What is the Boeing 747-400 and what distinguishes it from earlier Boeing 747 models?

The Boeing 747-400 is a large, long-range, wide-body airliner produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is an advanced variant of the original Boeing 747, featuring a two-crew glass cockpit, more efficient engines, and a 10% cost reduction compared to its predecessors. Key distinguishing features include a stretched upper deck (SUD) similar to the 747-300 and the addition of 6-foot (1.8 m) winglets to reduce aerodynamic drag.

When was the Boeing 747-400 announced, and which airline was the first customer?

The Boeing 747-400, initially referred to as the 'Advanced Series 300', was announced at the September 1984 Farnborough Airshow. Northwest Airlines became the first customer with an order for 10 aircraft on October 22, 1985.

What were the primary objectives for developing the Boeing 747-400?

The development objectives for the Boeing 747-400 included incorporating new technologies, enhancing the interior, increasing the range by 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km), utilizing more efficient engines, and achieving a 10 percent reduction in operating costs.

Describe the key advancements in the Boeing 747-400's flight deck.

The Boeing 747-400 features a two-crew glass cockpit, which eliminated the need for a flight engineer. This advanced cockpit design incorporated cathode-ray tube (CRT) display technologies, similar to those used in the 757 and 767, and utilized an autopilot system adapted from those models with an added 'altitude intervention' mode.

How did the wings of the Boeing 747-400 differ from previous 747 models, and what was the benefit?

The Boeing 747-400's wingspan was extended by 17 feet (5.2 m) compared to the classic 747s. To reduce aerodynamic drag and improve efficiency, the wings were fitted with 6-foot (1.8-meter) tall winglets. These winglets contributed to a 3% increase in long-range cruise performance, better takeoff capabilities, and allowed for higher cruise altitudes.

What engine options were available for the Boeing 747-400?

The Boeing 747-400 offered customers a choice of three improved turbofan engines: the Pratt & Whitney PW4000 series, the General Electric CF6-80C2, and the Rolls-Royce RB211-524G/H. These engines provided lower fuel consumption and greater thrust compared to earlier 747 models.

What was the significance of the 747-400's redesigned horizontal tail?

The horizontal tail of the 747-400 was redesigned to accommodate a 3,300-US-gallon (12,000 L) fuel tank. This addition increased the aircraft's range by 350 nautical miles (650 km) and also required an increase in rudder travel to 30 degrees for improved control.

When did the first Boeing 747-400 enter service, and with which airline?

The first Boeing 747-400 received type certification on January 9, 1989, and entered service with its launch customer, Northwest Airlines, on February 9, 1989.

What challenges did Boeing face during the production and testing of the 747-400?

Boeing encountered production delays due to subcontractor issues and the complexity of customizing interior configurations for airlines. Additionally, the integration of new electronics for the advanced flight deck presented teething problems. These factors, combined with less experienced workers, led to the 747-400 production falling behind schedule, though most issues were resolved by mid-1989.

What was the Joint Aviation Authorities' (JAA) concern regarding the 747-400's certification?

The JAA initially refused to grant regulatory certification for the 747-400, citing concerns about the upper deck cabin floor's resistance to collapse in the event of a sudden decompression. They applied a newer, more stringent standard due to the aircraft's projected service life extending beyond 2020, which considered the risk of explosive devices.

How was the JAA's certification issue for the 747-400 resolved?

A compromise was reached between Boeing, the FAA, and the JAA, allowing for the issuance of a temporary operating certificate. This was contingent on Boeing developing a structural retrofit for the aircraft within two years, which permitted the first deliveries to KLM and Lufthansa to proceed without further delays.

What were the different variants of the Boeing 747-400 that were produced?

Boeing produced several variants of the 747-400, including the standard passenger version, the 747-400M (Combi for passengers and freight), the 747-400F (Freighter), the 747-400D (Domestic for high-density Japanese routes), the 747-400ER (Extended Range passenger), and the 747-400ERF (Extended Range Freighter).

What was the purpose of the 747-400D variant?

The 747-400D (Domestic) was specifically developed for high-density, short-haul domestic flights within Japan. It was designed to carry a larger number of passengers, with configurations allowing for up to 568 in a two-class layout or 660 in a single-class layout.

How did the 747-400ER differ from the standard 747-400?

The 747-400ER (Extended Range) featured structural modifications and modified landing gear to achieve a higher maximum takeoff weight, allowing it to carry more payload or fly farther. It included the option for additional body fuel tanks, and its flight deck incorporated liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) replacing the earlier CRT displays.

Which airline was the sole customer for the passenger version of the 747-400ER?

Qantas was the only airline to order the passenger version of the 747-400ER. They utilized this variant to maintain full passenger and cargo loads on routes like Melbourne to Los Angeles, especially for the return journey.

What were the key features of the 747-400F freighter variant?

The 747-400F (Freighter) utilized the updated systems and wing design of the passenger 747-400 but retained the original shorter upper deck from classic 747s to reduce weight. It featured a main deck nose cargo door for straight-in loading of large pallets and containers, and had a maximum payload capacity of 274,100 pounds (124,000 kg).

What distinguished the 747-400M 'Combi' variant?

The 747-400M was a 'Combi' variant designed to carry both passengers and freight. It featured a large cargo door at the rear of the fuselage for freight loading into the aft main deck cargo hold, with a partition separating it from the forward passenger cabin. It also included enhanced fire protection and a strengthened floor.

What was the Boeing Large Cargo Freighter (LCF), and what was its purpose?

The Boeing Large Cargo Freighter (LCF), later known as the Dreamlifter, was a modified 747-400 aircraft. Its purpose was to transport large sub-assemblies for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner from suppliers to the final assembly plant in Everett, Washington, significantly reducing delivery times compared to marine shipping.

How did the COVID-19 pandemic impact the operational status of the Boeing 747-400?

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly accelerated the retirement of many remaining passenger Boeing 747-400s. The sharp decline in passenger traffic led airlines like KLM, Qantas, China Airlines, and British Airways to phase out their fleets earlier than planned.

What factors contributed to the decline in the economic value and retirement of the 747-400 in the 2010s?

The leasing, resale, and salvage values of the 747-400 dropped significantly due to its age (many exceeding 20 years) and the increasing efficiency of newer wide-body twin-engine aircraft like the Boeing 777 and Airbus A350. The higher operating costs of four-engine aircraft, coupled with a shift towards point-to-point travel reducing the need for jumbo jets, also contributed to their accelerated retirement.

What was the proposed C-33 variant, and why was it canceled?

The C-33 was a proposed U.S. military transport version of the 747-400F, intended as an alternative to the C-17 Globemaster III during the 1990s Non-Developmental Airlift Aircraft program. Although it offered lower initial costs and greater range, it could not handle outsize military equipment or use austere runways, and had higher operating costs, leading to its cancellation in favor of more C-17s.

Describe the Boeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser program.

The Boeing YAL-1 was a modified 747-400F aircraft developed for the United States Air Force. It was heavily modified to carry a nose-mounted turret and a Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL) system designed to destroy ballistic missiles in flight. The program was canceled in 2012 due to funding cuts.

What is the significance of the Qantas 747-400 VH-OJA, 'City of Canberra'?

The Qantas 747-400 VH-OJA, 'City of Canberra', holds the record for the longest non-stop flight by a commercial aircraft, flying from London to Sydney in 20 hours and 9 minutes in 1989. This aircraft is now preserved at the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society museum in Australia.

Which airline operated the first international service with a 747-400?

Singapore Airlines operated the first international service using a Boeing 747-400 on May 31, 1989, on a flight from Singapore to London.

What was the first hull loss of a 747-400, and what caused it?

The first hull loss of a 747-400 occurred on November 4, 1993, with China Airlines Flight 605. The aircraft landed too far down the runway in strong crosswinds and slid into Victoria Harbour, resulting in the aircraft being written off.

What was the cause of the Singapore Airlines Flight 006 accident in 2000?

Singapore Airlines Flight 006, a 747-400, crashed into construction equipment while attempting to take off from a closed runway during Typhoon Xangsane in 2000. The accident, which killed 79 passengers and 4 crew members, was attributed to the flight crew navigating to the wrong runway.

What caused the UPS Airlines Flight 6 crash in 2010?

UPS Airlines Flight 6, a Boeing 747-400F, crashed approximately 25 minutes after takeoff from Dubai due to an in-flight fire. Investigations determined the fire originated from lithium-ion batteries in the cargo hold, which damaged the flight controls and caused the crew to lose control.

What incident involved KLM Flight 867 in 1989?

KLM Flight 867, a 747-400M, flew through a dense cloud of volcanic ash en route to Tokyo. This caused severe damage to the aircraft, necessitating the replacement of all four engines.

What was the nature of the incident involving Northwest Airlines Flight 85 in 2002?

Northwest Airlines Flight 85, a Boeing 747-400 registered as N661US, made an emergency landing at Anchorage due to a sudden lower rudder hardover, which is a condition where the rudder moves unexpectedly and forcefully.

What led to the 747-400 being superseded by the 747-8?

The 747-400 was superseded by the stretched and improved Boeing 747-8, which was introduced in October 2011. The 747-8 offered advancements over the 747-400, making it the next generation of the iconic jumbo jet.

What are the primary differences between the 747-400F and the 747-400ERF?

The 747-400ERF (Extended Range Freighter) is similar to the 747-400F but has an increased gross weight capability, allowing for more payload. While the 747-400ERF could carry more payload or have a longer range, unlike the passenger 747-400ER, no customers opted for the optional body fuel tanks on the freighter version, prioritizing payload capacity.

What were the typical passenger capacities mentioned for the 747-400 variants in the specifications table?

The specifications table indicates that the standard 747-400 typically accommodates 416 passengers in a three-class layout. The 747-400D (Domestic) variant could seat a maximum of 568 passengers in a two-class configuration or 660 in a single-class configuration.

What is the wingspan of the Boeing 747-400?

The Boeing 747-400 has a wingspan of 211 feet 5 inches (64.44 meters).

What was the maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) for the standard 747-400 and the 747-400ER/ERF?

The maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) for the standard 747-400 and the 747-400F was 875,000 pounds (396,893 kg). The 747-400ER and 747-400ERF had a higher MTOW of 910,000 pounds (412,769 kg).

What was the approximate range of the 747-400 with Pratt & Whitney engines?

The Boeing 747-400, when equipped with Pratt & Whitney engines, had a range of approximately 7,285 nautical miles (13,490 km).

What was the range of the 747-400ER with Pratt & Whitney engines?

The Boeing 747-400ER, when equipped with Pratt & Whitney engines, had an extended range of approximately 7,585 nautical miles (14,045 km).

How many Boeing 747-400 aircraft were built in total?

A total of 694 Boeing 747-400 series aircraft were built across all variants.

Which aircraft were considered the closest competitors to the Boeing 747-400?

The closest competitors to the Boeing 747-400 were the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 trijet and the Airbus A340 quadjet. These aircraft competed in the long-range, wide-body market.

What is the status of the Boeing 747-400 in passenger service today?

As of recent times, the Boeing 747-400 passenger aircraft are being phased out by airlines in favor of more fuel-efficient twin-engine wide-body aircraft. While some may still be in limited passenger service or storage, their numbers have significantly decreased.

What is the purpose of the 747-400BCF and 747-400BDSF programs?

The 747-400BCF (Boeing Converted Freighter) and 747-400BDSF (Bedek Special Freighter) were programs designed to convert existing passenger 747-400 aircraft into dedicated freighters. These conversions allowed older passenger airframes to continue service in the cargo market.

What is the main difference in cargo loading capability between factory-built 747-400 freighters and converted freighters (BCF/BDSF)?

Factory-built freighter variants like the 747-400F feature a nose cargo door for direct pallet loading. In contrast, the converted freighters (747-400BCF and 747-400BDSF) lack this nose door and can only load cargo through the side cargo door.

Which Boeing 747-400 variant was used as the basis for the 'Cosmic Girl' air launch platform?

A former Virgin Atlantic 747-400 named 'Cosmic Girl' was converted and is used by Virgin Galactic as an air launch platform for its LauncherOne orbital rocket. This demonstrates a unique application of the aircraft beyond traditional passenger or cargo transport.

What is the '747 Supertanker' and how does it function?

The 747 Supertanker is a converted 747-400BCF modified for aerial firefighting. It carries a large volume of water or fire retardant in pressurized tanks, acting as a flying water bomber to combat wildfires. The converted aircraft can hold 19,600 US gallons (74,190 L) of retardant.

Which specific 747-400 aircraft is preserved at the Delta Flight Museum, and what is its significance?

The Boeing 747-400 preserved at the Delta Flight Museum is N661US. This aircraft was the first 747-400 ever built, serving as a prototype before its delivery to Northwest Airlines. It was also involved in the incident known as Northwest Airlines Flight 85.

What is the 'Boeing Signature Interior' mentioned in relation to the 747-400ER?

The 'Boeing Signature Interior' was an updated cabin design, derived from the Boeing 777, that was introduced on the 747-400ER. This interior was later made available as an option for new 747-400s and as a retrofit for existing aircraft, offering a more modern cabin aesthetic and amenities.

How did the 747-400's glass cockpit reduce the number of controls compared to older 747 models?

The 747-400's glass cockpit, with its digital CRT displays and simplified layout, resulted in a two-thirds reduction in switches, lights, and gauges compared to the classic 747s. This modernization streamlined operations and contributed to the elimination of the flight engineer position.

What was the purpose of the 747-400M's strengthened main deck floor and roller-conveyor system?

The strengthened main deck floor and roller-conveyor system in the 747-400M Combi were specifically designed to facilitate the loading and securing of cargo containers and pallets in the aft section of the aircraft, complementing its passenger-carrying capability.

What specific incident led to the replacement of all four engines on KLM Flight 867?

KLM Flight 867 encountered a thick cloud of volcanic ash, which caused severe damage to all four engines, necessitating their replacement. This event highlights the significant risks posed by volcanic ash clouds to aircraft operations.

What was the primary reason for the 747-400D variant lacking winglets?

The 747-400D variant, designed for short-haul domestic Japanese flights, did not feature winglets because they would provide minimal aerodynamic benefit on such routes while adding extra weight and cost. Winglets are primarily beneficial for increasing range and fuel efficiency on longer flights.

How did the introduction of efficient twin-engine wide-body aircraft impact the 747-400's market position?

The development and introduction of highly efficient twin-engine wide-body aircraft, such as the Boeing 777 and Airbus A350, offered comparable range and payload with better fuel economy. This significantly reduced the market advantage of four-engine aircraft like the 747-400, which were more expensive to operate.

What is the current operational status of the Boeing 747-400 freighter variants?

While the production of new 747-400 freighters has ceased, many 747-400F and converted freighter variants (BCF/BDSF) remain in active service with cargo airlines worldwide. However, the demand for freighter conversions has declined due to the availability of more efficient freighters and belly cargo capacity on passenger aircraft.

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Overview

The Iconic Jumbo Jet

The Boeing 747-400 represents a significant evolution of the original 747, a wide-body airliner that revolutionized air travel. Introduced in 1989, the -400 variant incorporated advancements in engine efficiency, range, and flight deck technology, building upon the stretched upper deck (SUD) design of the 747-300.

Market Position and Competition

The 747-400 was designed to offer a 10% cost reduction and an extended range of 1,000 nautical miles compared to its predecessors. Its primary competitors included the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 and the Airbus A340. Despite its success, it was eventually superseded by the Boeing 747-8.

Global Reach and Legacy

With 694 units delivered between 1989 and 2009, the 747-400 became the best-selling variant of the 747 family. It served major airlines worldwide, facilitating long-haul travel and cargo transport until its gradual phase-out in favor of more fuel-efficient twin-engine aircraft like the Boeing 777 and Airbus A350.

Development & Design

Genesis of the Advanced Series

Announced in 1984, the "Advanced Series 300" (later designated 747-400) aimed to address the increasing operational costs and technological limitations of earlier 747 models. Key objectives included enhanced range, improved fuel efficiency through new engines, and a modernized flight deck.

Design Innovations

The -400 featured significant aerodynamic improvements, including a 17-foot wingspan extension and 6-foot winglets to reduce drag and improve fuel efficiency. The most notable change was the implementation of a two-crew "glass cockpit" utilizing CRT displays, eliminating the need for a flight engineer and enhancing situational awareness.

The digital cockpit integrated advanced avionics, including flight management computers (FMC) and central maintenance computers (CMC). This significantly reduced the number of switches and gauges compared to previous models, streamlining pilot workload and improving operational efficiency.

Production and Testing

The first 747-400 rolled out in January 1988, with its maiden flight occurring shortly after. The flight test program involved four aircraft, certifying three different engine options: Pratt & Whitney PW4000, General Electric CF6-80C2, and Rolls-Royce RB211-524G/H. Despite initial production complexities, the aircraft achieved FAA certification in early 1989.

Key Variants

747-400 (Passenger)

The baseline passenger variant, forming the majority of the 694 aircraft produced. It featured the stretched upper deck, winglets, and advanced cockpit. Typically configured for 416 passengers across three classes.

747-400F (Freighter)

An all-cargo variant characterized by the original short upper deck and the absence of main deck windows. It included a nose cargo door and a mechanized loading system, designed for high-volume freight operations.

747-400M (Combi)

A versatile passenger-freight combination variant, allowing for simultaneous carriage of passengers on the main deck and cargo in the aft section. This model featured a large side cargo door.

747-400D (Domestic)

Developed for high-density Japanese domestic routes, this variant lacked winglets and featured increased passenger capacity (up to 660 in a single-class layout) due to additional seating in the upper deck.

747-400ER / ERF

Extended Range variants offering increased maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) and optional additional fuel tanks. The -400ER passenger version was exclusively ordered by Qantas, while the -400ERF freighter provided enhanced payload or range capabilities.

Service Entry & Operations

Entry into Service

The Boeing 747-400 entered service with launch customer Northwest Airlines on February 9, 1989. Singapore Airlines operated the first international service in May 1989. The aircraft quickly became a staple for long-haul routes due to its range and capacity.

Retirement Trends

Beginning in the late 2010s, airlines accelerated the retirement of the 747-400 fleet. Factors included the higher operating costs of four-engine aircraft compared to modern twinjets, changing airline network strategies (hub-and-spoke vs. point-to-point), and the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly reduced passenger traffic.

Alternative Fuels

In the 2000s, operators like Air New Zealand and Continental Airlines explored the use of alternative fuels, such as jatropha oil, in the 747-400's engines as part of sustainability initiatives. These tests aimed to assess the viability of biofuels in commercial aviation.

Incidents & Accidents

Hull Losses

The 747-400 has experienced several hull-loss accidents throughout its service life. The first occurred in 1993 with China Airlines Flight 605, which slid into Victoria Harbour. Fatal accidents include Singapore Airlines Flight 006 in 2000, caused by takeoff on a closed runway.

Freighter Incidents

Freighter variants (-400F) have also been involved in significant incidents, including UPS Airlines Flight 6 in 2010 (attributed to lithium-ion battery fires) and Asiana Airlines Flight 991 in 2011 (possible fire and mechanical issues). National Airlines Flight 102 in 2013 crashed due to cargo shift.

Operational Incidents

Non-fatal incidents include KLM Flight 867 in 1989, which suffered severe engine damage after flying through volcanic ash. Other events involved runway excursions, onboard fires, and hail damage, demonstrating the aircraft's resilience and the critical role of crew response.

Preservation & Display

Preserved Aircraft

Following their retirement, several 747-400s have been preserved for historical or operational purposes. Notable examples include Qantas's VH-OJA 'City of Canberra', the first -400 delivered to the airline, now at the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society museum.

Unique Installations

Some retired airframes have found unique second lives. N661US, the first 747-400 ever built, is displayed at the Delta Flight Museum. Another KLM 747-400 was transported overland to become part of the Corendon Village Hotel in the Netherlands.

Repurposed Fuselages

Other aircraft have been converted into restaurants or cafes, such as the former Orient Thai 747-400 in Bangkok, offering a unique dining experience within the iconic fuselage.

Specifications

Performance Data

The 747-400 typically cruises at Mach 0.855, with a range of approximately 7,285 nautical miles. Its maximum takeoff weight varies by variant, reaching up to 910,000 pounds for the -400ERF. The advanced engines and aerodynamic features contributed to its long-range capabilities.

Model	747-400	747-400ER	747-400F	747-400ERF
Cockpit crew	Two
Capacity (Pax)	416 (Typical 3-class)		N/A (Cargo)	N/A (Cargo)
Capacity (Cargo)	30 LD1/LD3	28 LD1/LD3	+ 2 LD1 + 30 pallets (Main deck)	+ 2 LD1 + 30 pallets (Main deck)
Overall length	70.66 m (231 ft 10 in)
Wingspan	64.44 m (211 ft 5 in)
Overall height	19.41 m (63 ft 8 in)
Max. takeoff weight	396,893 kg (875,000 lb)	412,769 kg (910,000 lb)	396,893 kg (875,000 lb)	412,769 kg (910,000 lb)
Cruise speed	Mach 0.855		Mach 0.845
Range (Max Payload)	13,490 km (7,285 nmi)	14,045 km (7,585 nmi)	8,250 km (4,455 nmi)	9,230 km (4,985 nmi)
Engines (x4)	PW4000 / GE CF6 / RR RB211	PW4000 / GE CF6	PW4000 / GE CF6 / RR RB211	PW4000 / GE CF6

Key Systems

The -400 incorporated advanced systems such as the Honeywell flight management computer and Rockwell-Collins central maintenance computer. The cabin featured the Boeing Signature Interior on later models, enhancing passenger comfort and entertainment options.

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References

Flight International, March 27 â April 2, 2007

Schofield, Adriean, et al., Jumbos bow out, Aviation Week and Space Technology, September 15, 2014, pp. 21-22

flugrevue.de - "Asiana to send off its sole Boeing 747" (German) 2 March 2024

Jumbo for Virgin Galactic Airliner World February 2016 page 10

UPS names 2 who died in Dubai crash â TODAY News â TODAYshow.com

"World: Asia-Pacific Japanese hijacker kills pilot" . BBC

A full list of references for this article are available at the Boeing 747-400 Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on publicly available data and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional aviation or engineering advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for consulting official aircraft documentation, manufacturer specifications, or seeking advice from qualified aerospace engineers or aviation professionals. Always refer to official sources for critical operational or technical data.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Queen of the Skies: Boeing 747-400 Unveiled

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

✈️ The Iconic Jumbo Jet

📈 Market Position and Competition

🌍 Global Reach and Legacy

Development & Design ⚙️

📜 Genesis of the Advanced Series

💡 Design Innovations

🏭 Production and Testing

Key Variants ✈️

💺 747-400 (Passenger)

📦 747-400F (Freighter)

↔️ 747-400M (Combi)

🗺️ 747-400D (Domestic)

🚀 747-400ER / ERF

Service Entry & Operations 🌍

🚀 Entry into Service

📉 Retirement Trends

⛽ Alternative Fuels

Incidents & Accidents ⚠️

💥 Hull Losses

🔥 Freighter Incidents

💨 Operational Incidents

Preservation & Display 🏛️

🖼️ Preserved Aircraft

📍 Unique Installations

🍽️ Repurposed Fuselages

Specifications 📏

📊 Performance Data

🎛️ Key Systems

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

The Iconic Jumbo Jet

Market Position and Competition

Global Reach and Legacy

Development & Design

Genesis of the Advanced Series

Design Innovations

Production and Testing

Key Variants

747-400 (Passenger)

747-400F (Freighter)

747-400M (Combi)

747-400D (Domestic)

747-400ER / ERF

Service Entry & Operations

Entry into Service

Retirement Trends

Alternative Fuels

Incidents & Accidents

Hull Losses

Freighter Incidents

Operational Incidents

Preservation & Display

Preserved Aircraft

Unique Installations

Repurposed Fuselages

Specifications

Performance Data

Key Systems

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice