What was the Battle of Karameh and when did it occur?

The Battle of Karameh was a military engagement that took place on March 21, 1968, lasting for 15 hours. It occurred in the Jordanian border town of Karameh during the War of Attrition and involved Israeli forces against a combined force of the Jordan and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

What was the broader context of the Battle of Karameh?

The battle was part of the War of Attrition, which followed Israel's occupation of the West Bank in the Six-Day War of 1967. Palestinian fighters, known as fedayeen, had relocated to Jordan and intensified their attacks on Israel and the occupied territories, using Karameh as a base.

What were Israel's stated objectives for launching the attack on Karameh?

Israel's objectives were to destroy the fedayeen camps located in Karameh, capture the PLO leader Yasser Arafat, and to punish Jordan for its perceived support of the fedayeen operations against Israel.

Which forces were involved in the Battle of Karameh?

The battle involved the Israeli Defense Forces on one side, and on the other, the combined forces of the Jordanian Army and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which included Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA).

What was the estimated strength of the Israeli forces participating in the battle?

The Israeli forces comprised approximately 15,000 personnel. They were supported by 47 tanks and included one armored brigade, one infantry brigade, one paratroop battalion, one engineering battalion, and five artillery battalions.

What were the estimated strengths of the Jordanian and PLO forces at Karameh?

The Jordanian forces included their 2nd Armored Division, with 10 artillery batteries, 4 brigades, and 1 Patton tank battalion. They were supported by approximately 900 to 1,000 PLO fighters, primarily from Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Army.

Who were some of the key commanders and leaders on the Israeli side during the battle?

Key Israeli figures mentioned include Prime Minister Levi Eshkol, Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, Chief of Staff Haim Bar-Lev, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Shmuel Gonen, Danny Matt, and Rafael Eitan.

Who were some of the key commanders and leaders on the Jordanian and PLO sides?

On the Jordanian and PLO side, key figures included King Hussein of Jordan, Amer Khammash, Mashour Haditha, Asad Ghanma, Yasser Arafat, Abu Iyad, Abu Jihad, and Abu Ali Iyad.

How did Israel plan to execute the attack on Karameh?

Israel planned a pincer movement, with forces crossing the Allenby and Damia bridges to converge on Karameh. Paratroopers were to be airlifted into the town, while a diversionary attack was planned at the King Abdullah Bridge to draw Jordanian forces away.

What was the Israeli Air Force's role prior to the ground assault?

Prior to the ground assault, the Israeli Air Force dropped leaflets addressed to the Jordanian army, informing them that Israel had no intention of harming them and urging them not to intervene in the battle.

How did the Jordanian Army respond to the Israeli attack, contrary to Israeli expectations?

Contrary to Israel's assumption that the Jordanian Army would remain uninvolved, the Jordanian forces deployed heavy artillery fire and engaged the Israeli forces with infantry, armor, and anti-tank weapons, providing significant resistance.

What tactics did the Palestinian fighters employ during the battle?

The Palestinian fighters, or fedayeen, engaged in guerrilla warfare, fighting from entrenched positions within the town and utilizing the urban environment for defense against the Israeli assault.

What happened to the PLO fighters and Yasser Arafat during the Israeli advance into Karameh?

As Israeli forces entered Karameh, many Palestinian fighters, including Yasser Arafat, fled eastward into the surrounding hills. The Israeli paratroopers destroyed most of the Fatah camp within the town.

What was the outcome of the battle, with both sides claiming victory?

On a tactical level, Israel succeeded in destroying much of the Karameh camp and capturing around 100 PLO fighters. However, on a political and psychological level, Jordan and the PLO inflicted significant casualties on Israel and successfully defended their positions, leading to an Israeli withdrawal.

What significant military equipment did Israel lose or damage during the battle?

Israel lost or damaged 27 tanks, with 4 left behind. They also lost two armored personnel carriers (APCs), two other vehicles, and one aircraft. A Mirage aircraft also had to make a crash landing.

How did Jordan capitalize on the Israeli losses after the battle?

Jordanian forces paraded the damaged and abandoned Israeli vehicles and tanks in Amman, displaying them publicly as a symbol of their resistance and the perceived failure of the Israeli operation.

What was the significance of the Battle of Karameh in terms of Palestinian tactics?

The battle marked the first known instance of Palestinian fighters deploying suicide bombers. This tactic would become a recurring feature in subsequent conflicts.

What was the international reaction to the Battle of Karameh, specifically from the United Nations?

The United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 248, which unanimously condemned Israel's raid into Jordanian territory and its disproportionate use of force, affirming that such retaliatory actions were unacceptable.

How did the Battle of Karameh impact Palestinian support and recruitment?

The battle was widely celebrated in the Arab world, significantly boosting the prestige and support for the fedayeen, particularly Fatah. This led to a surge in recruitment, with thousands of volunteers applying to join Fatah in the aftermath.

What was King Hussein's reaction and statement following the battle?

King Hussein allowed the Palestinians to take credit for the battle's outcome, famously proclaiming 'we are all fedayeen.' This statement symbolized his support for the Palestinian cause and the growing influence of Palestinian groups in Jordan.

What were the long-term political consequences of the battle for Jordan and the PLO?

The increased strength and open talk of overthrowing the Hashemite monarchy by the fedayeen following Karameh led to growing tensions with Jordanian authorities. These tensions eventually culminated in the expulsion of Palestinian groups from Jordan to Lebanon in 1971, marking the end of the Black September conflict.

How did the battle affect the international perception of the Palestinian cause?

The battle helped to firmly place the Palestine issue on the international agenda, shifting the perception from a humanitarian refugee problem to a legitimate claim for Palestinian statehood, largely due to the propaganda boost it provided to Fatah and Yasser Arafat.

What did Israeli military personnel and historians say about the operation's execution?

Some Israeli participants and historians later acknowledged that the operation was a mistake, particularly underestimating the Jordanian Army's response. There were also claims that politicians and generals misrepresented the battle as a success to the public, hiding the extent of the difficulties faced.

How did Jordanian and Palestinian historiography interpret the battle?

Arab historians generally viewed the battle as a significant psychological victory, shattering the perception of Israeli invincibility. They argued that Israel was overconfident after the Six-Day War and that the Jordanian resistance prevented a larger Israeli territorial grab.

What were the estimated Israeli casualties in the Battle of Karameh?

Estimates for Israeli casualties vary, with sources citing between 28 and 33 soldiers killed, and between 69 and 161 wounded.

What were the estimated Jordanian casualties in the Battle of Karameh?

Jordanian casualties are estimated to be between 40 and 84 soldiers killed, and between 108 and 250 wounded. Four Jordanian soldiers were captured by Israeli forces.

What were the estimated PLO casualties in the Battle of Karameh?

Estimates for PLO casualties range from around 100 to 200 killed, with approximately 100 to 150 wounded, and between 141 and 150 captured.

What was the fate of the Karameh camp itself after the battle?

Following the battle, Israeli forces demolished approximately 175 houses within the Karameh camp as part of their withdrawal operations.

What was Operation Asuta, and how did it relate to the Battle of Karameh?

Operation Asuta was a concurrent Israeli raid targeting smaller guerrilla bases south of the Dead Sea, near Ghor es-Safi, which was planned alongside the Karameh operation. This raid resulted in casualties for Jordanian soldiers and Fatah fighters but no Israeli casualties.

How did the battle influence the PLO's strategic positioning?

The Israeli raid exposed the vulnerability of PLO units stationed along the Jordan River. Consequently, the PLO moved their concentrations further into the mountains, which increased the logistical challenges for their operations into the West Bank.

What role did the CIA reportedly play in warning the PLO about the Israeli attack?

According to Yasser Arafat's deputy, Abu Iyad, Jordanian officers learned about the impending Israeli attack from the CIA and subsequently tipped off Arafat and his forces.

What was the Israeli assessment of the Jordanian Army's performance during the battle?

Israeli military planners were surprised by the Jordanian Army's level of resistance, including their deployment of heavy artillery and armor. They had anticipated less involvement from the Jordanian military.

How did the battle contribute to the internationalization of the Palestinian issue?

The battle provided a significant propaganda victory for Fatah, drawing international attention to the Palestinian claim for statehood. It shifted the focus from a humanitarian issue to a political one on the global stage.

What was the Israeli military's perspective on the withdrawal from Karameh?

While the official Israeli narrative portrayed the withdrawal as a coordinated success after achieving its objectives, some Israeli military personnel involved felt it was a debacle, suggesting that better intelligence or a different approach might have been needed, especially concerning the Jordanian Army's involvement.

What specific UN Security Council resolution condemned Israel's actions at Karameh?

The United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 248, which unanimously condemned the Israeli raid on Jordanian territory and the violation of the cease-fire line, highlighting the disproportionate use of force.

How did the battle affect the relationship between the PLO and the Jordanian monarchy?

The increased strength and political influence of the PLO after Karameh led to growing tensions with King Hussein's government. This friction eventually contributed to the events of Black September in 1970 and the expulsion of Palestinian groups from Jordan in 1971.

What was the Israeli school bus incident that preceded the Karameh operation?

On March 18, 1968, an Israeli school bus was destroyed by a mine near Be'er Ora in the Arava desert, resulting in the deaths of two adults and injuries to ten children. This incident was cited as the 38th Fatah operation in just over three months.

What was the Israeli cabinet's deliberation process regarding the Karameh raid?

The Israeli cabinet debated the raid, with Defense Minister Moshe Dayan seeking approval. While some ministers, like Haim-Moshe Shapira, vocally opposed it due to potential civilian casualties and negative international reactions, the operation was ultimately approved after the school bus incident.

How did the battle influence Palestinian recruitment and support from other Arab nations?

The battle served as a major morale booster and propaganda success for the Palestinian cause. Following Karameh, recruitment to Palestinian guerrilla units soared, and Arab states like Iraq and Syria offered training, while Persian Gulf states provided financial support.

What is the significance of the phrase 'we are all fedayeen' in relation to the battle?

King Hussein's statement 'we are all fedayeen' after the Battle of Karameh signified his alignment with the Palestinian struggle and his willingness to support the growing Palestinian nationalist movement within Jordan, blurring the lines between Jordanian and Palestinian identity in the context of resistance.

How did Israeli media and officials portray the Battle of Karameh in the immediate aftermath?

Despite internal acknowledgments of difficulties, Israeli politicians and generals often presented the battle to the public as a significant success, aiming to maintain morale and project strength.

What was the Israeli military's preparation for operations along the Jordan River prior to Karameh?

Israeli military files released in 2011 revealed that planning for operations like Karameh began as early as 1967. The IDF had also practiced river crossings in 1966, even before Jordan controlled the West Bank.

What was the role of the intelligence informant code-named 'Grotius' in the lead-up to the battle?

Grotius, a former Fatah member familiar with the Karameh base, was an intelligence informant for Israel. His information was likely used in the planning stages of the operation.

How did the battle contribute to the perception of Palestinian statehood claims?

Gideon Rafael, an Israeli Foreign Ministry official, noted that the battle irrevocably implanted the Palestine problem onto the international agenda, framing it not just as a humanitarian issue but as a claim to Palestinian statehood.

What was the Israeli response to the Jordanian artillery fire during the battle?

The Israeli Air Force launched airstrikes against Jordanian artillery positions, but these were only able to inflict minor damage on the entrenched Jordanian forces. Israeli artillery also engaged Jordanian defenses.

How did the battle affect the morale and self-perception of the Palestinian people?

Arabs and Palestinians generally viewed the battle as a crucial psychological victory, challenging the previously held notion of Israeli military invincibility. This boosted Palestinian morale and strengthened their resolve.

What was the Israeli military's objective regarding Yasser Arafat during the operation?

One of Israel's primary objectives for the Karameh raid was to capture Yasser Arafat, the leader of the PLO, as a reprisal for Palestinian attacks.

What was the outcome of the concurrent Operation Asuta?

Operation Asuta, conducted simultaneously against guerrilla bases near Ghor es-Safi, resulted in the deaths of about 20 Jordanian soldiers and 20 Fatah fighters, with 27 captured. The Israelis sustained no casualties during this operation.

How did the battle contribute to the narrative of Palestinian resistance?

The Battle of Karameh became a symbol of Palestinian resistance and resilience. It was widely commemorated through various forms of art, including artworks, stamps, and posters, reinforcing its significance in the Palestinian national narrative.

What was the Israeli assessment of the PLO's strength in Karameh prior to the attack?

Israel underestimated the size of the PLO presence in Karameh, discovering it was a larger base than anticipated once their forces entered the town.

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Overview

The Engagement

The Battle of Karameh, a significant military engagement, occurred on 21 March 1968. It involved Israeli forces confronting a combined contingent of Jordanian Army units and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) fighters within the Jordanian border town of Karameh. This confrontation was a key event during the War of Attrition and a pivotal moment in the broader Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Location and Context

The battle took place in Karameh, Jordan, a location strategically significant following Israel's occupation of the West Bank in the 1967 Six-Day War. Palestinian fedayeen, primarily from Fatah, established bases in Karameh, intensifying cross-border attacks into Israel and the occupied territories, prompting Israeli retaliatory actions.

Conflicting Narratives

Both Israel and the PLO/Jordan declared victory. Tactically, Israel achieved its objective of destroying the Karameh camp and capturing Palestinian fighters. However, politically and psychologically, the battle was perceived as a significant victory for the Palestinian cause, bolstering Fatah's prestige and galvanizing Arab support, despite inflicting substantial casualties on all involved parties.^[1]

Background

Post-1967 Landscape

Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the West Bank, dismantling existing Palestinian resistance networks. Subsequently, Palestinian fedayeen groups, notably Fatah, relocated their operational bases to Jordan. From these positions, they initiated a series of cross-border raids targeting Israel and the occupied territories. These actions frequently drew retaliatory responses from the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), leading to intermittent skirmishes with Jordanian military units that provided covering fire for the fedayeen.^[4]

Escalating Tensions

In February 1968, Jordanian mortar attacks struck Israeli settlements in the Jordan Valley and Beit Shean Valley. Israel responded with artillery and air strikes against Jordanian military positions and infrastructure, including the East Ghor Canal. This led to a significant displacement of Jordanian farmers and the subsequent movement of fedayeen into the affected areas. Despite an American-brokered ceasefire and King Hussein's assurances to prevent Jordan's use as an attack base, tensions persisted.^[22]

Israeli Strategic Concerns

Within Israel, there was a strategic debate regarding the necessity and potential consequences of a raid on Karameh. Military intelligence suggested such an operation could damage Fatah's standing. However, concerns were raised about potential negative international reactions, particularly from the United States, due to its strong relationship with Jordan. The Israeli cabinet debated the operation, with differing opinions on its feasibility and political implications.^[24] The attack was planned and rescheduled multiple times before final approval.

Prelude

Intelligence and Preparations

By March 1968, Jordanian intelligence detected significant Israeli military build-up near the Allenby and Damia Bridges. The Jordanian Army mobilized its 1st Infantry Division to defend these areas and Karameh, reinforcing its positions with armor, artillery, and anti-tank units. The combined Jordanian firepower included approximately 105 Patton tanks and 88 artillery pieces, strategically positioned for topological advantage.^[26]

Israeli Operational Plan

The Israeli plan involved a multi-pronged assault. Forces were to cross the Allenby and Damia Bridges to encircle Karameh, supported by paratroopers airlifted by helicopter. A diversionary attack near the King Abdullah Bridge was intended to draw Jordanian forces away from the main objective. Leaflets were dropped by the Israeli Air Force (IAF) urging the Jordanian army not to intervene, but these were largely disregarded.^[28]

Anticipated Resistance

Israel initially anticipated limited Jordanian involvement, expecting them to remain neutral. However, intelligence suggested that Palestinian fighters in Karameh had been alerted, with many withdrawing to surrounding hills while approximately 200 remained to defend the town.^[27] Reports indicated that Jordanian officers, possibly informed by the CIA, had tipped off PLO leadership, including Yasser Arafat.^[29]

The Battle

Initial Assault

At 05:30 on 21 March, Israeli forces commenced their simultaneous assault across the three bridges. Combat engineers constructed pontoon bridges, enabling armored columns to advance towards Karameh. The main Israeli thrust from the Allenby Bridge encountered entrenched Jordanian infantry, armor, and artillery units, which offered stiff resistance despite IAF air support.^[31]

Fierce Engagements

Helicopter-borne paratroopers landed north of Karameh, but faced unexpected resistance from Fatah commandos and Jordanian troops, suffering significant casualties. The Israeli advance was hampered by Jordanian artillery fire and determined defense from fortified positions. Attempts to establish additional bridges were thwarted by Jordanian shelling, halting Israeli progress on certain axes.^[32]

Control and Demolition

By 08:00, Israeli forces had gained control of Karameh, discovering it was a larger PLO base than anticipated. Intense fighting continued as Israeli troops engaged Palestinian fighters and Jordanian units. The IDF proceeded to demolish the camp and approximately 175 houses within the town.^[35] Concurrently, a separate Israeli operation targeted smaller bases south of the Dead Sea with minimal Israeli casualties.

Withdrawal

Despite achieving tactical control of Karameh, the Israelis faced considerable resistance and higher-than-anticipated casualties. The withdrawal process, complicated by efforts to recover damaged vehicles, concluded late in the evening. The battle lasted approximately 15 hours, resulting in substantial losses for all participating forces.^[8]

Aftermath

Casualties and Losses

Estimates of casualties vary across sources. Israel reported approximately 28-33 dead and 69-161 wounded, alongside significant losses in armor and aircraft.^[9]^[10] Jordan suffered an estimated 40-84 fatalities and 108-250 wounded, with losses in tanks and personnel.^[13] PLO forces sustained the highest casualties, with estimates ranging from 156 to 200 dead and over 120 captured.^[10]

Political and Psychological Impact

While Israel achieved its military objective of destroying the Karameh camp, the battle's aftermath was marked by a significant propaganda victory for the PLO and Jordan. The perceived resilience against the Israeli military, previously considered invincible, boosted Palestinian morale and dramatically increased recruitment into guerrilla organizations. King Hussein allowed the PLO to claim victory, fostering a sense of shared accomplishment.^[18]

International Reaction and Long-Term Effects

The international community, particularly the United States, condemned Israel's actions. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 248, denouncing the disproportionate use of force and violation of the ceasefire line.^[17] The battle is widely credited with establishing the Palestinian issue on the international agenda as a claim for statehood rather than merely a refugee problem.^[19] The increased strength and assertiveness of the PLO in Jordan following Karameh contributed to the tensions that eventually led to the Black September conflict in 1970.^[20]

Analysis

Israeli Historiography

Israeli accounts often emphasize the tactical success in destroying the Karameh base and achieving operational objectives. However, internal military critiques acknowledge the underestimation of Jordanian resistance and the resulting high casualties, which were initially downplayed to the public. Some analyses suggest the operation was a strategic miscalculation, highlighting the difficulty of distinguishing between Palestinian fighters and the Jordanian Army.^[5]

Jordanian and Palestinian Historiography

Arab historical perspectives often frame Karameh as a pivotal moment where Palestinian resistance demonstrated its capability and resolve against Israeli military superiority. The battle is seen as a crucial catalyst for Palestinian nationalism, transforming the movement's international profile and galvanizing popular support across the Arab world. The perceived psychological victory significantly boosted the PLO's standing and influence.^[51]

Enduring Significance

The Battle of Karameh is remembered not solely for its military outcomes but for its profound political and symbolic resonance. It marked a turning point in the perception of the conflict, elevating the Palestinian cause and contributing to the evolving dynamics between Palestinian organizations, Jordan, and Israel, ultimately shaping the trajectory of regional politics for years to come.

Sources

Referenced Materials

The information presented herein is derived from a synthesis of scholarly works and historical accounts detailing the Battle of Karameh. Key sources include analyses of military operations, political contexts, and participant testimonies.

Further Information

Related Resources

Explore additional resources for a deeper understanding of the Battle of Karameh and its historical context.

Wikimedia Commons: Battle of Karameh Media (opens in new tab)
King Hussein's Post-Battle Speech (opens in new tab)
UN Security Council Resolution 248 (1968) (opens in new tab)

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References

Zeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land, A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security and Foreign Policy, University of Michigan Press, 2006, pages 244â246

Teveth, Shabtai (1969/1970) The Cursed Blessing. The story of Israel's occupation of the West Bank. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. SBN 297 00150 7. Translated from Hebrew by Myra Bank. Page 261.

James Rothrock, Live by the sword: Israel's struggle for existence in the Holy Land, WestBow Press (2011) p.53

A.I.Dawisha, Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair, Princeton University Press, 2003 p.258

A full list of references for this article are available at the Battle of Karameh Wikipedia page

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This content has been generated by an AI model for educational purposes, synthesizing information from publicly available sources. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the provided source material, it may not encompass all nuances or perspectives. The information is presented as-is and should not be considered a substitute for professional historical or military analysis.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional historical research, military strategy consultation, or geopolitical analysis. Always consult with qualified experts for specific insights and interpretations.

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Karameh: Echoes of Conflict

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

📅 The Engagement

📍 Location and Context

⚖️ Conflicting Narratives

Background 📜

🌍 Post-1967 Landscape

⚡ Escalating Tensions

🛡️ Israeli Strategic Concerns

Prelude ⚔️

🛰️ Intelligence and Preparations

✈️ Israeli Operational Plan

👥 Anticipated Resistance

The Battle 💥

🌅 Initial Assault

🔥 Fierce Engagements

🏙️ Control and Demolition

⏳ Withdrawal

Aftermath 📊

📉 Casualties and Losses

📣 Political and Psychological Impact

🌍 International Reaction and Long-Term Effects

Analysis 🔬

🇮🇱 Israeli Historiography

🇵🇸 Jordanian and Palestinian Historiography

🤔 Enduring Significance

Sources 📚

🔗 Referenced Materials

Further Information 🔗

➡️ Related Resources

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

The Engagement

Location and Context

Conflicting Narratives

Background

Post-1967 Landscape

Escalating Tensions

Israeli Strategic Concerns

Prelude

Intelligence and Preparations

Israeli Operational Plan

Anticipated Resistance

The Battle

Initial Assault

Fierce Engagements

Control and Demolition

Withdrawal

Aftermath

Casualties and Losses

Political and Psychological Impact

International Reaction and Long-Term Effects

Analysis

Israeli Historiography

Jordanian and Palestinian Historiography

Enduring Significance

Sources

Referenced Materials

Further Information

Related Resources

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice