What is the fundamental definition of a ballistic missile?

A ballistic missile is a type of missile characterized by its powered flight phase, which is relatively brief, followed by a much longer unpowered flight along a ballistic trajectory. This trajectory is primarily governed by gravity and atmospheric resistance after the initial propulsion ends. Shorter-range ballistic missiles typically remain within Earth's atmosphere, while longer-range ones, like Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), travel outside the atmosphere.

How does a ballistic missile differ from a cruise missile?

Ballistic missiles follow a ballistic trajectory, meaning they are powered only during an initial phase and then travel unpowered through space or the upper atmosphere. In contrast, cruise missiles are aerodynamically guided and powered throughout their flight, which restricts them to flying within the Earth's atmosphere.

What was the significance of the A-4, commonly known as the V-2, in the history of ballistic missiles?

The A-4, or V-2, was a pioneering modern ballistic missile developed by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s under Wernher von Braun. It achieved the first successful launch on October 3, 1942, and entered operational use on September 6, 1944, against Paris. By the end of World War II in Europe, over 3,000 V-2s had been launched. Notably, a vertically launched V-2 also became the first human-made object to reach outer space on June 20, 1944.

What event in October 2024 is described as the largest ballistic missile attack in history?

On October 1, 2024, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard launched approximately 200 missiles at Israel. This attack, covering a distance of about 1,500 kilometers and taking roughly 15 minutes to reach the target, is noted as the largest ballistic missile attack in history. Missiles believed to be Iran's Fattah-1 and Kheybar Shekan were reportedly used.

What is the typical flight path and altitude reached by intercontinental ballistic missiles?

To cover vast distances, intercontinental ballistic missiles are typically launched into a high sub-orbital spaceflight. The highest point, or apogee, reached during their unpowered free-flight can be around 4,500 kilometers (2,800 miles) above the Earth's surface.

What are the three distinct phases of a ballistic missile's flight trajectory?

The flight trajectory of a ballistic missile consists of three phases: the boost phase, the mid-course phase, and the terminal phase. Each phase requires specific systems and capabilities to transition successfully from one to the next.

What characterizes the mid-course phase of a ballistic missile's flight?

The mid-course phase is the longest part of a ballistic missile's trajectory, beginning after powered flight ceases. In this unpowered, free-flight stage, the missile, now primarily consisting of its payload (warheads, countermeasures, and possibly small maneuvering systems), reaches its highest altitude. It can travel thousands of kilometers, potentially even indefinitely for some fractional-orbital systems, at very high speeds.

What happens during the terminal or re-entry phase of a ballistic missile's flight?

The terminal phase begins when an exoatmospheric missile re-enters the Earth's atmosphere. Atmospheric drag significantly influences the missile's trajectory during this phase, which lasts until impact. Re-entry vehicles travel at extremely high velocities, typically 6 to 8 kilometers per second, and while the trajectory is initially well-defined, gravity and drag increasingly affect its path as it descends through denser atmospheric layers.

From what types of platforms can ballistic missiles be launched?

Ballistic missiles can be launched from a variety of platforms, including fixed sites, mobile ground vehicles like transporter erector launchers, aircraft, ships, and submarines. This versatility allows for different strategic deployment options.

How are ballistic missiles typically categorized based on their range?

Ballistic missiles are commonly categorized by their range using several classifications: Tactical Ballistic Missiles (TBM) have a range of less than 300 km (190 mi); Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBM) range from 300 to 1,000 km (190 to 620 mi); Medium-Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM) range from 1,000 to 3,500 km (620 to 2,170 mi); Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) range from 3,500 to 5,500 km (2,200 to 3,400 mi); and Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) have a range exceeding 5,500 km (3,400 mi).

Why are long- and medium-range ballistic missiles often designed to deliver nuclear weapons?

Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are frequently designed for nuclear payloads because their payload capacity is often too limited for conventional explosives to be as cost-effective as using them compared to conventional bomber aircraft. Nuclear warheads offer a far greater destructive yield for a given weight.

What defines a quasi-ballistic missile?

A quasi-ballistic missile is a type of short-range ballistic missile that, while largely following a ballistic trajectory, possesses the capability to perform in-flight maneuvers or make unexpected changes in direction and range. Large guided rockets with ranges comparable to SRBMs are sometimes classified in this category.

What are some examples of quasi-ballistic missiles mentioned in the text?

The text lists several quasi-ballistic missiles: India's Shaurya and Pralay; Israel's LORA; and the United States' MGM-140 ATACMS and Precision Strike Missile (PrSM).

What is the common military understanding of a 'hypersonic ballistic missile'?

While many ballistic missiles reach hypersonic speeds (Mach 5 and above) upon re-entry into the atmosphere, the term 'hypersonic ballistic missile' in military contexts typically refers to missiles that can maneuver before impact and do not follow a simple, unguided ballistic trajectory. These often involve hypersonic glide vehicles.

What role did throw-weight play in US-Soviet arms control talks?

Throw-weight was a significant criterion used in classifying different types of missiles during the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between the Soviet Union and the United States. The term became politically contentious, as critics argued that Soviet missiles with larger throw-weights allowed them to carry heavier payloads, potentially giving them an advantage over US missiles with fewer or lighter payloads.

Which missiles are noted as having the world's heaviest payloads?

The Russian SS-18 and the Chinese CSS-4 are identified as missiles with the world's heaviest payloads. As of 2017, Russia was also developing the Sarmat, a new heavy-lift, liquid-propellant ICBM.

What is a 'depressed trajectory' for a ballistic missile?

A depressed trajectory is a non-optimal, lower, and flatter flight path for a ballistic missile compared to a minimum-energy trajectory. It reduces the time between launch and impact.

What are the primary reasons for using a depressed trajectory?

The main reasons for employing a depressed trajectory are to evade anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems by minimizing the time the missile is vulnerable to interception, particularly during its boost phase. It can also be relevant in a nuclear first-strike scenario. Additionally, it has potential non-military applications for spaceplanes using air-breathing engines.

How does a 'lofted' trajectory differ from a depressed trajectory?

A lofted trajectory is the opposite of a depressed trajectory. It is often used for testing purposes, as it increases the missile's altitude and reduces its range, allowing for controlled observation of the impact point. Using a lofted trajectory also signals a lack of hostile intent during tests.

Which specific ballistic missiles have been documented as being used in combat?

The following ballistic missiles have been used in combat: Ghadr-110, LORA, MGM-140 ATACMS, OTR-21 Tochka, Qaher-1/2M, Scud, V-2, Zolfaghar, Kh-47M2 Kinzhal, and Oreshnik.

What was the role of Wernher von Braun in the development of the V-2 rocket?

Wernher von Braun directed the development of the V-2 rocket, a pioneering modern ballistic missile, for Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s.

What is the Minuteman-III MIRV launch sequence depicted in the image?

The image illustrates the Minuteman-III MIRV launch sequence, which involves: 1. Launch from the silo using the first-stage motor. 2. Ejection of the first stage and ignition of the second stage, followed by shroud ejection. 3. Ignition and separation of the third stage. 4. Termination of third-stage thrust and separation of the post-boost vehicle. 5. Maneuvering of the post-boost vehicle. 6. Deployment of re-entry vehicles (RVs) and decoys. 7. Re-entry of the armed RVs into the atmosphere. 8. Detonation of the nuclear warheads.

What is the purpose of the post-boost vehicle (PBV) in a Minuteman-III missile launch?

Following the third stage's thrust termination, the post-boost vehicle separates from the rocket. Its function is to maneuver itself into the correct position and orientation to deploy the re-entry vehicles (RVs) accurately towards their designated targets.

What types of payloads can re-entry vehicles (RVs) carry?

Re-entry vehicles can carry various payloads, including nuclear warheads and decoys. They may also deploy chaff as a countermeasure.

What is the typical speed of re-entry vehicles as they enter the Earth's atmosphere?

Re-entry vehicles enter the Earth's atmosphere at very high velocities, generally ranging from 6 to 8 kilometers per second, which translates to approximately 22,000 to 29,000 kilometers per hour (13,000 to 18,000 miles per hour) for intercontinental ranges.

What is the difference between SRBMs and ICBMs in terms of their flight path?

Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBMs) typically remain within the Earth's atmosphere throughout their flight. In contrast, Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), due to their much longer ranges, travel outside the atmosphere for most of their trajectory before re-entering.

What does the diagram of the Minuteman-III ICBM illustrate?

The diagram provides a side view of the Minuteman-III Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, likely showing its various stages and components relevant to its flight and payload deployment.

What is the definition of 'apogee' in the context of a missile's trajectory?

Apogee refers to the highest altitude reached by a projectile, such as a ballistic missile, during its flight path, particularly when it is outside the Earth's atmosphere.

What is the role of internal computers during a ballistic missile's boost phase?

During the boost phase, internal computers are crucial for keeping the missile aligned on its preprogrammed trajectory, ensuring it follows the intended path after launch.

What is the approximate speed range for ballistic missiles during their mid-course phase?

During the mid-course phase, after the engines have stopped firing, ballistic missiles can travel at speeds ranging from 7.5 to 10 kilometers per second, which is equivalent to approximately 4 to 5 nautical miles per second.

How does atmospheric drag affect a ballistic missile during its terminal phase?

Atmospheric drag plays a significant role during the terminal phase as the missile re-enters the denser layers of the Earth's atmosphere. This drag can influence and alter the missile's trajectory before it impacts its target.

What is the purpose of the 'Expand section' note found in the History section?

The 'Expand section' note indicates that the History section is incomplete and needs additional information. It encourages readers or editors to contribute by adding more content to it, with a specific note indicating the section was flagged for expansion in June 2025.

What is the significance of the V-2 becoming the first human-made object to reach outer space?

The V-2 rocket's achievement of reaching outer space on June 20, 1944, marked a significant milestone, demonstrating the capability of human-engineered technology to transcend the Earth's atmosphere and enter space, paving the way for future space exploration and rocketry.

What is the distinction between a ballistic missile and a cruise missile regarding aerodynamic guidance?

Ballistic missiles are not aerodynamically guided during their main flight phase, relying on a ballistic trajectory. Cruise missiles, conversely, are aerodynamically guided throughout their powered flight, which keeps them within the atmosphere and allows for more complex maneuvering.

What does the image of the Minuteman-III MIRV path illustrate?

The image illustrates the flight path and sequence of events for a Minuteman-III missile deploying Multiple Independently targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs). It visually depicts the stages from launch through boost, payload separation, and re-entry.

What is the typical range classification for an Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM)?

An Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) is classified as having a range between 3,500 and 5,500 kilometers (approximately 2,200 to 3,400 miles).

What is the definition of a Tactical Ballistic Missile (TBM)?

A Tactical Ballistic Missile (TBM) is defined as a ballistic missile with a range of less than 300 kilometers (approximately 190 miles).

What is the primary difference between a ballistic missile and a quasi-ballistic missile?

While both follow largely ballistic trajectories, quasi-ballistic missiles have the added capability to perform maneuvers or make unexpected changes in direction and range during their flight, unlike standard ballistic missiles which follow a more predictable path after the boost phase.

What does the term 'hypersonic speed' refer to in relation to missiles?

Hypersonic speed refers to speeds of Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound) and above. Many ballistic missiles reach these speeds upon re-entry, but the term 'hypersonic ballistic missile' specifically denotes those that can maneuver during this phase.

What is the purpose of a 'minimum-energy trajectory' for a ballistic missile?

A minimum-energy trajectory is an optimal flight path designed to maximize the total payload (throw-weight) that a ballistic missile can deliver using its available impulse or fuel.

In what scenarios might a depressed trajectory be strategically advantageous?

A depressed trajectory is advantageous in scenarios where minimizing flight time is critical, such as evading anti-ballistic missile systems or in a first-strike situation. By flying a lower, flatter path, the missile reduces the window of opportunity for interception.

What is the distinction between a 'depressed trajectory' and a 'lofted trajectory'?

A depressed trajectory is a lower, flatter flight path that reduces flight time but decreases payload capacity. Conversely, a lofted trajectory is a higher, arcing path often used for testing, which reduces range and allows for easier observation of the impact point.

What does the 'See also' section provide?

The 'See also' section lists related topics and concepts that may be of interest to readers seeking further information on ballistic missiles, such as MIRVs, NATO reporting names, surface-to-surface missiles, weapons of mass destruction, and lists of various types of missiles.

What is the purpose of the 'Authority control' section at the end of the article?

The 'Authority control' section provides links to various national and international library and archival catalogs (like the Library of Congress, Bibliothèque nationale de France, and Israel National Library). This helps users find authoritative information and resources related to the topic of ballistic missiles across different collections.

What is the significance of the 'Notes' and 'References' sections?

The 'Notes' section contains citations that provide the specific sources for the information presented in the article, often including footnotes or endnotes. The 'References' section lists the primary sources used in the article's creation, allowing readers to verify the information and explore the topic in greater depth.

What kind of information is typically found in the 'Further reading' section?

The 'Further reading' section suggests additional books and academic works that delve deeper into the subject of ballistic missiles. These resources can offer more comprehensive details, historical context, or specialized analyses beyond the scope of the main article.

Ballistic Missile Wiki: Ballistic Trajectories: An In-Depth Analysis of Missile Systems

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Overview

Definition

A ballistic missile is a class of missile characterized by its reliance on a ballistic trajectory for guidance. Its propulsion system operates solely during an initial powered phase, after which the remainder of its flight is governed by the principles of celestial mechanics and atmospheric drag. Short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs) typically remain within the Earth's atmospheric envelope, while most larger missiles traverse the vacuum of space. The most advanced Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) possess capabilities extending to full orbital trajectories.

Distinction from Cruise Missiles

This classification fundamentally distinguishes them from cruise missiles, which employ continuous aerodynamic guidance and powered flight within the atmosphere. Ballistic missiles are distinct in their flight path, which is largely unpowered after the initial boost phase.

Historical Development

The V-2 Rocket

A pivotal early development was the German A-4, widely known as the V-2 rocket. Developed in the 1930s and 1940s under Wernher von Braun's direction, it achieved its first successful launch on October 3, 1942. The V-2 entered operational service on September 6, 1944, against Paris, and later London. By the end of World War II in Europe, over 3,000 V-2s had been deployed. Notably, a vertically launched V-2 became the first human-made object to reach outer space on June 20, 1944.

Early ICBMs

The Soviet R-7 Semyorka holds the distinction of being the first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), marking a significant advancement in strategic missile technology.

Modern Combat Use

The largest ballistic missile attack recorded in history occurred on October 1, 2024, when the Iranian Revolutionary Guard launched approximately 200 missiles towards Israel. This attack, covering a distance of about 1,500 kilometers and lasting approximately 15 minutes, is believed to have involved Iran's Fattah-1 and Kheybar Shekan missiles, both possessing ranges around 1,400 km.

Flight Dynamics

Sub-Orbital Trajectory

To achieve intercontinental ranges, ballistic missiles are typically launched into high sub-orbital trajectories. For ICBMs, the apogee (highest altitude) can reach approximately 4,500 kilometers. The missile's flight path is segmented into three distinct phases: boost, mid-course, and terminal.

Boost Phase

This is the initial powered segment, commencing with engine ignition and concluding when powered flight ceases. It can range from seconds to several minutes and may involve multiple rocket stages. Internal guidance systems maintain the missile's programmed trajectory. Stage separation typically occurs during this phase.

Mid-Course Phase

The longest phase, beginning after powered flight ends. The missile enters free flight, reaching its highest altitude and potentially traveling through space for thousands of kilometers. The payload, including warheads and countermeasures, is carried during this stage.

Terminal Phase

This phase begins upon atmospheric re-entry (for exoatmospheric flights). High velocities, on the order of 6-8 kilometers per second, are maintained. Atmospheric drag significantly influences the trajectory as the missile descends towards its target, impacting its final landing point.

Missile Classifications

Range Categories

Ballistic missiles are categorized by their operational range, with various schemes employed globally:

Tactical Ballistic Missile (TBM): Range less than 300 km.
Short-Range Ballistic Missile (SRBM): Range from 300 to 1,000 km.
Medium-Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM): Range from 1,000 to 3,500 km.
Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM): Range from 3,500 to 5,500 km.
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM): Range greater than 5,500 km.

Payload Considerations

Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are predominantly designed for delivering nuclear weapons. The payload capacity is often insufficient for conventional explosives to be cost-effective when compared to conventional bomber aircraft capabilities.

Launch Platforms

These missiles can be launched from diverse platforms, including fixed sites, mobile launchers (such as transporter erector launchers), aircraft, ships, and submarines (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles - SLBMs).

Quasi-Ballistic Missiles

Maneuverable Trajectories

A quasi-ballistic missile represents a category of SRBM that deviates from a purely ballistic trajectory. These missiles possess the capability to execute in-flight maneuvers or alter their direction and range unpredictably, enhancing their evasive potential and targeting precision.

Notable Examples

Several systems fall under this classification:

India: Shaurya (active), Pralay (active)
Israel: LORA (active)
United States: MGM-140 ATACMS (active), Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) (active)

Large guided Multiple Launch Rocket Systems (MLRS) with ranges comparable to SRBMs are sometimes also categorized as quasi-ballistic.

Hypersonic Capabilities

Speed and Maneuverability

Many ballistic missiles achieve hypersonic speeds (Mach 5 and above) during atmospheric re-entry. However, the military designation "hypersonic ballistic missile" typically refers to systems that incorporate maneuverability before target impact, diverging from a purely ballistic flight path. These advanced systems are distinct from traditional ballistic missiles.

Payload Dynamics (Throw-Weight)

Defining Throw-Weight

Throw-weight quantifies the effective mass of a ballistic missile's payload. It encompasses the total weight of warheads, reentry vehicles, dispensing mechanisms, penetration aids, and any other components delivered, excluding the rocket stages themselves. In contemporary usage, it primarily refers to nuclear or thermonuclear payloads.

Strategic Implications

Throw-weight was a critical metric during Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between the Soviet Union and the United States, influencing debates over arms control treaties. The term became politically charged, with critics alleging disparities in Soviet versus American throw-weight capabilities.

The missiles with the world's heaviest payloads include the Russian SS-18 and Chinese CSS-4. Russia's development of the Sarmat ICBM represents a continuation of heavy-lift missile programs.

Trajectory Variations

Throw-weight is typically calculated based on an optimal ballistic trajectory. However, trajectory modifications can alter flight characteristics:

Depressed Trajectory: A lower, flatter path that reduces flight time, often employed to evade anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems or in first-strike scenarios.
Lofted Trajectory: A higher, arcing path typically used for testing, reducing range for controlled impact and signaling non-hostile intent.

Combat Deployments

Documented Engagements

The following ballistic missiles have been documented as having been used in combat operations:

Ghadr-110
LORA
MGM-140 ATACMS
OTR-21 Tochka
Qaher-1/2M
Scud
V-2
Zolfaghar
Kh-47M2 Kinzhal
Oreshnik

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References

A full list of references for this article are available at the Ballistic missile Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for academic and informational purposes only. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not encompass all nuances or the most current developments in the field of ballistic missile technology.

This is not professional advice. The information provided herein is not a substitute for expert analysis in defense strategy, engineering, or international relations. Readers are encouraged to consult official documentation and engage with subject matter experts for comprehensive understanding and application.

The creators of this page assume no liability for any errors, omissions, or actions taken based on the information presented.

Ballistic Trajectories

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Overview 🚀

🎯 Definition

↔️ Distinction from Cruise Missiles

Historical Development 📜

🇩🇪 The V-2 Rocket

🇷🇺 Early ICBMs

🇮🇷 Modern Combat Use

Flight Dynamics 📈

🌌 Sub-Orbital Trajectory

⬆️ Boost Phase

🚀 Mid-Course Phase

⬇️ Terminal Phase

Missile Classifications 🗂️

📏 Range Categories

💣 Payload Considerations

🚢 Launch Platforms

Quasi-Ballistic Missiles 〰️

🤸 Maneuverable Trajectories

🌍 Notable Examples

Hypersonic Capabilities ⚡

💨 Speed and Maneuverability

Payload Dynamics (Throw-Weight) ⚖️

🏋️ Defining Throw-Weight

⚖️ Strategic Implications

📉 Trajectory Variations

Combat Deployments ⚔️

⚔️ Documented Engagements

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📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Definition

Distinction from Cruise Missiles

Historical Development

The V-2 Rocket

Early ICBMs

Modern Combat Use

Flight Dynamics

Sub-Orbital Trajectory

Boost Phase

Mid-Course Phase

Terminal Phase

Missile Classifications

Range Categories

Payload Considerations

Launch Platforms

Quasi-Ballistic Missiles

Maneuverable Trajectories

Notable Examples

Hypersonic Capabilities

Speed and Maneuverability

Payload Dynamics (Throw-Weight)

Defining Throw-Weight

Strategic Implications

Trajectory Variations

Combat Deployments

Documented Engagements

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice