What is the primary theological and ecclesiological definition of an apostle in Christianity?

In Christian theology and ecclesiology, apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles, are defined as the primary disciples of Jesus. They served as his closest followers during his ministry and became the main teachers of the gospel message after his resurrection.

Besides the Twelve Apostles, what other group of apostles is mentioned in Eastern Christian tradition?

According to an Eastern Christian tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke, there were seventy apostles during the time of Jesus' ministry. These are often referred to as the "Seventy Apostles" in Eastern Christian traditions.

What was the initial mission Jesus gave to the Twelve Apostles when he sent them out in pairs?

When Jesus first sent out the Twelve Apostles in pairs, his instructions were to preach the gospel, heal the sick, and drive out demons. They were also told to take nothing for their journey except a staff, and to shake the dust off their feet if a town rejected them.

How did the term 'apostle' originate, and what is its etymological meaning?

The term 'apostle' comes from the Greek word 'apóstolos', formed from 'apó-' (meaning 'from') and 'stéllō' (meaning 'I send'). It originally signified a 'messenger' or 'envoy', carrying a stronger sense of a 'delegate' than a mere messenger.

What was the significance of the apostles in the foundation of the Church, according to the New Testament?

The New Testament emphasizes the foundational role of the apostles in the Church. Paul described the household of God as being built upon the foundation of apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the cornerstone.

Which Gospel records Jesus appointing the Twelve Apostles, and what authority did he give them?

The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles is recorded in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke). Jesus gave them authority over unclean spirits to cast them out, and to cure every disease and every sickness.

According to the Gospel of John, who were the first two disciples to follow Jesus, and what title is Andrew given?

The Gospel of John suggests that Andrew, a former disciple of John the Baptist, and another unnamed disciple were the first to follow Jesus after hearing John the Baptist identify Jesus as the "Lamb of God". The Eastern Orthodox Church honors Andrew with the title 'Protokletos', meaning 'the first called'.

What is noted about the immediate consent of the disciples when Jesus called them to follow him?

The Gospels describe the disciples immediately consenting and abandoning their previous activities, such as fishing and repairing nets, to follow Jesus. This immediate obedience is sometimes viewed as an example of divine power, though the text itself doesn't explicitly state this as the reason.

How is Matthew (also known as Levi) depicted in his calling by Jesus?

Matthew, also referred to as Levi in the Gospels of Mark and Luke, was a tax collector. Jesus called him from his tax booth, and Matthew immediately accepted, subsequently hosting a meal for Jesus with his associates. Jesus's interaction with him highlighted his mission to call sinners.

What did Jesus say in response to the Pharisees questioning why he ate with tax collectors and sinners?

When questioned by the Pharisees about eating with tax collectors and sinners, Jesus replied, "It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance."

What is the main difference noted between the lists of apostles in Matthew/Mark and the Gospel of Luke?

The primary difference in the lists of the Twelve Apostles is found in the Gospel of Luke, which names 'Judas, the son of James' instead of 'Thaddaeus', as listed in Matthew and Mark. The Gospel of John does not provide a formal list.

What are the consistent elements found in all the Gospel listings of the Twelve Apostles?

Despite minor variations in names, all listings of the Twelve Apostles in the Gospels maintain consistent groupings. Peter is always listed first, Philip is always fifth, James son of Alphaeus is always ninth, and Judas Iscariot is consistently listed last.

Which pairs of brothers are identified among the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament?

The New Testament identifies two pairs of brothers among the Twelve Apostles: Peter and Andrew, who were the sons of Jonah; and James and John, the sons of Zebedee.

According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, who else might have been brothers among the Twelve Apostles?

According to the tradition of the Eastern Orthodox Church, James, the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus are considered brothers, as their father is named Alphaeus in the Gospels.

Which three apostles formed an informal triumvirate among the Twelve, and on what occasions were they specifically present with Jesus?

Peter, James son of Zebedee, and John formed an informal triumvirate among the Twelve Apostles. They were the only apostles present on three notable occasions: the Raising of Jairus' daughter, the Transfiguration, and the Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane.

Who were recognized as the three 'Pillars of the Church' in the Early Christian Church, and who is identified with one of them?

Peter, John, and James, the brother of Jesus, were recognized as the three 'Pillars of the Church' in the Early Christian Church. According to Catholic tradition, based on the writings of Papias of Hierapolis, this James is identified with the apostle James, son of Alphaeus.

What event led to the need for replacing Judas Iscariot among the apostles?

Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus and subsequently died (either by suicide or falling headlong, according to different accounts). This left the group of apostles numbering eleven, necessitating a replacement to maintain their full number.

How did the remaining eleven apostles choose Matthias to replace Judas Iscariot?

After Judas Iscariot's death and before the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, the remaining eleven apostles elected Matthias as the twelfth apostle. They did this by casting lots, a method traditionally used in Israel to determine God's will, as recorded in the Book of Acts.

How did Paul the Apostle claim his apostolic authority, and how did he differ from the original Twelve?

Paul, though not one of the original Twelve, claimed a special commission from the resurrected Jesus himself during his conversion on the road to Damascus. He identified himself as the 'apostle of the Gentiles' and often defended his apostolic authority, stating he received his gospel directly from Jesus, not from human teachings.

Besides the Twelve, who else is mentioned in the New Testament as being 'of note among the apostles'?

In Romans 16:7, Paul mentions Andronicus and Junia as being 'of note among the apostles'. There is scholarly debate on whether Junia refers to a woman apostle or a man named Junias, with different Bible translations reflecting these interpretations.

What is the distinction between how Western and Eastern Christianity refer to the seventy disciples mentioned in Luke?

In Western Christianity, the seventy disciples mentioned in the Gospel of Luke are typically referred to as 'disciples'. However, in Eastern Christianity, they are commonly called 'apostles', reflecting a broader understanding of the term 'apostle' as one sent on a mission.

What is the traditional Christian belief regarding the deaths of the Twelve Apostles, with one notable exception?

Christian tradition generally holds that all of the Twelve Apostles, except for John, were martyred. John is believed to have survived them all, living to an old age and dying of natural causes sometime after AD 98.

Which apostle's death is described in the New Testament, and what are the differing accounts of Judas Iscariot's death?

The death of James, the brother of John and son of Zebedee, is the only death of one of the Twelve described in the New Testament (around AD 44). The New Testament offers two accounts of Judas Iscariot's death: Matthew states he threw the silver in the Temple and hanged himself, while Acts says he bought a field and fell headlong, bursting open.

What did historian Edward Gibbon note about early Christian beliefs regarding the martyrdom of apostles?

The 18th-century historian Edward Gibbon noted that early Christians, specifically in the second and third centuries, believed that only Peter, Paul, and James, son of Zebedee, were martyred. He suggested that claims of martyrdom for the other apostles were based on later legends rather than historical or biblical evidence.

Where are the relics or burial sites claimed for the apostles Andrew, Bartholomew, and James the Great?

Relics or burial sites for Andrew are claimed at the Cathedral of Saint Andrew in Patras, Greece. Bartholomew's relics are claimed by the Basilica of Benevento or the Basilica of St. Bartholomew in Rome, Italy. James the Great is traditionally buried in the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Spain.

What is the traditional belief about the burial site of John the Apostle, and why is it considered unique?

There are no relics claimed for John the Apostle. When his tomb in the Basilica of St. John in Ephesus was opened during Constantine the Great's reign, no bones were found. This led to the belief that his body was assumed into heaven.

What is the significance of 'apostolic sees' in the context of early Christianity?

By the 2nd century AD, churches believed to have been founded by one of the apostles were highly esteemed as evidence of authority and were known as 'apostolic sees'. This association lent significant weight to their teachings and traditions.

How did bishops claim authority in relation to the apostles in early Christianity?

Early bishops traced their lines of succession back to individual apostles, who were believed to have established churches across various territories after dispersing from Jerusalem. This claim of authority through 'apostolic succession' was a key element of church structure.

Who are the 'Apostolic Fathers', and how are they connected to the apostles?

The 'Apostolic Fathers' are early Church Fathers whose lives and teachings were closely associated with the apostles. For example, Pope Clement I is linked to St. Peter, and their writings were considered to carry the authority and tradition passed down directly from the apostles.

What is the 'Apostles' Creed', and what is its alleged origin?

The Apostles' Creed is a widely recognized statement of Christian belief, particularly popular in the West. It is alleged to have been composed by the apostles themselves, serving as a foundational summary of their core teachings.

What role did Paul the Apostle play in the early Christian Church, particularly concerning his mission?

Paul the Apostle, commissioned by the resurrected Jesus, undertook the role of an apostle primarily to the Gentiles. He established churches throughout the Levant and his epistles became accepted scripture, significantly shaping early Christian theology and practice.

What does the New Testament say about the composition of the Twelve Apostles in terms of gender and ethnicity?

All four listings of the apostles in the New Testament indicate that they were all men. Christian tradition further holds that they were all Jews.

What is the meaning of the name 'Boanerges' given by Jesus to James and John?

Jesus gave the name 'Boanerges' to James and John, the sons of Zebedee. This name is interpreted to mean 'Sons of Thunder', suggesting a powerful or zealous nature attributed to them.

What is the traditional belief regarding the burial sites of Jude Thaddaeus and Simon the Zealot?

According to tradition, Jude Thaddaeus and Simon the Zealot are buried together in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, under the altar of St. Joseph. Relics are also claimed by Reims Cathedral and Toulouse Cathedral in France.

Where are the claimed relics or burial sites for Matthew, Matthias, and Thomas?

The relics of Matthew are claimed to be in Salerno Cathedral, Italy. Matthias is traditionally buried in St. Matthias' Abbey in Trier, Germany. Thomas' relics are claimed by the San Thome Basilica in Chennai, India, or the Basilica of St. Thomas the Apostle in Ortona, Italy.

What is the significance of the 'Great Commission' given by the resurrected Jesus?

The Great Commission refers to Jesus sending out his eleven apostles after his resurrection to spread his teachings to all nations, regardless of whether they were Jew or Gentile. This directive formed a core part of their mission.

How did Paul the Apostle view his own status relative to the original Twelve Apostles?

Paul considered himself perhaps inferior to the original Twelve Apostles because he had previously persecuted Christ's followers. However, he also asserted that he was not in the least inferior to the 'super-apostles' and did not lack in knowledge.

What agreement did James, Peter, and John reportedly reach with Paul regarding their respective missions?

According to Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, James, Peter, and John recognized the grace given to Paul and agreed that Paul and Barnabas should focus their mission on the Gentiles (those not circumcised), while they would minister to the circumcised.

What is the traditional belief about the death of John the Apostle?

Christian tradition generally believes that John the Apostle was the only one of the Twelve not to be martyred. He is believed to have lived to old age and died of natural causes at Ephesus sometime after AD 98, during the reign of Emperor Trajan.

What is the meaning of 'apostolic see'?

An 'apostolic see' is a designation for a church believed to have been founded by one of the original apostles. This association was highly valued in early Christianity as a mark of authority and continuity with the apostolic tradition.

What texts were attributed to the apostles in early Christianity?

Various Christian texts were attributed to the apostles in early Christianity, including the Didache and the Apostolic Constitutions. These writings were seen as carrying the teachings and authority passed down from the apostles themselves.

What is the significance of Paul being called the 'apostle of the Gentiles'?

Paul being called the 'apostle of the Gentiles' signifies his specific commission and primary role in spreading the Christian gospel to non-Jewish people. This mission was recognized and affirmed by other key apostles like James, Peter, and John.

What does the term 'apostle' mean in its broader, expanded sense within Christianity?

In an expanded sense, the term 'apostle' could refer to anyone who had received a mission from God or Christ to man. This broader definition extended beyond the original Twelve to include individuals like Paul and Barnabas.

What is the traditional belief about the burial sites of Peter and Paul?

Peter is traditionally believed to be buried in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome. Paul's relics are also claimed to be in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, with his skull located in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran alongside that of St. Peter.

What is the significance of the 'Pillars of the Church'?

The 'Pillars of the Church' refers to a group of leading figures in the early Christian Church, identified as Peter, John, and James (the brother of Jesus). Their prominent role signified their importance in establishing and guiding the early Christian community.

What is the meaning of 'Protokletos' as applied to Andrew?

'Protokletos' is a title given to Andrew the Apostle by the Eastern Orthodox Church, meaning 'the first called'. This designation reflects the belief that Andrew was among the very first disciples to follow Jesus.

What was the purpose of Jesus sending the twelve apostles out in pairs?

Jesus sent the twelve apostles out in pairs to minister to specific towns in Galilee. This pairing likely provided mutual support and allowed for a wider reach in their mission to preach, heal, and cast out demons.

What is the traditional view on the relationship between James, son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus?

According to Catholic tradition, based on the writings of Papias of Hierapolis, James son of Alphaeus and Thaddaeus were brothers. This is inferred from their shared father, Alphaeus, who is also sometimes identified with Clopas.

What does the phrase 'built upon the foundation of apostles and prophets' signify?

This phrase, used by Paul, signifies that the apostles and prophets formed the fundamental basis upon which the Church was built. It highlights their crucial role in establishing the early Christian community and its doctrines, with Jesus Christ as the ultimate cornerstone.

What is the significance of the 'casting of lots' in the selection of Matthias?

The casting of lots was a traditional Israelite method used to discern God's will. The apostles used this method to select Matthias to replace Judas Iscariot, ensuring the continuity of the Twelve Apostles as witnesses to Jesus' resurrection.

What is the traditional belief about the burial site of Philip the Apostle?

Tradition suggests that Philip the Apostle is buried either in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Rome or in Hierapolis, modern-day Turkey. The exact location remains a subject of tradition rather than definitive historical record.

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Introduction to the Apostles

Defining the Term

In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus according to the New Testament. They served as his closest followers and became the principal teachers of the Gospel message during Jesus's life and ministry in the 1st century AD. The term itself originates from the Greek word apóstolos, meaning 'messenger' or 'envoy', signifying a delegate with a specific mission.

Broader Usage

While the term "apostle" most commonly refers to the Twelve, the New Testament also uses it in a broader sense. This includes individuals like Paul, who, though not among the original twelve, claimed a special commission from the resurrected Jesus as the "apostle of the Gentiles." Barnabas and James, the brother of Jesus, are also mentioned as apostles in this wider context.

Foundational Role

The apostles were instrumental in establishing the early Christian Church. They were commissioned by Jesus to preach the Gospel to all nations, empowered by the Holy Spirit, and their teachings formed the bedrock of Christian doctrine and practice. The period of their active ministry is often referred to as the Apostolic Age.

The Twelve: Calling and Commissioning

Initial Recruitment

The Gospels recount Jesus's initial encounters with several disciples, including Peter, Andrew, James, and John, who were fishermen. Their immediate response to Jesus's call—abandoning their nets and livelihoods—is often highlighted as a testament to their devotion and the divine power of Jesus's invitation. Andrew, in particular, is honored by the Eastern Orthodox Church as Protokletos, meaning "the first called."

The Great Commission

After his resurrection, Jesus commissioned the Twelve (minus Judas Iscariot, who had died) to spread his teachings globally. This "Great Commission" instructed them to go forth, preach the Gospel, heal the sick, and drive out demons, signifying their authority and the universal scope of their mission.

Appointed Authority

Jesus formally appointed twelve specific disciples, whom he also named apostles, to be with him and to be sent out. This selection established a core group tasked with proclaiming the message and wielding authority over spiritual forces. Their foundational role is emphasized in scripture, where the church is described as being "built upon the foundation of apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone."

The Canonical Lists of the Twelve

Gospel Accounts

The New Testament provides several lists of the Twelve Apostles, primarily in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke) and the Book of Acts. While generally consistent, minor variations exist, particularly in the naming of Thaddaeus versus Judas son of James. These lists often group the apostles into specific sets, with certain individuals consistently appearing together.

The following table summarizes the names of the Twelve Apostles as presented in the canonical Gospels and Acts:

Gospel of Matthew^[35]	Gospel of Mark^[24]	Gospel of Luke^[36]	Gospel of John	Acts of the Apostles^[37]
Simon (Peter)	Simon (Peter)	Simon (Peter)	Simon Peter / Cephas	Peter
Andrew (Peter's brother)	Andrew	Andrew (Peter's brother)	Andrew (Simon Peter's brother)	Andrew
James (son of Zebedee)	James (son of Zebedee)	James	Son of Zebedee	James
John (James's brother)	John (brother of James)	John	Son of Zebedee / Disciple loved by Jesus	John
Philip	Philip	Philip	Philip	Philip
Bartholomew	Bartholomew	Bartholomew	Nathanael	Bartholomew
Thomas	Thomas	Thomas	Thomas (Didymus)	Thomas
Matthew (the tax collector)	Matthew / Levi	Matthew / Levi	Not mentioned	Matthew
James (son of Alphaeus)	James (son of Alphaeus)	James (son of Alphaeus)	Not mentioned	James (son of Alphaeus)
Thaddaeus (or Lebbaeus)	Thaddaeus	Judas (son of James)	Judas (not Iscariot)	Judas (son of James)
Simon the Cananaean	Simon the Cananaean	Simon (the Zealot)	Not mentioned	Simon (the Zealot)
Judas Iscariot	Judas Iscariot	Judas Iscariot	Judas (son of Simon Iscariot)	(Replaced by Matthias)

The Inner Circle

The Triumvirate

Within the Twelve, Peter, James son of Zebedee, and John formed a distinct inner circle. They were privileged to witness key events such as the raising of Jairus' daughter, the Transfiguration, and the Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, underscoring their unique closeness to Jesus.

Pillars of the Church

Later, Peter, John, and James (identified by some traditions as James, the brother of Jesus) were recognized as the primary "Pillars of the Church." This leadership role is evident in their involvement in crucial decisions, such as the Council of Jerusalem and their mission to Samaria.

Shared Responsibilities

Peter and John, specifically, were entrusted with preparing for the Last Supper and were sent together to minister to the newly converted in Samaria. Their unique bond and shared experiences highlight their central importance in the nascent Christian community.

Beyond the Twelve: Other Apostles

Paul, Apostle of Gentiles

Paul the Apostle, though not one of the original Twelve, claimed a direct commission from the resurrected Jesus. He identified himself as the "apostle of the Gentiles" and played a pivotal role in spreading Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. His writings, the Pauline epistles, form a significant portion of the New Testament canon.

Barnabas and James

Barnabas is also referred to as an apostle, often mentioned alongside Paul in their missionary journeys. James, the brother of Jesus, is recognized as a significant leader in the early Jerusalem church and is listed among those considered "pillars" of the faith.

Andronicus and Junia

The Apostle Paul mentions Andronicus and Junia in Romans 16:7, stating they were "of note among the apostles." This reference has led to scholarly discussion regarding the possibility of female apostles in the early church, with interpretations varying on whether Junia refers to a woman or a man.

The Seventy Disciples

Luke's Account

The Gospel of Luke mentions a group of seventy (or seventy-two) disciples whom Jesus appointed and sent out in pairs on a specific mission. While Western Christianity typically refers to them as disciples, Eastern Christian traditions often call them "Seventy Apostles," recognizing their missionary role.

Mission and Purpose

Similar to the Twelve, these seventy disciples were tasked with proclaiming Jesus's message and performing spiritual works. Their appointment highlights Jesus's broader outreach and the expansion of his ministry beyond the immediate circle of the Twelve.

Enduring Legacy and Traditions

Martyrdom and Burial

Christian tradition generally holds that all of the Twelve Apostles, except John, were martyred. John is believed to have lived to old age and died naturally. Historical evidence for the martyrdom and specific burial sites of most apostles is largely based on tradition rather than direct biblical or contemporary historical accounts, with only James son of Zebedee's death being described in the New Testament.

Apostolic Sees and Succession

By the 2nd century AD, churches founded by apostles were considered authoritative, known as apostolic sees. The concept of apostolic succession, where bishops trace their authority back to the apostles, became a cornerstone of church hierarchy and doctrine. Texts like the Didache and the Apostolic Constitutions were attributed to the apostles, further solidifying their foundational status.

The Apostles' Creed

The Apostles' Creed, a foundational statement of Christian belief, is traditionally attributed to the apostles themselves. Its enduring influence reflects the profound and lasting impact of their witness and teachings on the development of Christian theology and practice.

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References

For more information, see Jude the Apostle.

Romans 1:1

Romans 11:13

Ephesians 2:19â20

Matthew 4:18â22

Mark 1:16â20

Luke 5:1â11

John 1:35â51

John 1:40â42

Matthew 4:21

Mark 2:17.

Matthew 10:1â4

Mark 3:13â19

Luke 6:12â16

John 6:67â71

Matt 10:1â4

Luke 6:12â16

Acts 1:13

John 6:67â71

John 1:42

John 14:22

Mark 5:37

Matthew 17:1

Matthew 26:37

Galatians 2:9

Lk 22:8

Acts 8:14

Jn 18:15â16

Jn 20:1â10

Acts 14:14

Rom 16:7

Luke 10:1â24

Romans 11:13

Acts 13:2

1 Cor. 15:9

2 Cor. 11:5â6

Rom 11:13

Gal 2:7â9

A full list of references for this article are available at the Apostles in the New Testament Wikipedia page

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This document was generated by an AI and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content is synthesized from publicly available data and aims to provide a comprehensive overview based on scholarly understanding.

This is not theological or historical advice. The information presented should not substitute consultation with qualified theologians, historians, or biblical scholars. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, interpretations and traditions can vary. Always consult primary sources and expert analyses for deeper understanding.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Apostolic Vanguard

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction to the Apostles 🕊️

🗣️ Defining the Term

🌍 Broader Usage

📜 Foundational Role

The Twelve: Calling and Commissioning 🤝

🎣 Initial Recruitment

📣 The Great Commission

🏛️ Appointed Authority

The Canonical Lists of the Twelve 📋

📖 Gospel Accounts

The Inner Circle ⭐

👑 The Triumvirate

🏛️ Pillars of the Church

🤝 Shared Responsibilities

Beyond the Twelve: Other Apostles ➕

✉️ Paul, Apostle of Gentiles

🤝 Barnabas and James

❓ Andronicus and Junia

The Seventy Disciples 👥

📜 Luke's Account

mission Mission and Purpose

Enduring Legacy and Traditions ⏳

✝️ Martyrdom and Burial

🏛️ Apostolic Sees and Succession

📜 The Apostles' Creed

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction to the Apostles

Defining the Term

Broader Usage

Foundational Role

The Twelve: Calling and Commissioning

Initial Recruitment

The Great Commission

Appointed Authority

The Canonical Lists of the Twelve

Gospel Accounts

The Inner Circle

The Triumvirate

Pillars of the Church

Shared Responsibilities

Beyond the Twelve: Other Apostles

Paul, Apostle of Gentiles

Barnabas and James

Andronicus and Junia

The Seventy Disciples

Luke's Account

Mission and Purpose

Enduring Legacy and Traditions

Martyrdom and Burial

Apostolic Sees and Succession

The Apostles' Creed

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice