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Tertiary education, commonly designated as higher education, represents the educational stage that follows the completion of secondary education.
Answer: True
The statement accurately defines tertiary education as the educational level that succeeds secondary education, commonly referred to as higher education.
According to the World Bank, universities, colleges, and vocational schools are all considered components of tertiary education.
Answer: True
The World Bank's definition of tertiary education encompasses universities, colleges, and vocational schools, signifying the breadth of institutions included at this educational level.
The ISCED 2011 structure categorizes non-degree tertiary education as Level 5 and undergraduate education as Level 6.
Answer: True
This statement is accurate. According to the ISCED 2011 framework, Level 5 pertains to non-degree tertiary education (e.g., diplomas, certificates), while Level 6 corresponds to undergraduate programs.
UNESCO defines the primary focus of tertiary education as encompassing learning endeavors in specialized fields, including both academic and higher vocational education.
Answer: True
UNESCO's definition emphasizes the specialized nature of tertiary education, covering both academic pursuits and advanced vocational training.
The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report suggests that tertiary education is becoming more relevant due to the increasing role of technology in the workplace.
Answer: True
This assertion aligns with the report's findings. The World Bank's 2019 report highlights the increasing relevance of tertiary education for workforce competitiveness in the context of technological advancements and the evolving nature of work.
The 'Stages of formal education' navbox classifies 'Vocational' and 'Further/Continuing education' under 'Tertiary education', not 'Secondary education'.
Answer: True
The navigational structure categorizes 'Vocational' and 'Further/Continuing education' as components of tertiary education, distinct from the secondary education level.
What is tertiary education commonly referred to as, besides higher education?
Answer: Post-secondary education
Tertiary education is frequently referred to as post-secondary education, signifying its position following secondary schooling.
Which organization defines tertiary education as including universities, colleges, and vocational schools?
Answer: The World Bank
The World Bank's definition explicitly includes universities, colleges, and vocational schools as components of tertiary education.
According to the ISCED 2011 structure, which level represents doctoral education?
Answer: Level 8
Within the ISCED 2011 classification system, Level 8 is designated for doctoral or equivalent research programs.
What is the primary focus of tertiary education, according to UNESCO?
Answer: Learning in specialized fields, including academic and vocational
UNESCO emphasizes that tertiary education centers on specialized learning, encompassing both academic pursuits and advanced vocational training.
Why is tertiary education becoming increasingly important for the future of work, according to the World Bank's 2019 report?
Answer: It helps workers compete in the labor market due to technology's evolving role.
The World Bank report highlights tertiary education's role in equipping individuals with the adaptability and skills needed to navigate technological advancements and remain competitive in the evolving job market.
Which of the following is listed as a stage of formal education under the 'Stages of formal education' navbox?
Answer: All of the above
The 'Stages of formal education' navbox encompasses Early childhood education, Primary education, Secondary education, and Tertiary education (Higher education, Vocational, Further/Continuing education) as distinct levels within the formal system.
The earliest known institutions of higher learning, referred to as 'houses of life', were primarily focused on scholarly pursuits such as libraries and scriptoriums, rather than military training.
Answer: True
The earliest known institutions of higher learning, such as the Egyptian 'houses of life', functioned as centers for knowledge preservation and creation, housing libraries and scriptoriums, and were not primarily focused on military training.
Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum were influential ancient Greek philosophical schools that served as models for later higher learning establishments.
Answer: True
These seminal ancient Greek philosophical schools established pedagogical and organizational frameworks that significantly influenced the development of subsequent institutions of higher learning.
Nalanda in South Asia and the Grand School (Taixue) in China were ancient centers of higher learning, with Nalanda focusing on Buddhist studies and Taixue on imperial administration.
Answer: True
While Nalanda was a prominent center for Buddhist scholarship, the Grand School (Taixue) in China primarily focused on training officials through the study of Confucian classics and administrative principles.
The University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, is recognized as the world's oldest university that has been continuously operating.
Answer: True
Established in 859 CE, the University of al-Qarawiyyin holds the distinction of being the oldest existing, continuously operating higher educational institution globally, as recognized by UNESCO and Guinness World Records.
The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the first institution globally to use the term 'universitas'.
Answer: True
The University of Bologna, established in 1088, is historically significant not only as the world's oldest university in continuous operation but also as the first institution to employ the term 'universitas' in its foundational charter.
The University of Naples Federico II, established in 1224, is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.
Answer: True
Founded in 1224, the University of Naples Federico II holds the unique distinction of being the oldest state-funded university globally that has maintained continuous operation.
Which ancient Greek philosophical school served as a model for later higher learning establishments, particularly in Alexandria?
Answer: Both the Academy and the Lyceum
Both Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum were foundational institutions whose structures and curricula influenced the development of later centers of higher learning, notably in Hellenistic Egypt.
Which institution is recognized as the oldest continually operating higher educational institution globally?
Answer: University of al-Qarawiyyin
The University of al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco is widely recognized for its status as the world's oldest continuously operating higher educational institution.
What significant historical distinction does the University of Bologna hold?
Answer: It is the first institution globally to use the term 'universitas'.
The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is credited as the first institution worldwide to adopt the term 'universitas' to describe a community of scholars and students.
What is the significance of the University of Naples Federico II, established in 1224?
Answer: It is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.
Established in 1224, the University of Naples Federico II holds the distinction of being the oldest state-funded university globally that has maintained continuous operation.
Post-World War II, participation in higher education has generally increased globally.
Answer: True
Contrary to the statement, global participation in higher education has seen a substantial increase since World War II, evolving from elite systems to mass and open access models.
Global tertiary education enrollment ratios have increased significantly since the year 2000.
Answer: True
Contrary to the statement, global tertiary enrollment ratios have shown a marked increase since 2000, reflecting a trend towards greater access to higher education worldwide.
Female enrollment ratios in tertiary education have consistently exceeded male ratios globally in recent years.
Answer: True
Recent global data indicates that female enrollment ratios in tertiary education have surpassed male ratios, challenging the notion of consistently lagging behind.
Tertiary gross enrollment ratios are significantly higher in high-income countries compared to low-income countries.
Answer: True
There is a pronounced disparity in tertiary gross enrollment ratios, with high-income nations exhibiting substantially higher participation rates than low-income nations.
Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) includes specific commitments related to tertiary education access and lifelong learning.
Answer: True
SDG 4 explicitly addresses the need for equitable access to quality tertiary education and promotes lifelong learning opportunities for all.
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights mandates that higher education should be progressively introduced as free education for all.
Answer: True
Article 13 of the ICESCR stipulates that higher education should be made equally accessible to all, based on capacity, through appropriate means, particularly by progressively introducing free education.
How has participation in higher education generally changed since World War II?
Answer: It has significantly increased, moving towards mass and open access rates.
The post-World War II era witnessed a dramatic expansion in higher education participation, transitioning from elite systems to widespread access models.
What trend has been observed in global tertiary education enrollment between 2000 and 2017?
Answer: An increase from 19% to 38%
Global tertiary gross enrollment ratios demonstrated a significant upward trend, rising from 19% in 2000 to 38% by 2017.
What does Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) commit countries to regarding lifelong learning?
Answer: Ensuring access to tertiary education and lifelong learning opportunities
SDG 4 explicitly targets the provision of lifelong learning opportunities for all, which encompasses ensuring equitable access to tertiary education.
According to Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, how should higher education access be ensured?
Answer: By progressively introducing free education and ensuring equal access based on capacity
The ICESCR advocates for the progressive realization of free higher education, emphasizing equal accessibility determined by individual capacity.
What does the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights state regarding the progression of higher education access?
Answer: It should be made equally accessible to all, based on capacity, progressively introducing free education.
Article 13 of the ICESCR mandates that higher education should be progressively made free and equally accessible to all individuals based on their capacity.
What is the difference in tertiary gross enrollment ratios between high-income and low-income countries, according to the source?
Answer: Low-income countries have ratios around 9%, while high-income countries have ratios around 77%.
A significant disparity exists, with low-income countries typically exhibiting tertiary gross enrollment ratios near 9%, while high-income countries reach approximately 77%.
Graduates typically earn higher wages and experience lower unemployment rates compared to individuals with less education.
Answer: True
Empirical data consistently demonstrates that higher education correlates with a significant wage premium and reduced unemployment rates compared to lower levels of educational attainment.
Graduates tend to express more positive views towards minority groups and embrace cultural diversity compared to non-graduates.
Answer: True
Research indicates that individuals with higher education often exhibit broader social perspectives, including greater acceptance of cultural and ethnic diversity and more positive views towards minority groups, compared to those with less formal education.
Graduates generally favor openness, free trade, and liberal migration policies in international relations.
Answer: True
Studies suggest that tertiary-educated individuals are more inclined towards international cooperation, free trade agreements, and more liberal immigration policies compared to non-graduates.
A 2014 OECD report indicated that tertiary-educated individuals earned more than the median worker.
Answer: True
The 2014 OECD report highlighted a significant earnings premium for tertiary-educated individuals, stating that they earned approximately twice as much as median workers.
What is a primary economic benefit of higher education for individuals?
Answer: A significant wage premium and lower unemployment rates
Individuals with higher education typically experience a substantial advantage in earnings and are less likely to face unemployment compared to those with lower educational attainment.
How do graduates' social attitudes typically differ from non-graduates, according to the source?
Answer: Graduates are more likely to embrace cultural and ethnic diversity.
Empirical findings suggest that individuals with tertiary education often exhibit greater openness towards cultural and ethnic diversity compared to those without.
What is a common policy preference of graduates regarding international relations?
Answer: Openness, free trade, and liberal migration policies
Graduates tend to favor policies promoting international engagement, such as free trade and more liberal approaches to migration.
Beyond specific subject knowledge, what key skills do employers seek in graduates?
Answer: Critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills
Employers value a range of transferable skills in graduates, including critical thinking, effective communication, and robust problem-solving capabilities, in addition to technical expertise.
What did the 2014 OECD report reveal about the earnings of tertiary-educated individuals compared to median workers?
Answer: They earned twice as much.
The 2014 OECD report indicated a substantial earnings premium for tertiary-educated individuals, who earned approximately twice as much as median workers.
Which of the following skills is NOT explicitly mentioned as being sought by employers in graduates?
Answer: Proficiency in ancient languages
While employers seek analytical reasoning, information literacy, and communication skills, proficiency in ancient languages was not explicitly listed among the desired attributes.
Grade inflation is a concern because it may devalue academic achievement and potentially compromise institutional rankings.
Answer: True
The phenomenon of grade inflation raises concerns regarding the integrity of academic assessment and can potentially impact the perceived value of degrees and the comparative standing of institutions.
Widening participation in higher education, if not managed effectively, can lead to an oversupply of graduates in specific fields, potentially resulting in underemployment.
Answer: True
An unmanaged expansion of higher education access can result in an oversupply of graduates in certain disciplines, leading to challenges such as underemployment and overqualification.
University completion rates for students with disabilities are generally lower than for students without disabilities.
Answer: True
Available data suggests that students with disabilities often face greater challenges in completing university degrees compared to their non-disabled peers.
Educational inflation refers to the devaluation of degrees due to an oversupply of graduates relative to job market demand, not excessively high grading standards.
Answer: True
Educational inflation is primarily associated with the diminishing value of degrees when the supply of graduates exceeds the demand for their skills, distinct from the concept of grade inflation.
What is 'grade inflation' in the context of universities?
Answer: The process of awarding higher grades more frequently over time.
Grade inflation refers to the observed trend of increasing average grades awarded to students over time, potentially impacting the rigor of academic assessment.
Which issue can arise from widening participation in higher education if not managed properly?
Answer: Oversupply of graduates leading to underemployment
An unmanaged expansion of higher education access can lead to an oversupply of graduates in certain fields, potentially resulting in underemployment and diminished returns on educational investment.
What is the general trend in university completion rates for students with disabilities compared to their non-disabled peers?
Answer: Generally lower for students with disabilities.
Available data indicates that university completion rates tend to be lower for students with disabilities relative to their non-disabled counterparts.
What is 'educational inflation' as described in the source?
Answer: The devaluation of degrees when the supply of graduates exceeds job market demand.
Educational inflation refers to the diminished perceived value of academic degrees resulting from an oversupply of graduates in the labor market relative to demand for their skills.
What is the primary concern regarding grade inflation in universities?
Answer: It potentially devalues academic achievement and affects rankings.
Grade inflation poses a significant concern as it may undermine the perceived value of academic accomplishments and influence institutional rankings.
In the United States, higher education is exclusively provided by public universities.
Answer: False
The U.S. higher education landscape is characterized by a diverse mix of public and private institutions, including universities, colleges, and specialized schools.
In 2020, the United States spent a higher percentage of its GDP on tertiary education than Australia.
Answer: True
Data from 2020 indicates that the United States allocated 2.5% of its GDP to tertiary education, surpassing Australia's expenditure of 1.9%.
By 2022, Canada had a higher percentage of adults aged 25-64 with at least a bachelor's degree attainment than the United States.
Answer: True
By 2022, Canada reported a higher attainment rate (over 56%) of bachelor's degrees or equivalent among adults aged 25-64 compared to the United States (50.0%).
In Italy, education is compulsory for individuals between the ages of 6 and 16.
Answer: True
Italian law mandates compulsory education for all individuals from the age of 6 up to the age of 16.
In 2019, Italy ranked third in Europe for the number of universities listed among the world's top 500.
Answer: True
In 2019, Italy was positioned third in Europe regarding the number of its universities included in the world's top 500 rankings.
In France, 'lycée' refers to the stage of education following 'collège'.
Answer: True
The standard educational progression in France involves 'collège' (middle school) followed by 'lycée' (high school).
Under devolution in the United Kingdom, education systems are administered separately across England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland.
Answer: True
Devolution in the UK has resulted in distinct education systems within England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland, rather than a uniform national administration.
The stated ideal objective of Canadian higher education includes enhancing employment rates and safeguarding national prosperity.
Answer: True
Canadian higher education aims to foster skill acquisition, improve employment outcomes, and contribute to the nation's overall prosperity.
The higher education system in the United States is characterized by a decentralized structure with regulation primarily at the state level, rather than strong central government control.
Answer: True
The U.S. higher education system is notable for its decentralized nature, with significant regulatory authority residing within individual states, contrasting with strong central government oversight.
In Nigeria, tertiary education includes polytechnics and colleges of education, in addition to traditional universities.
Answer: True
The Nigerian tertiary education system encompasses a range of institutions, including universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education, offering diverse pathways beyond traditional university degrees.
Admission into Nigerian tertiary institutions requires passing the West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) and the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) Entrance Examination.
Answer: True
Prospective students seeking admission to Nigerian tertiary institutions must typically achieve satisfactory scores on both the WASSCE (or equivalent) and the JAMB entrance examination.
In Japan, 'Tanki Daigaku' refers to two-year colleges, not universities offering full four-year degree programs.
Answer: True
'Tanki Daigaku' in Japan are junior or community colleges, typically offering shorter programs, distinct from universities that grant full four-year degrees.
In Hong Kong, tertiary education encompasses a broader range of post-secondary programs beyond just those offered by statutory universities.
Answer: True
Hong Kong's definition of tertiary education includes various post-secondary institutions and programs, not exclusively those conferred by statutory universities.
Accreditors in the U.S. higher education system are primarily responsible for setting tuition fees.
Answer: False
The primary role of accreditors in the U.S. is quality assurance and ensuring institutions meet established standards, not the regulation of tuition fees.
The table on tertiary education attainment shows that the UK had a higher percentage of adults (25-64) with at least a bachelor's degree than Germany.
Answer: True
Data indicates that the United Kingdom (42.3%) had a higher percentage of adults aged 25-64 with at least a bachelor's degree compared to Germany (31.9%).
Which of the following is NOT listed as a type of institution providing higher education in the United States?
Answer: Technical High Schools
While universities, seminaries, and community colleges are recognized providers of higher education in the U.S., technical high schools typically fall under the secondary education level.
In 2020, which country among Australia, Canada, and the United States spent the highest percentage of its GDP on tertiary education?
Answer: United States (2.5%)
Among the three nations listed, the United States allocated the largest proportion of its GDP (2.5%) to tertiary education in 2020.
By 2022, what percentage of adults aged 25-64 in the United States had attained at least a bachelor's degree?
Answer: 50.0%
In 2022, approximately 50.0% of adults in the United States within the 25-64 age bracket had achieved at least a bachelor's degree.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a type of tertiary education provider in Nigeria?
Answer: Secondary Schools
Secondary schools represent a level of education prior to tertiary education; universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education are recognized tertiary providers in Nigeria.
In Italy, what is the compulsory age range for education?
Answer: 6 to 16 years
Compulsory education in Italy spans from the age of 6 to 16.
How is education administered under devolution in the United Kingdom?
Answer: Separately in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland.
Devolution in the UK has led to the establishment of distinct education systems managed independently by England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland.
What is the stated ideal objective of higher education in Canada?
Answer: To provide opportunities for skill acquisition and enhance employment.
A key objective of Canadian higher education is to equip individuals with skills and knowledge that enhance their employment prospects and contribute to national prosperity.
What characterizes the higher education system in the United States?
Answer: A decentralized system regulated by individual states.
The U.S. higher education system is characterized by decentralization, with significant oversight and regulation occurring at the state level rather than through a strong central federal authority.
What types of education are classified as tertiary in Japan, according to MEXT and UNESCO?
Answer: Universities, two-year colleges, colleges of technology, and specialized colleges.
Japan's tertiary education framework, as defined by MEXT and UNESCO, includes universities, junior colleges ('Tanki Daigaku'), colleges of technology, and specialized training colleges.
In Hong Kong, what does 'tertiary education' encompass?
Answer: Any education beyond secondary school, including various post-secondary institutions.
In Hong Kong, tertiary education is broadly defined to include all educational programs undertaken after secondary school, encompassing a wide array of post-secondary institutions.
What is the primary role of accreditors in the U.S. higher education system?
Answer: To ensure institutions meet minimum quality standards.
Accrediting bodies in the United States serve a crucial function in quality assurance, verifying that institutions adhere to established educational standards.
According to the table on tertiary education attainment, which country had a higher percentage of adults (25-64) with at least a bachelor's degree: Australia or Canada?
Answer: Canada (62.7%)
The tertiary education attainment data indicates that Canada (62.7%) had a higher percentage of adults aged 25-64 with at least a bachelor's degree compared to Australia (39.4%).
In 2019, how did Italy rank among European countries for the number of universities in the world's top 500?
Answer: Third
Italy ranked third among European nations in 2019 concerning the number of its universities featured in the global top 500 rankings.
In the context of Italian higher education, what do institutions referred to as 'Superior Graduate Schools' (analogous to the French 'Grandes Écoles') offer?
Answer: Institutions offering officially recognized titles equivalent to doctorates.
While 'Grandes Écoles' is a French term, the source indicates that Italian 'Superior Graduate Schools' ('Scuola Superiore Universitaria') serve a similar function, providing advanced postgraduate degrees equivalent to doctorates.
What is the typical educational progression in France after 'collège'?
Answer: Lycée (high school)
Following 'collège' (middle school), the standard educational pathway in France leads to 'lycée' (high school).
Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as a type of tertiary education in Japan?
Answer: High schools
High schools are part of secondary education; Japan's tertiary education system, as described, includes universities, junior colleges ('Tanki Daigaku'), colleges of technology, and specialized colleges.