Towner Act's constitutionality were dismissed in 1923, meaning the act was upheld.
The Sheppard-Towner Act was modeled after legislation proposed by Senator Robert La Follette Sr.
Answer: False
The Sheppard-Towner Act was modeled after legislation proposed by Representative Jeannette Pickering Rankin, not Senator Robert La Follette Sr.
Which U.S. President signed the Sheppard-Towner Act into law?
Answer: Warren G. Harding
Which legislative body enacted the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: The 67th United States Congress
Who were the primary legislative sponsors of the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: Senator Morris Sheppard and Representative Horace Mann Towner
What was the common name for the 'Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy Act'?
Answer: The Sheppard-Towner Act
Which Supreme Court case is mentioned in connection with the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: Massachusetts v. Mellon
The Sheppard-Towner Act was enacted by which Congress?
Answer: 67th
What was the common name for the act promoting the welfare and hygiene of maternity and infancy?
Answer: The Sheppard-Towner Act
The Sheppard-Towner Act was effective from which date?
Answer: November 23, 1921
The Sheppard-Towner Act was associated with Public Law number:
Answer: 67-97
The primary goal of the Sheppard-Towner Act was to provide federal funding for national park conservation.
Answer: False
The primary goal of the Sheppard-Towner Act was to provide federal funding for maternity and childcare services, not national park conservation.
The Sheppard-Towner Act mandated the use of public health nurses and consultation centers.
Answer: True
The Sheppard-Towner Act provided for the use of public health nurses and the establishment of consultation centers to promote maternal and infant hygiene.
The initial federal appropriation for the Sheppard-Towner Act was $1.48 million for fiscal year 1921-1922.
Answer: True
The initial federal appropriation for the Sheppard-Towner Act was $1,480,000 for the fiscal year 1921-1922.
Federal funds under the Sheppard-Towner Act were distributed equally to all states regardless of population.
Answer: False
Federal funds were distributed based on a base amount plus matching funds proportional to population, not equally regardless of population.
The U.S. Public Health Service was primarily responsible for administering the Sheppard-Towner Act.
Answer: False
The Children's Bureau, not the U.S. Public Health Service, was primarily responsible for administering the Sheppard-Towner Act.
The Sheppard-Towner Act aimed to phase out midwifery entirely by replacing it solely with physicians.
Answer: False
The Sheppard-Towner Act aimed to improve midwifery practices through training and licensure, rather than phasing it out entirely.
The Sheppard-Towner Act provided funding for states to establish prenatal clinics and educate mothers.
Answer: True
The Sheppard-Towner Act provided federal funding to states for establishing prenatal clinics and educating mothers on health and hygiene.
What was the primary objective of the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921?
Answer: To provide federal funding for maternity and childcare services.
How were federal funds distributed to states under the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: $5,000 to each state plus matching funds based on population.
Which federal bureau was responsible for administering the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: The Children's Bureau
The Sheppard-Towner Act provided for the training and licensure of which group of birth attendants?
Answer: Lay midwives
Which of the following accurately describes the distribution of federal funds under the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: A base amount was given to each state, supplemented by matching funds based on population.
The Sheppard-Towner Act is credited with contributing to a decrease in infant mortality rates.
Answer: True
The Sheppard-Towner Act is credited with contributing to a reduction in infant mortality rates during its operational period.
Children's Bureau reports revealed that most expectant mothers received adequate medical advice before the Sheppard-Towner Act.
Answer: False
Children's Bureau reports indicated that the majority of expectant mothers lacked adequate medical advice prior to the Sheppard-Towner Act.
The Children's Bureau research suggested that infant deaths were largely unavoidable due to genetic factors.
Answer: False
The Children's Bureau research suggested that many infant deaths were preventable, primarily due to a lack of infant care knowledge.
The Children's Bureau study found no correlation between poverty and infant mortality rates.
Answer: False
The Children's Bureau study found a significant correlation between poverty and infant mortality rates, with lower-income families experiencing higher mortality.
Approximately 3,000 child and maternal health care centers were established due to the act.
Answer: True
Approximately 3,000 child and maternal health care centers were established as a result of the Sheppard-Towner Act.
Midwives attended nearly half of all births in the U.S. when the Sheppard-Towner Act was passed, especially in the South.
Answer: True
When the Sheppard-Towner Act was enacted, midwives attended nearly half of all U.S. births, with a higher prevalence in Southern regions.
The U.S. infant mortality rate decreased from 76.2 per 1,000 live births in 1922 to 67.6 per 1,000 in 1929.
Answer: True
Between 1922 and 1929, the U.S. infant mortality rate saw a decrease from 76.2 to 67.6 deaths per 1,000 live births.
The decline in infant mortality during the 1920s was solely attributable to the Sheppard-Towner Act.
Answer: False
While the Sheppard-Towner Act contributed to the decline in infant mortality during the 1920s, it was not the sole cause, as a downward trend was already observed.
Spending on child-life and health/sanitation showed no significant impact on reducing infant mortality rates according to the study.
Answer: False
The study indicated that spending on child-life and health/sanitation did have a significant impact on reducing infant mortality rates.
Home nurse visits had a negligible effect on reducing infant mortality rates.
Answer: False
Home nurse visits demonstrated a notable effect in reducing infant mortality rates.
Prenatal letters provided by the act significantly decreased infant mortality by over 5 deaths per 1,000 live births.
Answer: False
Prenatal letters provided by the act decreased infant mortality by approximately 0.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, not over 5.
The Sheppard-Towner Act had a greater positive impact on reducing infant mortality for white populations compared to non-white populations.
Answer: False
The Sheppard-Towner Act had a greater positive impact on reducing infant mortality for non-white populations, particularly in terms of nursing visits and health centers.
The aggregate effect of the Sheppard-Towner Act in reducing infant mortality was primarily driven by white populations.
Answer: False
The aggregate effect of the Sheppard-Towner Act in reducing infant mortality was primarily driven by the positive impact on non-white populations.
The estimated cost per infant death prevented by the Sheppard-Towner Act was over $1000 in federal expenditures.
Answer: False
The estimated cost per infant death prevented by the Sheppard-Towner Act was between $118 and $512 in federal expenditures, not over $1000.
According to Children's Bureau reports, what percentage of expectant mothers lacked professional medical advice before the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: Approximately 80%
What infant mortality rate did the Children's Bureau find in its examination of 23,000 infants?
Answer: 111.2 deaths per 1,000 live births
The Children's Bureau research primarily attributed preventable infant deaths to:
Answer: Lack of infant care knowledge
How did poverty levels correlate with infant mortality according to the Children's Bureau study?
Answer: Lower income families ($450/year) had a higher infant mortality rate (1 in 6) than higher income families ($1250+/year) (1 in 16).
What was a key impact attributed to the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: The medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth.
How did the U.S. infant mortality rate change between 1922 and 1929?
Answer: It decreased from 76.2 to 67.6 deaths per 1,000 live births.
What was the estimated cost per infant death prevented by the Sheppard-Towner Act, according to federal expenditures?
Answer: Between $118 and $512
Which of the following was a key impact attributed to the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: Expansion of federal welfare legislation.
What was the infant mortality rate found by the Children's Bureau's examination of 23,000 infants?
Answer: 111.2 per 1,000
How did prenatal letters impact infant mortality rates according to the study?
Answer: They decreased infant mortality by 0.2 deaths per 1,000.
Which of the following was a consequence of the Sheppard-Towner Act regarding pregnancy and childbirth?
Answer: The medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth.
Women's organizations, like the Women's Joint Congressional Committee, had minimal influence on the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act.
Answer: False
Women's organizations, notably the Women's Joint Congressional Committee, exerted considerable influence on the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act.
The U.S. Children's Bureau was primarily staffed by male doctors and lawyers.
Answer: False
The U.S. Children's Bureau was primarily staffed by women professionals with backgrounds in medicine and social science, not predominantly by men.
The advocacy for the Sheppard-Towner Act represented an example of statist reform.
Answer: False
The advocacy for the Sheppard-Towner Act is best characterized as maternalist reform, focusing on women and children's welfare, rather than statist reform in a broader sense.
The American Medical Association (AMA) strongly supported the Sheppard-Towner Act from its inception.
Answer: False
The American Medical Association (AMA) initially opposed the Sheppard-Towner Act, citing concerns about government overreach into medical practice.
States with longer histories of women's suffrage, like Colorado and Washington, generally had higher participation in the Sheppard-Towner program.
Answer: False
States with longer histories of women's suffrage, such as Colorado and Washington, generally showed lower participation in the Sheppard-Towner program compared to states with more recent suffrage expansion.
The American Academy of Pediatrics was founded in opposition to the Sheppard-Towner Act.
Answer: False
The American Academy of Pediatrics was established by members of the AMA's Pediatric Section after internal disagreements regarding the Sheppard-Towner Act, not in direct opposition to the act itself.
AMA members believed that mother and infant health policy administration should be led by the Children's Bureau.
Answer: False
AMA members argued that mother and infant health policy administration should be led by the Public Health Service, not the Children's Bureau, which they viewed as being run by unqualified lay women.
The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution supported the Sheppard-Towner Act throughout its existence.
Answer: False
The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, after initially supporting the act, later opposed it.
A filibuster was used in the Senate in January 1927 to ensure the renewal of the Sheppard-Towner Act.
Answer: False
A filibuster was used in the Senate in January 1927 to block the renewal of the Sheppard-Towner Act.
The primary opposition to the Sheppard-Towner Act stemmed from concerns about its cost to taxpayers.
Answer: False
While cost was a factor, primary opposition from groups like the AMA stemmed from concerns about government overreach and the role of non-medical personnel.
The advocacy for the Sheppard-Towner Act is best described as an example of what type of reform?
Answer: Maternalist reform
Which organization was a primary opponent of the Sheppard-Towner Act, fearing government overreach into medical services?
Answer: The American Medical Association (AMA)
What tactic was employed by senators in January 1927 to block the renewal of the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: A filibuster
Which group's activism was crucial for the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act in the post-suffrage era?
Answer: The Women's Joint Congressional Committee
Which of the following organizations initially supported but later opposed the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution
Which group primarily staffed the U.S. Children's Bureau?
Answer: Women professionals with backgrounds in medicine and social science.
What was the AMA's main criticism regarding the administration of mother and infant health policy?
Answer: It was administered by unqualified lay women.
Which states were NOT mentioned as having higher participation levels in the Sheppard-Towner program?
Answer: Washington
Which organization was established by members of the AMA's Pediatric Section after their views on the Sheppard-Towner Act's renewal were rebuked?
Answer: The American Academy of Pediatrics
What was the primary reason cited by the AMA for opposing the Sheppard-Towner Act?
Answer: It threatened professional autonomy through government intervention.
What was the primary criticism leveled by AMA members against the administrators of the Children's Bureau?
Answer: They were lay women, not medical leadership.
Which of the following states was mentioned as never participating in the Sheppard-Towner program?
Answer: Illinois
The Sheppard-Towner Act remained in effect until 1935.
Answer: False
The Sheppard-Towner Act expired in 1929, not 1935.
The Sheppard-Towner Act is considered the federal government's first significant involvement in social security legislation.
Answer: True
The Sheppard-Towner Act is recognized as the federal government's inaugural significant involvement in social security legislation.
The Sheppard-Towner Act was extended for two years before its final expiration on June 30, 1929.
Answer: True
The Sheppard-Towner Act received a two-year extension before its final expiration on June 30, 1929.
The Sheppard-Towner Act's legacy includes setting the framework for maternal and infant care provisions in the Social Security Act of 1935.
Answer: True
The Sheppard-Towner Act's legacy is significant for establishing the framework for maternal and infant care provisions later incorporated into the Social Security Act of 1935.
A 2021 study indicated that the Sheppard-Towner Act's success was hindered by its robust data collection from states.
Answer: False
A 2021 study suggested that the Sheppard-Towner Act's defeat was partly due to its inability to collect robust data from states, not that its success was hindered by data collection.
Lessons learned from the Sheppard-Towner Act led to calls for less federal oversight in subsequent social programs.
Answer: False
Lessons learned from the Sheppard-Towner Act led to calls for greater federal oversight in subsequent social programs, emphasizing the importance of data collection and guidance.
The Sheppard-Towner Act is historically significant as the federal government's first venture into what area of legislation?
Answer: Social security legislation
The Sheppard-Towner Act expired in what year?
Answer: 1929
According to a 2021 study, what factor contributed to the Sheppard-Towner Act's defeat?
Answer: Inability to collect comprehensive state data.
The Sheppard-Towner Act's legacy is evident in its influence on which later piece of federal legislation?
Answer: The Social Security Act of 1935
What lessons were learned from the Sheppard-Towner Act regarding federal oversight of social programs?
Answer: Robust data collection is crucial for demonstrating program effectiveness.