What is the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University and when was it established?

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University is the oldest natural science research institution and museum in the Americas. It was founded in 1812 with the mission to encourage and cultivate the sciences.

What was the original mission statement of the Academy of Natural Sciences when it was founded?

The Academy of Natural Sciences was founded with the expressed mission of "the encouragement and cultivation of the sciences." This highlights its early commitment to advancing scientific knowledge and practice.

How many specimens are housed within the Academy's natural history collections?

The Academy of Natural Sciences holds an extensive natural history collection comprising over 17 million biological specimens. This vast collection serves as a crucial resource for scientific research and study.

When did the Academy of Natural Sciences become affiliated with Drexel University, and what was the resulting name change?

The Academy became affiliated with Drexel University in 2011, after which it changed its name to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University. This affiliation represents a significant partnership between the two institutions.

What was Philadelphia's role in the early decades of the United States concerning science and culture?

During the early decades of the United States, Philadelphia served as the cultural capital and a major commercial center. Institutions like the Library Company of Philadelphia and the American Philosophical Society were prominent hubs for enlightened thought and scientific inquiry.

How was the Academy of Natural Sciences officially incorporated?

The Academy of Natural Sciences was incorporated into a society under the title of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by the legislature of Pennsylvania on April 25, 1817.

What is the significance of the Academy's collections in terms of scientific research?

The Academy preserves many type specimens, which are crucial reference materials for establishing a species' identity. Additionally, it holds numerous specimens that scientists use to investigate species' characteristics, evolutionary history, and conservation status.

How has the research emphasis at institutions like the Academy shifted over time?

Traditionally, researchers focused on biological taxonomy, the science of discovering, describing, and classifying species. In recent decades, the emphasis has shifted to systematics, which is the study of the evolutionary relationships among species.

What is the Philadelphia Herbarium (PH) and what makes it notable?

The Philadelphia Herbarium (PH) is part of the Academy's Botany collection and is recognized as the oldest institutional herbarium in the New World. It houses approximately 1.5 million specimens and is considered one of the most important botanical collections in the Americas.

Which notable early collectors contributed to the Academy's Botany collection?

Notable early collectors whose specimens are part of the Academy's Botany collection include Benjamin Smith Barton, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Thomas Meehan, Thomas Nuttall, and Fredrick Pursh.

What significant historical plant collections are housed within the Philadelphia Herbarium?

The Philadelphia Herbarium includes special collections such as plants gathered by Johann and Georg Forster during Captain James Cook's voyages and specimens collected by Meriwether Lewis during the Lewis and Clark expedition.

What is the size and significance of the Academy's Diatom Herbarium?

The Academy's Diatom Herbarium is the largest in the Americas and the second largest globally, containing approximately 220,000 slides of diatoms. It includes specimens from notable collectors, fossil diatoms, and those from freshwater environmental surveys.

Who were some of the notable curators of the Academy's Diatom Herbarium?

Notable former curators of the Academy's Diatom Herbarium include Charles S. Boyer, Ruth Patrick, and Charles Reimer.

What is the significance of entomology to the Academy since its founding?

Entomology has been a key area for the Academy since its inception, with early members like Thomas Say, considered the father of American entomology, and Titian Peale contributing significantly. The collection now holds over 3.5 million specimens.

What is the Orthoptera Species File, and who pioneered its creation?

The Orthoptera Species File is an online resource created by Daniel Otte, Curator Emeritus and an expert on Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers, and their relatives). It represents a pioneering effort in presenting biological data on the internet.

How did the Ichthyology collection at the Academy grow in significance?

The Ichthyology collection was relatively modest until the acquisition of Edward Drinker Cope's personal collections in 1898. Henry Weed Fowler significantly expanded and systematized the collection during his tenure.

What is the size of the Academy's Ichthyology collection, and what online resources does it host?

The Ichthyology collection houses nearly 1.2 million specimens and almost 3,000 types, making it one of the most important in the United States. It hosts online resources like the All Catfish Species Inventory and Catfish Bones.

What is the status of the Academy's Malacology collection?

The Academy's malacology collection is the oldest of its kind in the United States and ranks as the third largest in the world, containing over 10 million specimens. It includes types established by more than 400 authors.

What are some of the online resources provided by the Malacology department?

The Malacology department provides resources such as the Malacology Georeferencing Project, an online database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca (Malacolog), and the OBIS Indo-Pacific Mollusc database.

How large is the Academy's Ornithology collection, and which club meets there?

The Ornithology collection is one of the largest and most taxonomically complete bird collections globally, with nearly 200,000 specimens representing over 9,000 species. The Delaware Valley Ornithological Club (DVOC) has met at the Academy since 1890.

What is the historical significance of vertebrate paleontology at the Academy?

Vertebrate paleontology in the United States originated in Philadelphia, with early efforts linked to the American Philosophical Society and later the Academy. The Academy holds the Thomas Jefferson Fossil Collection, transferred from the APS.

Who is considered the "father" of American vertebrate paleontology, and what were his contributions?

Joseph Leidy is considered the "father" of American vertebrate paleontology. He described *Hadrosaurus* and brought attention to the paleontological treasures of the American West.

What research is current curator Edward B. Daeschler known for?

Current curator Edward B. Daeschler studies the evolution of Devonian tetrapods. He is a co-discoverer of the transitional fossil *Tiktaalik roseae* and discovered *Hynerpeton* and *Densignathus*.

What other collections of scientific importance does the Academy house?

The Academy also houses significant collections of invertebrates (approximately 22,600 specimens), invertebrate paleontology (about 105,000 lots), rotifers (the Frank J. Myers Rotifer Collection), herpetology (about 40,000 specimens), and mammalogy (about 36,000 specimens).

What is the focus of the Patrick Center for Environmental Research?

Formerly the Limnology Department, the Patrick Center for Environmental Research focuses on applied ecology. It was founded in 1947 by Ruth Patrick and was one of the earliest U.S. environmental consulting concerns.

What was pioneering about the Patrick Center's approach to environmental research?

The Patrick Center was among the first to employ interdisciplinary teams of scientists to study freshwater systems and the first to consider biodiversity as a key criterion for water quality.

What is the focus of the Biogeochemistry Section within the Patrick Center?

The Biogeochemistry Section studies the influence of aquatic organisms on the sources, fate, and transport of chemicals in aquatic systems. Its research often involves carbon and nutrient cycling, as well as trace elements and organic contaminants like PCBs.

What techniques does the Ecological Modeling Section employ?

The Ecological Modeling Section utilizes sophisticated mathematical modeling techniques for research, including watershed-scale modeling, risk assessment, population models, particle transport in turbulent aquatic systems, and the ecology of invasive plants.

What kind of research does the Fisheries Section conduct?

The Fisheries Section researches the ecology, conservation, and management of fishes in lotic (flowing water) and estuarine environments. Their work includes analyzing fish tissues for contaminants, monitoring populations, and studying the life histories of species.

Why are benthic macroinvertebrates important for biological monitoring?

Benthic macroinvertebrates, such as aquatic insects and crustaceans, are valuable for biological monitoring because their varied life spans allow them to reflect both intermittent and continuous pollution, as well as changes in water quality over time.

How does the Phycology Section use algae in environmental research?

The Phycology Section uses algae, particularly diatoms, as indicators of water quality due to their diversity and specific ecological requirements. Diatoms are also useful for studying paleolimnology because they preserve well in sediments.

What advancements have influenced biological taxonomy and systematics research at the Academy?

Advances in molecular biology and computational technologies, such as DNA sequencing and computational phylogenetics, have opened new avenues for studying life's diversity and history, complementing traditional comparative morphology methods.

What is the Hovsgol project in Mongolia, and what are its objectives?

The Hovsgol project involves multidisciplinary research on the biodiversity, limnology, and watershed of Lake Hovsgol in Mongolia. It aims to address environmental protection and sustainable economic development, including capacity building for local scientists and park management.

What is the Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey?

The Mongolian Aquatic Insect Survey is a multi-year project managed by the Academy's Entomology Department to study biodiversity, monitor the environment, and build capacity in Mongolia. It has surveyed numerous sites in the Selenge River Basin and other regions.

What is the purpose of the Center for Environmental Policy?

The Center for Environmental Policy aims to inform and engage various stakeholders, promote solutions, and raise public and professional awareness on environmental topics through public programs and working groups.

What notable historical works are housed in the Ewell Sale Stewart Library?

The Ewell Sale Stewart Library holds works dating back to the 16th century, including illustrated volumes from the 15th century, Konrad Gessner's *Historia animalium*, Maria Sibylla Merian's *Insects of Surinam*, Edward Lear's *Psittacidae or Parrots*, and a folio of John James Audubon's *The Birds of America*.

What was the significance of the Academy's *Journal* and *Proceedings*?

The *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences* was the first peer-reviewed publication in the United States dedicated to natural sciences, starting in 1817. It was later succeeded by the *Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences*, which has been published continuously since 1841.

What is VIREO, and what does it contain?

VIREO (Visual Resource for Ornithology) is the world's most comprehensive collection of bird images, started in 1979. It contains over 180,000 photographs representing more than 7,300 species and licenses these images for various uses.

When did the Academy first open its collections to the public, and what exhibit significantly boosted its popularity?

The Academy first opened its collections to the public in 1828. Its popularity surged in 1868 with the debut of the world's first mounted dinosaur skeleton, *Hadrosaurus*, which led to the Academy relocating to a larger venue in 1876.

How did museum displays, like those at the Academy, evolve in the 19th century?

In the 19th century, museums began to separate public spaces from collections and provide more interpretive information for visitors. This shift moved them from simply housing specimens to actively educating the public about their collections.

What is the significance of dioramas in natural history museums?

Dioramas became iconic displays in natural history museums, serving as a form of "virtual reality" that allowed visitors to experience distant places and exotic wildlife, fostering an appreciation for natural heritage.

When were the Academy's dioramas first created, and how did their development continue?

The Academy's first diorama was created in 1929 by Harold T. Green. The Works Progress Administration began providing artists in 1935, which significantly aided the continued expansion and creation of these exhibits.

What types of animals are featured in the Academy's dioramas, and what is their conservation status?

The Academy's 37 dioramas feature animals from Africa, Asia, and North America. Some animals, like caribou and lions, are common, while others, such as the passenger pigeon, are extinct, and species like the desert bighorn sheep are threatened or endangered.

What was the impact of the "dinosaur renaissance" on the Academy's exhibits?

The "Discovering Dinosaurs" exhibit, opened in 1986, was one of the first major exhibits to incorporate findings from the "dinosaur renaissance." This new understanding portrayed dinosaurs as active, possibly warm-blooded animals, more akin to birds than previously depicted reptiles.

What was unique about the "Twentieth Century Dinosaurs" exhibition in 1979?

The "Twentieth Century Dinosaurs" exhibition featured contemporary sculpture by Jim Gary, focusing on subjects of intense scientific inquiry. This unconventional approach for a science museum was highly successful and influenced other institutions to include contemporary art.

What hands-on exhibits has the Academy offered for children?

The Academy has offered hands-on exhibits such as "Outside-In," a children's nature museum opened in 1979, and "The Big Dig," a simulated dinosaur dig pioneered in 1995. These exhibits provide interactive learning experiences.

What are the four main weekend festivals hosted by the Academy?

The Academy hosts four weekend festivals throughout the year: Paleopalooza (February), Earth Day Festival (April), Bug Fest (August), and the Philadelphia Shell Show (October), each focusing on different scientific disciplines.

What types of programs does the Academy offer for families and children?

The Academy offers various programs for families and children, including Safari Overnight sleepovers, day workshops and sleepovers for Scouts, a program for toddlers called Tiny Tot Explorers, and Family Workshops. They also host "Wild Weekends" with specimen exploration, crafts, and live animal shows.

What is the "Women in Natural Sciences" (WINS) program?

WINS is a science enrichment program, established in 1982 in collaboration with the School District of Philadelphia, designed to provide female public school students with hands-on science classes, scientific literacy, and personal growth opportunities.

What is the Hayden Memorial Geological Award, and who was it established in memory of?

The Hayden Memorial Geological Award is presented to prominent scientists in geology or paleontology. It was established in 1888 in memory of Ferdinand V. Hayden, a notable American geologist and surveyor of the American West with strong ties to the Academy.

What is the purpose of the Gold Medal for Distinction in Natural History Art?

Established in 1980, the Gold Medal for Distinction in Natural History Art recognizes individuals whose artistic work enhances the understanding and appreciation of living things. Notable recipients include Roger Tory Peterson, Ansel Adams, and David Attenborough.

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The Academy of Natural Sciences

Oldest in the Americas

Established in 1812, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University stands as the oldest natural science research institution and museum in the Western Hemisphere. Its founding mission was the "encouragement and cultivation of the sciences," a commitment that continues to drive its extensive research and public outreach endeavors.

Vast Collections

The Academy houses an unparalleled collection of over 17 million natural history specimens. These collections are crucial for scientific research, providing invaluable data for understanding biodiversity, evolution, and environmental change across geological time and geographical scope.

Affiliation with Drexel

Since 2011, the Academy has been formally affiliated with Drexel University. This strategic partnership enhances research capabilities, educational opportunities, and the dissemination of scientific knowledge, integrating the Academy's legacy with a leading modern university.

A Legacy of Discovery

Founding Principles

In the early 19th century, Philadelphia was a hub of intellectual activity. A group of naturalists, inspired by European scientific societies and eager to establish American scientific credibility, founded the Academy. Their aim was to foster a community for naturalists and advance the study of the natural world.

Evolution and Growth

The Academy quickly became a center for natural sciences in the U.S., sponsoring expeditions and publishing seminal works. Its collections grew significantly through donations and acquisitions, including important collections from institutions like the American Philosophical Society. The move to its current Parkway location in 1876 facilitated greater public access.

1812: Founded by leading naturalists in Philadelphia.
1817: First volume of the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences published.
1818: Incorporated by the Pennsylvania legislature.
1868: Debut of the first mounted dinosaur skeleton (Hadrosaurus), boosting public popularity.
1876: Relocated to its current building on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway.
2011: Affiliated with Drexel University, renamed Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University.

Influential Members

Throughout its history, the Academy has been associated with pioneering scientists and naturalists who significantly contributed to various fields. These individuals shaped the course of American science and expanded the global understanding of the natural world.

Early Pioneers: William Bartram, Thomas Say, Titian Peale, Richard Harlan, Alexander Wilson.
19th Century Leaders: Joseph Leidy, Edward Drinker Cope, Samuel George Morton, Ferdinand V. Hayden.
International Correspondents: Charles Darwin, Asa Gray, Thomas Henry Huxley, Georges Cuvier.
20th Century Scientists: James Bond, Ruth Patrick, Henry Pilsbry, Witmer Stone.

Treasures of Biodiversity

Botany

Home to the Philadelphia Herbarium (PH), the oldest herbarium in the New World, containing approximately 1.5 million specimens of vascular plants, fungi, lichens, and algae. Notable collections include specimens from the voyages of Captain Cook and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Diatoms

The Academy houses the largest Diatom Herbarium in the Americas and second largest globally, with around 220,000 slides. This collection is vital for environmental research and paleolimnology.

Entomology

With over 3.5 million specimens, the entomology collection is one of the oldest and most significant in the U.S., including the Titian Peale Moth and Butterfly Collection. It supports research on insect biodiversity and taxonomy.

Ichthyology

One of the most important fish collections in the U.S., containing nearly 1.2 million specimens. It supports research on fish taxonomy, evolution, and the ecology of aquatic systems, notably hosting the All Catfish Species Inventory.

Malacology

The oldest malacology collection in the U.S. and third largest worldwide, with over 10 million specimens. It is a critical resource for the study of mollusks, supporting research on marine and freshwater biodiversity.

Ornithology

Housing nearly 200,000 specimens representing over 9,000 species, this collection is among the largest and most complete bird collections globally. It supports ongoing research and is associated with the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club.

Vertebrate Paleontology

Containing over 22,000 specimens, this collection is foundational to American vertebrate paleontology. It includes significant holdings from early researchers like Joseph Leidy and Edward Drinker Cope, and specimens related to the discovery of Tiktaalik roseae.

Pioneering Environmental Science

Patrick Center for Environmental Research

Founded in 1947 by Ruth Patrick, this center pioneered applied ecology and interdisciplinary environmental research. It focuses on freshwater systems, biodiversity as a measure of water quality, and environmental consulting.

Diatom Autecology & Paleolimnology: Using diatoms for water quality assessment and studying long-term lake trends.
Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology: Analyzing contaminants in water, sediment, and tissues.
Habitat Restoration & Watershed Management: Studying ecological impacts and restoration strategies.
Fisheries Ecology: Researching fish populations, conservation, and impacts of environmental changes.
Macroinvertebrate Bioassessment: Utilizing aquatic insects and other invertebrates for biological monitoring.
Biogeochemistry: Investigating nutrient cycling and contaminant transport in aquatic systems.
Ecological Modeling: Applying mathematical models to environmental questions.

Molecular Systematics & Ecology

This laboratory facility enhances research using molecular biology techniques for studying biodiversity, evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), and conservation genetics. It provides access to advanced technologies and training for researchers.

Global Research Initiatives

The Academy engages in significant international research, notably the long-term ecological studies at Lake Hovsgol in Mongolia. This work focuses on biodiversity, limnology, climate change impacts, and sustainable development practices in collaboration with international partners.

Engaging the Public

Dinosaur Hall

Featuring the world's first mounted dinosaur skeleton, Hadrosaurus, the Dinosaur Hall remains a centerpiece exhibit, showcasing fossil discoveries and the evolution of paleontological understanding.

Dioramas

The Academy preserves 37 iconic dioramas, created primarily in the 1930s and 40s. These immersive displays depict diverse wildlife and landscapes, offering a glimpse into natural history and the evolution of museum exhibition techniques.

Special Exhibitions

The Academy regularly hosts temporary exhibitions covering a wide range of natural science topics, from deep-sea exploration and ancient predators to avian biology and the intricacies of animal adaptations, providing fresh perspectives for visitors.

Inspiring Future Scientists

School Programs

The Academy offers field trips and outreach programs, including "Academy on the Go," providing hands-on learning experiences and specimen exploration for students from pre-K through high school.

Women in Natural Sciences (WINS)

A long-standing collaboration with the School District of Philadelphia, WINS provides female public school students with science enrichment, skill-building, and personal growth opportunities in a supportive environment.

Public Events

Annual festivals like Paleopalooza, Earth Day Festival, and Bug Fest engage the public with scientific disciplines through interactive activities, expert talks, and showcases of research collections.

Recognition and Support

Prestigious Honors

The Academy bestows several distinguished awards recognizing significant contributions to science and the public understanding of natural history.

Hayden Memorial Geological Award: Honors prominent geologists and paleontologists.
Gold Medal for Distinction in Natural History Art: Recognizes artists who enhance appreciation of the natural world. Past recipients include Roger Tory Peterson and Ansel Adams.
Richard Hopper Day Memorial Medal: Awarded for outstanding contributions in interpreting natural sciences to the public. Recipients include David Attenborough and Sylvia Earle.
Joseph Leidy Award: Honors research in the natural sciences.

Research Fellowships

Various endowments and fellowships support graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and artists pursuing research related to the Academy's collections and scientific mission. These include the Böhke Memorial Endowment, Gallagher Fellowship, Jessup and McHenry Awards, and the Eckelberry Endowment.

Disseminating Knowledge

Historical Journals

The Academy's publishing legacy includes the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences (first peer-reviewed U.S. natural science publication) and the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, continuously published since 1841.

Specialized Series

Beyond its main journals, the Academy publishes Notulae Naturae (for short scientific items), Monographs (for systematic reviews), and Special Publications (covering diverse topics like biography and history), ensuring comprehensive dissemination of scientific findings.

VIREO Image Resource

VIREO (Visual Resources for Ornithology) is the world's most comprehensive collection of bird images, containing over 180,000 photographs representing thousands of species, licensed for various uses.

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References

The Sediment Core work in the Delaware Estuary is being conducted in collaboration with the University of Delaware.

Hovsgol National Park, which includes the lake and its entire watershed, was created in 1992. Improvements took the form of improving park management, improving physical facilities, staff training and developing park-community relationships.

Long-term ecological work at Hovsgol has been supported by the Global Environmental Facility from 2002-2006.

The volumes of the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences published from 1817 to 1842 are referred to as the First Series. The Second Series was published from 1847 to 1918.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University Wikipedia page

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The Academy of Natural Sciences 🏛️

🌍 Oldest in the Americas

📚 Vast Collections

🤝 Affiliation with Drexel

A Legacy of Discovery 📜

🌱 Founding Principles

➡️ Evolution and Growth

⭐ Influential Members

Treasures of Biodiversity 🌳

🌿 Botany

🔬 Diatoms

🦋 Entomology

🐟 Ichthyology

🐚 Malacology

🐦 Ornithology

🦖 Vertebrate Paleontology

Pioneering Environmental Science 💡

💧 Patrick Center for Environmental Research

🧬 Molecular Systematics & Ecology

🌏 Global Research Initiatives

Engaging the Public 🖼️

🦖 Dinosaur Hall

🏞️ Dioramas

🔍 Special Exhibitions

Inspiring Future Scientists 🧑‍🏫

🎒 School Programs

👩‍🔬 Women in Natural Sciences (WINS)

🎉 Public Events

Recognition and Support 🏆

🏅 Prestigious Honors

💰 Research Fellowships

Disseminating Knowledge 📚

📰 Historical Journals

📖 Specialized Series

📸 VIREO Image Resource

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Academy of Natural Sciences

Oldest in the Americas

Vast Collections

Affiliation with Drexel

A Legacy of Discovery

Founding Principles

Evolution and Growth

Influential Members

Treasures of Biodiversity

Botany

Diatoms

Entomology

Ichthyology

Malacology

Ornithology

Vertebrate Paleontology

Pioneering Environmental Science

Patrick Center for Environmental Research

Molecular Systematics & Ecology

Global Research Initiatives

Engaging the Public

Dinosaur Hall

Dioramas

Special Exhibitions

Inspiring Future Scientists

School Programs

Women in Natural Sciences (WINS)

Public Events

Recognition and Support

Prestigious Honors

Research Fellowships

Disseminating Knowledge

Historical Journals

Specialized Series

VIREO Image Resource

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice