What was the long title of the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The long title of the Sheppard-Towner Act was An Act for the promotion of the welfare and hygiene of maternity and infancy, and for other purposes. This title clearly outlines the act's primary focus on improving the health and well-being of mothers and children.

By which Congress was the Sheppard-Towner Act enacted?

The Sheppard-Towner Act was enacted by the 67th United States Congress. This legislative body was responsible for debating and passing the bill into law.

On what date was the Sheppard-Towner Act made effective?

The Sheppard-Towner Act became effective on November 23, 1921. This date marks the official commencement of its provisions.

What public law number is associated with the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The Sheppard-Towner Act is associated with Public Law 67–97. This designation is used to formally identify the legislation within the U.S. Code.

In which volume and chapter of the United States Statutes at Large can the Sheppard-Towner Act be found?

The Sheppard-Towner Act can be found in the United States Statutes at Large, Volume 42, Chapter 135. These statutes are the official record of all laws passed by the U.S. Congress.

Who signed the Sheppard-Towner Act into law?

President Warren G. Harding signed the Sheppard-Towner Act into law. His signature officially enacted the legislation.

Which Supreme Court case is mentioned in relation to the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The Supreme Court case Massachusetts v. Mellon is mentioned in relation to the Sheppard-Towner Act. This case likely addressed constitutional challenges to the act.

What was the common name for the Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy Act?

The common name for the Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy Act was the Sheppard-Towner Act. This shorter, more recognizable name is widely used when referring to the legislation.

What was the primary purpose of the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921?

The primary purpose of the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 was to provide federal funding for maternity and childcare. It aimed to improve the health and well-being of mothers and infants across the United States.

Who were the key legislative sponsors of the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The Sheppard-Towner Act was sponsored by Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas and Representative Horace Mann Towner of Iowa. These legislators introduced and championed the bill in Congress.

When did the Sheppard-Towner Act cease to be in effect?

The Sheppard-Towner Act went out of effect in 1929. This marked the end of its initial period of operation.

How is the Sheppard-Towner Act significant in the history of U.S. social security legislation?

The Sheppard-Towner Act is significant as the federal government's first venture into social security legislation. It represented an early step towards federal involvement in social welfare programs.

What role did women's organizations play in the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The organization and influence of the Children's Bureau and the Women's Joint Congressional Committee were crucial for the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act. These groups demonstrated the growing political and economic power of women's issues in the post-suffrage era.

What were the key impacts attributed to the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The Sheppard-Towner Act is credited with playing an important role in the medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth, contributing to a decrease in infant mortality rates, and expanding federal welfare legislation in the United States during the twentieth century. These impacts highlight its influence on public health practices and policy.

What social and political movement led to the establishment of the U.S. Children's Bureau?

The political and social organization and activism by women during the Progressive Era led to the establishment of the United States Children's Bureau within the Department of Labor. This era was characterized by efforts to address social problems through reform and government action.

What kind of professionals primarily staffed the U.S. Children's Bureau?

The U.S. Children's Bureau was largely staffed and run by white women professionals who had backgrounds in medicine, social science, and the settlement movement. These individuals brought expertise and a commitment to social reform.

What did reports from the Children's Bureau reveal about maternal care prior to the Sheppard-Towner Act?

Reports from the Children's Bureau indicated that approximately 80% of all expectant mothers did not receive any advice or trained care. This statistic highlighted a significant gap in maternal healthcare access.

What was the infant mortality rate in the U.S. according to the Children's Bureau's examination of 23,000 infants?

According to the Children's Bureau's examination of 23,000 infants, the infant mortality rate was 111.2 deaths per 1,000 live births. This rate was notably higher than that of most other industrialized countries at the time.

What did the Children's Bureau research suggest were the primary causes of infant deaths?

The Children's Bureau research asserted that many infant deaths were preventable and attributed them to a lack of infant care knowledge. This suggested that education and better access to care could significantly reduce mortality.

How did poverty correlate with infant mortality rates according to the Children's Bureau's findings?

The Children's Bureau study found a direct correlation between poverty and infant mortality rates. For families earning less than $450 annually, one in six babies died within the first year, compared to one in sixteen for families earning over $1250. This demonstrates how socioeconomic status impacted infant survival.

What type of reform did the advocacy for the Sheppard-Towner Act represent?

The advocacy for the Sheppard-Towner Act, particularly by the Children's Bureau and the Women's Joint Congressional Committee, constituted an example of maternalist reform on a federal level. Maternalist reform refers to policies and actions aimed at improving the well-being of mothers and children, often framed through a maternal lens.

Who introduced the Sheppard-Towner bill in Congress in 1920?

Representative Horace Mann Towner of Iowa and Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas introduced the Sheppard-Towner bill in Congress in 1920. They were the primary legislative proponents of the act.

What earlier bill served as a model for the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The Sheppard-Towner Act was modeled after a similar bill presented in the previous session by Representative Jeannette Pickering Rankin of Montana and sponsored by Julia Lathrop, the head of the Children's Bureau. This indicates a continuity of effort in advocating for maternal and child welfare legislation.

What were the main points of opposition to the Sheppard-Towner Act during its passage?

Opposition to the Sheppard-Towner Act came from groups like the anti-suffragist Women Patriot Corporation and the American Medical Association. The AMA, in particular, feared that government intervention would lead to the provision of medical services by non-medical personnel.

How did President Harding view the Sheppard-Towner bill?

President Harding endorsed the Sheppard-Towner bill in April 1921. His endorsement was a significant factor in its eventual passage.

What were the vote counts in the House and Senate for the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The House passed the Sheppard-Towner Act with a vote of 279 to 39, and the Senate passed it with a vote of 63 to 7. These strong majorities indicated significant support for the legislation.

What methods did the Sheppard-Towner Act outline for promoting maternity and infancy hygiene?

The Sheppard-Towner Act provided guidance for maternity and infancy hygiene through public health nurses, visiting nurses, consultation centers, childcare conferences, the distribution of educational materials on prenatal care, and the regulation and licensure of midwives. These measures aimed to provide comprehensive support and education.

What was the initial federal appropriation for the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The initial federal appropriation for the Sheppard-Towner Act was $1,480,000 for fiscal year 1921-1922, followed by $1,240,000 annually for the next five years, ending June 30, 1927. This funding was allocated to support the act's programs.

How were the federal funds appropriated by the Sheppard-Towner Act distributed to the states?

Of the federal funds, $5,000 was allocated to each state, with additional matching funds provided dollar-for-dollar up to a cap determined by the state's population. This system encouraged state participation and investment in the programs.

Which federal bureau was responsible for administering the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The Sheppard-Towner Act was administered by the Children's Bureau. However, the states retained the discretion to decide how to utilize the allocated funds.

How many child and maternal health care centers were established due to the Sheppard-Towner Act?

The Sheppard-Towner Act led to the creation of approximately 3,000 child and maternal health care centers during the eight years it was in effect, with many of these centers located in rural areas. This significantly expanded access to healthcare services.

How did state participation in the Sheppard-Towner program vary?

State participation in the Sheppard-Towner program varied, with states that had recently extended suffrage to women, such as North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Alabama, tending to have higher participation levels. Conversely, states with a longer history of women's suffrage, like Idaho, Colorado, and Washington, were often less involved. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Illinois never participated in the program.

What was the general situation regarding midwives in the U.S. at the time the Sheppard-Towner Act was passed?

At the time the Sheppard-Towner Act was passed, nearly half of all births in the United States were attended by midwives or other lay caretakers, with this percentage being even higher in the South, particularly among African Americans. This indicates that midwives played a significant role in childbirth practices.

How did the Sheppard-Towner Act aim to change midwifery practices?

The Sheppard-Towner Act provided for the training and licensure of midwives, aiming to improve maternal and infant health outcomes. While this shift was necessary for improving health, it also led to a decline in traditional midwifery practices, especially those rooted in unscientific methods.

What was the overall U.S. infant mortality rate in 1922, and how did it change by 1929?

The overall U.S. infant mortality rate in 1922 was 76.2 deaths per 1,000 live births. By 1929, when the Sheppard-Towner Act was repealed, the rate had fallen to 67.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, representing a net decrease of 9.6 deaths.

Did the Sheppard-Towner Act solely cause the decline in infant mortality during the 1920s?

No, not all of the decrease in infant mortality during the 1920s was solely due to the Sheppard-Towner Act, as there was already a downward trend observed during that decade. However, the act contributed to this decline.

What was the impact of spending on child-life and health/sanitation on infant mortality rates, according to the study?

States spending one standard deviation of money on child-life (approximately $27) reduced infant mortality by an average of 2.8 deaths per 1,000 live births. States spending one standard deviation on health and sanitation (approximately $188) reduced infant mortality by an average of 6.27 deaths per 1,000 live births. This suggests a correlation between investment and improved outcomes.

How did home nurse visits and health centers affect infant mortality rates?

Home nurse visits reduced infant mortality on average by 1.8 deaths per 1,000 live births. An increase in 30 health centers decreased infant mortality on average by 2.25 deaths per 1,000 people. These findings highlight the effectiveness of direct care and accessible facilities.

What was the impact of prenatal letters on infant mortality rates?

An increase in 30 prenatal letters, which provided information on prenatal and well-child care, decreased infant mortality on average by 0.2 deaths per 1,000 live births. While a smaller impact, it shows the value of educational outreach.

How did the effects of the Sheppard-Towner Act differ between white and non-white populations regarding infant mortality?

For white populations, spending on child life and health/sanitation showed significant reductions in infant mortality, as did nursing visits. For non-white populations, nursing visits and health centers showed larger reductions in infant mortality compared to whites, while spending on child life and health/sanitation had no statistically significant effect on reductions for this group. Prenatal letters also had a greater impact on white infant mortality.

Which population group primarily drove the aggregate effect of the Sheppard-Towner Act in reducing infant mortality?

The aggregate effect of the Sheppard-Towner Act in reducing infant mortality was primarily driven by the non-white populations. Without the act, non-white infant mortality rates would have been significantly higher, indicating a disproportionately positive impact on this demographic.

What was the estimated cost per infant death prevented by the Sheppard-Towner Act?

Based on federal appropriations and the estimated impact, one infant death could be prevented for between $118 and $512 in federal expenditures. This suggests a cost-effective approach to public health intervention.

What was the outcome of the cases challenging the constitutionality of the Sheppard-Towner Act?

Cases brought to the Supreme Court claiming the Sheppard-Towner Act was unconstitutional were dismissed in 1923. This meant the act was upheld as constitutional.

What was the American Medical Association's stance on the renewal of the Sheppard-Towner Act in 1926?

The American Medical Association (AMA) opposed the renewal of the Sheppard-Towner Act in 1926, viewing it as a socialist threat to their professional autonomy. This opposition intensified their lobbying efforts against the act.

What significant professional organization was established by members of the AMA's Pediatric Section after their views on the Sheppard-Towner Act were rebuked?

The American Academy of Pediatrics was established by members of the AMA's Pediatric Section after the full House of Delegates rebuked their endorsement of the act's renewal. This highlights internal divisions within the medical community regarding the act.

What criticism did AMA members voice regarding the administration of mother and infant health policy?

AMA members critiqued the role of lay women administrators in the Children's Bureau, arguing that the administration of mother and infant health policy should be under the medical leadership of the Public Health Service, which was predominantly male. This reflects a gendered and professional power struggle.

Besides the AMA, which other organizations opposed the Sheppard-Towner Act, and what accusations did they make?

Other opponents included the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, which had previously supported the act, and the anti-suffragist Woman Patriot Publishing Company. The latter accused the Sheppard-Towner bill of being a communist plot.

What tactic was used in the Senate in January 1927 to prevent the renewal of the Sheppard-Towner Act?

A filibuster was initiated by a group of senators in January 1927 to prevent the renewal of the Sheppard-Towner Act. Senator William H. King of Utah was a prominent figure in this filibuster, making critical remarks about the act's supporters.

What was the compromise reached regarding the Sheppard-Towner Act's duration?

As a compromise, the Sheppard-Towner Act was extended for another two years and ultimately expired on June 30, 1929. This extension allowed for a gradual winding down of the program.

What is the legacy of the Sheppard-Towner Act in relation to future federal welfare legislation?

The Sheppard-Towner Act set the framework for the inclusion of substantial provisions for maternal and infant care in the Social Security Act of 1935. Its legacy lies in establishing precedents for federal involvement in social welfare programs.

According to a 2021 study, what factor contributed to the defeat of the Sheppard-Towner Act?

According to a 2021 study, the Sheppard-Towner Act's inability to collect data from the states on the administration of the program contributed to its defeat. This lack of comprehensive data made it harder to demonstrate the program's effectiveness and justify its continuation.

Sheppard U2013towner Act Wiki: The Maternal & Child Welfare Act: Pioneering Public Health in Early 20th Century America

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Act Overview

Legislative Landmark

The Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy Act, widely recognized as the Sheppard-Towner Act, was a pivotal piece of U.S. legislation enacted in 1921. It established the first federal funding program dedicated to improving maternity and childcare services across the nation.

Enactment and Duration

Sponsored by Senator Morris Sheppard and Representative Horace Mann Towner, the Act was signed into law by President Warren G. Harding on November 23, 1921. This significant federal initiative remained in effect for eight years, concluding on June 30, 1929.

Social Security Precursor

The Sheppard-Towner Act represented the federal government's initial foray into social security legislation. Its passage was notably influenced by the burgeoning political and economic power of women's organizations following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, demonstrating a significant shift in policy advocacy.

Historical Context

The Children's Bureau Initiative

The groundwork for the Act was laid by the U.S. Children's Bureau, established in the Department of Labor. Staffed primarily by women professionals in medicine and social sciences, the Bureau's research highlighted alarming rates of infant and maternal mortality. Their findings indicated that a substantial majority of expectant mothers lacked access to professional medical advice or trained care, particularly in rural areas.

Mortality and Socioeconomic Factors

Bureau investigations revealed a stark correlation between socioeconomic status and infant mortality. Families with lower annual incomes experienced significantly higher infant death rates. For instance, families earning less than $450 annually had an infant mortality rate of approximately 1 in 6, compared to 1 in 16 for families earning over $1250.

Maternalist Reform

In collaboration with influential women's groups, such as the Women's Joint Congressional Committee, advocacy for federal intervention in maternal and child health intensified. This collective effort is recognized as a prime example of "maternalist reform," leveraging newly acquired political influence to address critical social welfare issues at the federal level.

Legislative Journey

Introduction and Endorsement

The bill was first introduced in 1920, building upon earlier proposals. Despite initial debates concerning funding and administrative structures, and facing opposition from groups like the Women Patriot Corporation and the American Medical Association (AMA), the bill gained momentum. President Harding's endorsement in April 1921 was crucial, leading to its eventual passage in both the House (279-39) and the Senate (63-7).

Congressional Support

The legislative process involved significant debate, particularly regarding the extent of federal involvement in healthcare. However, the strong lobbying efforts by the Children's Bureau and allied women's organizations, coupled with the growing awareness of maternal and infant health issues, ultimately secured congressional approval.

Key Provisions

Healthcare Centers and Services

The Act authorized federal appropriations to support states in establishing and operating centers for maternity and infancy hygiene. These centers provided crucial services, including:

Guidance through public health nurses and home visits.
Establishment of consultation centers for prenatal and postnatal care.
Organization of childcare conferences.
Distribution of educational materials on prenatal and infant care.

Funding Mechanism

The legislation allocated $1,480,000 for the fiscal year 1921-1922, with $1,240,000 annually for the subsequent five years. Funds were distributed to states based on population, requiring states to match federal contributions dollar-for-dollar to receive their allocation. The Children's Bureau administered the program, allowing states considerable flexibility in implementation.

Midwifery Regulation

A significant component of the Act involved the regulation and licensure of midwives. This aimed to professionalize childbirth attendance, particularly in areas where lay caretakers were prevalent, thereby enhancing safety standards for both mothers and newborns.

Impact and Outcomes

Expansion of Services

During its eight years of operation, the Sheppard-Towner Act facilitated the establishment of approximately 3,000 child and maternal health care centers nationwide. Many of these centers were established in rural and underserved areas, significantly expanding access to essential health services.

Reduction in Mortality Rates

While a downward trend in infant mortality was already underway, studies suggest the Act contributed to this decline. States that invested more in child-life and health initiatives saw notable reductions in infant mortality. Nursing visits and the establishment of health centers proved particularly effective, with a greater impact observed in non-white populations, indicating the program's success in addressing disparities.

Statistical analyses indicate that increased spending on child-life and health/sanitation initiatives correlated with reduced infant mortality. For example:

Spending on child life reduced infant mortality by approximately 2.8 deaths per 1000 live births per standard deviation.
Spending on health and sanitation reduced infant mortality by approximately 6.27 deaths per 1000 live births per standard deviation.
Home nurse visits were associated with a reduction of about 1.8 deaths per 1000 live births.
Health centers decreased infant mortality by approximately 2.25 deaths per 1000 live births per standard deviation.

Crucially, the program's benefits were disproportionately higher for non-white populations, suggesting it played a vital role in mitigating existing health inequities.

Shift in Childbirth Practices

The Act played a significant role in the "medicalization" of pregnancy and childbirth. It encouraged a greater reliance on medical professionals and standardized practices, leading to a decline in the traditional role of midwives, particularly in urban centers. While this shift aimed to improve safety, it also sometimes overlooked the cultural practices of traditional caregivers.

Opposition and Demise

Legal Challenges

The constitutionality of the Act was challenged, but the Supreme Court dismissed these cases in 1923. However, opposition intensified as the Act approached its renewal date in 1926.

American Medical Association (AMA)

The AMA voiced concerns that federal intervention threatened professional autonomy and could lead to non-medical personnel administering healthcare. They lobbied against the Act's renewal, advocating for administration by the U.S. Public Health Service rather than the Children's Bureau, which they viewed as dominated by female administrators.

Broader Opposition

Groups such as the Daughters of the American Revolution, which had initially supported the Act, later opposed it. Anti-suffragist organizations also attacked the bill, labeling it a "communist plot." Senators engaged in filibusters, characterizing proponents as "neurotic women" and "Bolsheviks."

Expiration and Legacy

Facing sustained opposition, the Sheppard-Towner Act was extended for two years but ultimately expired on June 30, 1929. Despite its expiration, the Act's framework and the lessons learned regarding federal oversight and data collection significantly influenced the inclusion of maternal and infant care provisions in the Social Security Act of 1935.

Sources

Cited Works

Text of the Act
United States House of Representatives. "The Sheppard–Towner Maternity and Infancy Act". History, Art & Archives.
Bezark, Michelle. "Our arithmetic was unique": The Sheppard-Towner Act and the Constraints of Federalism on Data Collection Before the New Deal. Journal of Policy History. 2021.
Moehling, Carolyn M., and Melissa A. Thomasson. The Contribution of Sheppard-Towner to the Decline in Infant Mortality in the 1920s. NBER Working Paper No. 17996. 2012.
Barker, Kristin. Birthing and Bureaucratic Women: Needs Talk and the Definitional Legacy of the Sheppard-Towner Act. Feminist Studies. 2003.
Almgren, Gunnar; Kemp, Susan P.; Eisinger, Alison. The Legacy of Hull House and the Children's Bureau in the American Mortality Transition. Social Service Review. 2000.
Lemons, J. Stanley. The Sheppard-Towner Act: Progressivism in the 1920s. The Journal of American History. 1969.
BELLINGHAM, BRUCE; MATHIS, MARY PUGH. Race, Citizenship, and the Bio-politics of the Maternalist Welfare State: "Traditional" midwifery in the American South under the Sheppard-Towner Act, 1921–29. Social Politics. 1994.
Barker, Kristin. Women Physicians and the Gendered System of Professions: An Analysis of the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921. Work and Occupations. 1998.
Moehling, Carolyn M.; Thomasson, Melissa A. The Political Economy of Saving Mothers and Babies: The Politics of State Participation in the Sheppard-Towner Program. The Journal of Economic History. 2012.
BELLINGHAM, BRUCE; MATHIS, MARY PUGH. Race, Citizenship, and the Bio-politics of the Maternalist Welfare State: "Traditional" midwifery in the American South under the Sheppard-Towner Act, 1921–29. Social Politics. 1994.
Ladd-Taylor, Molly. 'Grannies' and 'Spinsters': Midwife Education under the Sheppard-Towner Act. Journal of Social History. 1988.
Lemons, J. Stanley. The Sheppard-Towner Act: Progressivism in the 1920s. The Journal of American History. 1969.
Harding Signs Sheppard-Towner Act–November 23, 1921. American President A Reference Resource. Miller Center, Univ. of VA.
Siegel, Benjamin S.; Alpert, Joel J. The profession of pediatrics. In Kliegman, Robert M.; Marcdante, Karen J.; Jenson, Hal B.; Behrman, Richard E. (eds.). Nelson essentials of pediatrics. 5th ed. Elsevier Saunders. 2006.
Barker, Kristin. Women Physicians and the Gendered System of Professions: An Analysis of the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921. Work and Occupations. 1998.
Cott, Nancy. Social and Moral Reform. K.G. Saur. 1994.
Carson, Thomas; Bonk, Mary, eds. Sheppard-Towner Act. Gale encyclopedia of U.S. economic history, vol. 2. Gale Cengage. 1999.
Johnson, Kimberly S. From healthy babies to the welfare state: the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921. Governing the American state: Congress and the new federalism, 1877–1929. Princeton University Press. 2007.
Ladd-Taylor, Molly. 'We mothers are so glad the day has come': mothers' work and the Sheppard-Towner Act. In Helly, Dorothy O.; Reverby, Susan M. (eds.). Gendered domains: rethinking public and private in women's history. Cornell University Press. 1992.
Ladd-Taylor, Molly. Federal help for mothers: the rise and fall of the Sheppard-Towner Act in the 1920s. In Helly, Dorothy O.; Reverby, Susan M. (eds.). Gendered domains: rethinking public and private in women's history. Cornell University Press. 1992.
Loudon, Irvine. The geography and politics of maternal care in the USA: introduction. Death in childbirth: an international study of maternal care and maternal mortality, 1800–1950. Clarendon Press. 1992.
Meckel, Richard. Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1990.
Skocpol, Theda. Statebuilding for mothers and babies: the Children's Bureau and the Sheppard-Towner Act. Protecting soldiers and mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1992.
U.S. Congress. Protection of maternity: hearing before the Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. Senate, 67th Congress, 1st session, on S.1039, a bill for the public protection of maternity and infancy, on April 25, 1921. U.S. G.P.O. 1921.
U.S. Congress. Public protection of maternity and infancy: hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, 67th Congress, 1st session, on H.R. 2366, on July 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, 1921. U.S. G.P.O. 1921.
Wertz, Richard W.; Wertz, Dorothy C. Government involvement. Lying-in: a history of childbirth in America. expanded ed. Yale University Press. 1989.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Sheppard U2013towner Act" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about sheppard_u2013towner_act while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

antonio vivaldi

eddie slovik

royal academy of arts

antimalarial medication

music recording certification

aqueduct water supply

christian medical and dental associations

soundtrack

grodno state medical university

fabrice santoro

References

Text of the Act

"The Sheppard-Towner Act: Progressivism in the 1920s: J. Stanley Lemons. The Journal of American History, vol. 55, No. 4 (Mar., 1969), pp. 776-786

Lemons, J. Stanley. "The Sheppard-Towner Act: Progressivism in the 1920s." The Journal of American History 55, no. 4 (1969): 776-786.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Sheppard–Towner Act Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional historical or public health advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for consulting primary historical sources, official government archives, or seeking advice from qualified historians or public health professionals. Always refer to authoritative sources and consult with experts for specific research or policy needs.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Sheppard-Towner Act

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Act Overview ℹ️

📜 Legislative Landmark

🗓️ Enactment and Duration

🌟 Social Security Precursor

Historical Context 🏛️

👶 The Children's Bureau Initiative

📊 Mortality and Socioeconomic Factors

🤝 Maternalist Reform

Legislative Journey ✍️

⚖️ Introduction and Endorsement

🏛️ Congressional Support

Key Provisions 📑

🏥 Healthcare Centers and Services

💰 Funding Mechanism

👩‍⚕️ Midwifery Regulation

Impact and Outcomes 📈

🏠 Expansion of Services

📉 Reduction in Mortality Rates

👩‍⚕️ Shift in Childbirth Practices

Opposition and Demise 🚫

⚖️ Legal Challenges

🗣️ American Medical Association (AMA)

📣 Broader Opposition

⏳ Expiration and Legacy

Sources 📚

🔗 Cited Works

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Act Overview

Legislative Landmark

Enactment and Duration

Social Security Precursor

Historical Context

The Children's Bureau Initiative

Mortality and Socioeconomic Factors

Maternalist Reform

Legislative Journey

Introduction and Endorsement

Congressional Support

Key Provisions

Healthcare Centers and Services

Funding Mechanism

Midwifery Regulation

Impact and Outcomes

Expansion of Services

Reduction in Mortality Rates

Shift in Childbirth Practices

Opposition and Demise

Legal Challenges

American Medical Association (AMA)

Broader Opposition

Expiration and Legacy

Sources

Cited Works

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice