What was the official name and abbreviation of the high-speed railway project connecting Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba?

The project was officially known as the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway, abbreviated as TAVe, which stands for 'Tren de Alta Velocidad de Argentina' in Spanish. It was also commonly referred to as the 'Argentine bullet train'.

Which major Argentine cities were intended to be linked by the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway?

The high-speed rail network was designed to connect the Argentine cities of Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba, forming a crucial transportation corridor in the central and northern regions of the country.

What was the total planned length of the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed rail network?

The planned high-speed rail network was intended to span a total length of 710 kilometers, which is approximately 440 miles.

What was the historical significance of the proposed Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway for Argentina and South America?

Had it been completed, the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway would have been the first high-speed rail network not only in Argentina but also in all of South America, marking a significant advancement in regional transportation infrastructure.

What were the projected operational speeds for the TAVe high-speed train?

The TAVe high-speed train was projected to operate at an average speed of 250 kilometers per hour (160 miles per hour) and reach a top speed of 320 kilometers per hour (200 miles per hour).

How much was the estimated cost of the entire Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway project?

The total cost of the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway project was calculated to be approximately US$4 billion.

What was the estimated number of direct jobs that the high-speed railway project was expected to create?

The project was estimated to create 5,000 direct jobs, contributing to employment in the region.

What was the primary reason cited for the dismissal of the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway project?

The entire project was dismissed primarily due to the 2008 financial crisis, which impacted the availability of funds and economic feasibility.

Which French company had intended to resume the high-speed rail project after its initial dismissal, and what was its ultimate fate?

The French company Alstom had intended to resume the project after its initial dismissal, but plans for the high-speed train were ultimately suspended indefinitely.

What was the population of Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area at the time the project was announced in 2006?

At the time the project was announced in 2006, Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area had a population exceeding 13 million, which accounted for almost one-third of Argentina's total national population.

What is the economic and political significance of Buenos Aires within Argentina, according to the source?

Buenos Aires is described as the economic and political center of Argentina, serving as the country's main international entry point.

What was Rosario's population and its role in Argentina's economy at the time of the project announcement?

Rosario, located about 310 kilometers (190 miles) north-northwest of Buenos Aires, was the third-largest city with a metropolitan population of 1.3 million. It functioned as a major port and was a vital part of the agricultural and industrial core of Argentina's littoral region.

What was Córdoba's population and its significance as a regional center?

Córdoba, situated approximately 710 kilometers (440 miles) from Buenos Aires, had a population of around 1.4 million. It was recognized as the second most populated metropolitan area and served as a significant cultural, touristic, and industrial hub.

What proportion of Argentina's population resided in Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba combined when the project was conceived?

The three cities of Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba collectively accounted for 15 million inhabitants, representing more than one-third of Argentina's overall population of 40 million at the time the project was conceived.

How did the agricultural sector in Rosario and Córdoba influence the rationale for the high-speed rail project?

Rosario and Córdoba were vital centers in Argentina's farm sector, which had experienced rapid growth in the years leading up to the project announcement due to high commodity prices. The high-speed rail was seen as a way to support this growth through faster connections.

What was the primary mode of transportation between Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba before the high-speed rail project?

Before the high-speed rail project, the main form of transportation between these three cities was by road, specifically National Route 9. Air travel followed far behind in terms of usage.

How was the high-speed rail expected to impact Argentina's railway system and regional economic development?

The high-speed rail was anticipated to be an essential component in the revival of railways in Argentina, which would have a major impact on the economic development of the region by providing faster passenger and cargo connections.

What were the technical specifications for the high-speed electric train, including its power source and track gauge?

The high-speed electric train was designed to operate with overhead catenary power lines on a standard gauge track of 1,435 millimeters (4 feet 8 1/2 inches).

Describe the planned track configuration for the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway.

The railway was planned to run mainly on single-track, but with a 55-kilometer (34-mile) section of double-track between Buenos Aires and Rosario. This double-track segment was intended to allow the nine daily trains on that section to pass each other at high speed, with the line continuing to Córdoba on a new single-track alignment.

Which company was selected to provide the trains for the TAVe project, and what were their characteristics?

Alstom was the company chosen to provide eight double-deck TGV trains, known as 'Cobra' trains, each designed to carry 509 passengers. These trains were to be equipped with ETCS Level 2 signaling, a European standard for railway control and command systems.

What was the projected total journey time from Buenos Aires to Córdoba using the high-speed railway?

The projected total journey time from Buenos Aires to Córdoba would be 85 minutes to Rosario, with Córdoba being reached an additional 90 minutes later, totaling approximately 2 hours and 55 minutes.

How many daily train services and passengers were anticipated for the new high-speed train along the central corridor?

According to the plan, there would be 20 train services daily, expected to carry about 7,500 passengers along the central corridor, which traverses the agricultural heartland of Argentina.

Which intermediate cities were planned as stops between the main termini of Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba?

Several intermediate stops were planned along the route, most likely in the cities of Pilar, Campana, San Pedro, San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Cañada de Gómez, Marcos Juárez, Bell Ville, and Villa María.

Which stations were designated as the termini for the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway?

Retiro station in Buenos Aires and Córdoba station were planned to serve as the termini for the high-speed railway line.

Which four European firms initially presented themselves as bidders for the high-speed railway project?

Four European firms initially presented themselves as bidders for the project: Alstom from France, Siemens from Germany, CAF from Spain, and Impregilo from Italy.

What was the financing condition stipulated for the construction firm involved in the project?

Pre-contractual conditions stated that while the national state would pay for the whole sum of the project, the firm in charge of the construction would be responsible for financing 50% of the cost.

Which consortium was selected as the preferred bidder for the project in June 2007?

Only the 'Veloxia' grouping, which consisted of Alstom, Isolux Corsan, Iecsa, and Emepa Group, came forward as a bidder and was subsequently selected as the preferred bidder on June 20, 2007.

When was the Veloxia consortium formally selected, and what were the roles of its member companies?

Veloxia was formally selected on January 16, 2008. Alstom was to supply the eight double-deck TGV trains, IECSA would undertake the civil engineering, and Isolux Corsan along with Emepa Group would construct the track.

How was the financing for the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba High Speed Train (TAVe) approved in March 2008?

On March 27, 2008, the Argentine state secretary of transport, Ricardo Jaime, announced that the finance minister Martín Lousteau and the Alstom-led consortium approved a resolution for external financing. A credit line from the French bank Natixis covered 100% of the project's estimated A$12.5 billion (€2 billion or US$4 billion) cost, secured by public titles over 30 years.

When was the turnkey contract for the high-speed line formally signed, and by whom?

The turnkey contract for the construction of the 320 km/h line between Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba was formally signed by President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner with the Veloxia consortium on April 29, 2008.

What event led to the project being put 'on stand-by' in February 2009?

On February 7, 2009, the Alstom CEO announced that the entire project was put 'on stand-by' due to the 2008 financial crisis, though expressing optimism for its future completion.

When was the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway project definitively dismissed, and what was the implicit reason given by the Minister of Transport?

The project was definitively dismissed in December 2012. The Minister of Transport, Florencio Randazzo, implicitly dismissed it by stating that a train running to Rosario on a secure road, with a journey time of 3 and a half hours, would be sufficient.

What later revelation contributed to the project's definitive suspension, involving the winning bidder?

A later revelation indicated that the French company Alstom, which had won the tender to build the high-speed rail, admitted to having paid bribes to the Argentine authorities, contributing to the project's definitive suspension.

Which companies formed the consortium that presented a Mar del Plata high-speed rail project in 1999?

In 1999, a consortium formed by the companies Adtranz, Siemens, and Ferrostaal introduced a project for the Mar del Plata connection to then-governor of Buenos Aires, Eduardo Duhalde.

What were the estimated cost and travel time for the 1999 Mar del Plata high-speed rail proposal?

The 1999 proposal for the Mar del Plata high-speed rail had an estimated cost of US$600 million, with trains projected to reach Mar del Plata within 3 hours at an average speed of 160 kilometers per hour (99 miles per hour).

Which other coastal cities were intended to be served by the TAVe in the 1999 Mar del Plata plan?

The 1999 plans for the Mar del Plata connection also included service to other coastal cities such as Pinamar, Miramar, and Necochea.

What was the planned average and maximum speed for the Constitución–Mar del Plata line in the 2009 bidding process?

In the 2009 bidding process for the Constitución–Mar del Plata line, the new route was planned to enable an average speed of 250 kilometers per hour (160 miles per hour) and a maximum speed of 320 kilometers per hour (200 miles per hour).

What was the projected journey time to Mar del Plata and the planned intermediate stops for the 2009 high-speed rail proposal?

The 2009 high-speed rail proposal projected a journey time of less than two hours to Mar del Plata, with only two planned stops in Dolores and Chascomús.

How does the current rail service to Mar del Plata compare to historical services like 'El Marplatense'?

Currently, the service to Mar del Plata is disrupted by serious deficiencies and delays, taking over seven hours. This is significantly longer than the 'El Marplatense' service from the 1950s, which completed the run in 3 hours and 45 minutes at speeds up to 150 kilometers per hour (90+ miles per hour) using Budd Co.-built formations.

When did the 'El Marplatense' train service cease operations?

The 'El Marplatense' train service, which was operated mostly by Ferrocarriles Argentinos and later by Ferrobaires, ceased operations in 2015.

What action did Poder Ciudadano take regarding the bidding process, and what was the outcome?

Poder Ciudadano requested access to the expedient of the bidding process for the high-speed railway, but their request was rejected on two separate occasions.

What type of vehicles were envisioned for use on the TAVe high-speed railway, as depicted in the source's image caption?

The source material references an image of a TGV duplex of French SNCF, indicating that similar double-deck vehicles would have been used for the TAVe project.

Who was the owner of the proposed Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway project?

The proposed Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway project was owned by the Government of Argentina.

Which provinces in Argentina were intended to be served by the high-speed railway?

The high-speed railway was planned to serve the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Córdoba.

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The Grand Vision

A Pioneering Endeavor

The Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway, often abbreviated as TAVe (Tren de Alta Velocidad de Argentina) or colloquially known as the "Argentine bullet train," was a monumental infrastructure project designed to establish a high-speed rail network across 710 kilometers (440 miles) of Argentina's central corridor.^[1]

Unveiled by then-President Néstor Kirchner on April 26, 2006, this ambitious undertaking was poised to become the inaugural high-speed rail network not only in Argentina but across the entirety of South America.^[2]^[3] Designed to operate at speeds reaching up to 320 km/h (200 mph), the project promised to dramatically reduce travel times between these key urban centers, cutting a journey that typically spanned 14 hours by conventional means to a mere 3 hours.^[4]

A Vision Derailed

Despite its transformative potential and an estimated cost of US$4 billion, which was projected to create 5,000 direct jobs, the entire project was ultimately dismissed. The global financial crisis of 2008 played a significant role in its suspension.^[5] Although the French company Alstom, a key consortium member, initially expressed intentions to resume the project, plans for the high-speed train were definitively suspended, marking the end of this ambitious railway dream.^[6] Later, Alstom admitted to having paid bribes to Argentine authorities in connection with the project.^[7]

Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba High-Speed Railway

A conceptual representation of the high-speed rail vision for Argentina.

Overview

Owner

Government of Argentina

Area served

Buenos Aires
Santa Fe
Córdoba

Locale

Centre and Northern Argentina

Transit type

High-speed rail

Operation

Began operation

No

Operation will start

No

Technical

System length

710 km (440 mi)^[8]

Track gauge

1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in)

Average speed

250 km/h (160 mph)^[9]

Top speed

320 km/h (200 mph)^[9]

Proposed Route and Stations
A map illustrating the proposed high-speed railway route connecting Argentina's key cities.

Key Urban Centers

Buenos Aires: The Capital Hub

As the nation's capital and largest metropolitan area, Buenos Aires boasts a population exceeding 13 million, representing nearly one-third of Argentina's total populace.^[10] It serves as the undeniable economic and political nucleus of Argentina, in addition to being the primary international gateway. Its pivotal role made it the natural starting point for a high-speed rail network, aiming to enhance connectivity and economic integration with other major regions.

Rosario: The Port City

Situated approximately 310 km (190 miles) north-northwest of Buenos Aires, Rosario stands as Argentina's third-largest city, with a metropolitan population of 1.3 million.^[10] Renowned as a major port, it forms a crucial part of the country's agricultural and industrial heartland in the littoral region. The high-speed link would have significantly bolstered its logistical capabilities and facilitated faster movement of goods and people.

Córdoba: The Inland Metropolis

Located about 710 km (440 miles) from Buenos Aires, near the geographical center of Argentina, Córdoba is the nation's second most populated metropolitan area, with approximately 1.4 million inhabitants.^[10] It functions as a vital cultural, touristic, and industrial center. Connecting Córdoba to the network would have created a robust transportation spine, linking the three largest urban agglomerations and fostering regional development.

Inter-Regional Connectivity

Collectively, these three cities represent over 15 million inhabitants, accounting for more than a third of Argentina's total population of 40 million. Rosario and Córdoba are particularly crucial centers within the rapidly expanding agricultural sector, which has seen significant growth due to high commodity prices. At the time of the project's announcement in 2006, road transport via National Route 9 was the primary mode of travel, followed distantly by air. The high-speed rail was envisioned as a critical catalyst for the revival of Argentina's railway system, promising substantial economic benefits through accelerated passenger and cargo connections.

Technical Specifications

Advanced Rail Technology

The proposed high-speed railway was designed to feature an electric train system, powered by overhead catenary lines, capable of reaching operational speeds of up to 320 km/h (200 mph). The infrastructure would have utilized a standard gauge track of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in), a common international standard for high-speed lines, ensuring compatibility and efficiency.^[9]

Track Design and Capacity

The network was planned to primarily consist of single-track sections. However, a crucial 55 km (34 miles) segment between Buenos Aires and Rosario was designated for double-track. This dual-track provision was essential to allow the projected nine trains per day on this busy section to pass one another efficiently at high speeds, before transitioning to a new single-track alignment towards Córdoba. This design aimed to balance cost-effectiveness with necessary operational capacity.

Rolling Stock and Signaling

Alstom, the French multinational, was selected to supply the rolling stock for the TAVe project. Their contribution would have included eight "Cobra" double-deck TGV trains, each designed to accommodate 509 passengers. These state-of-the-art trains were to be equipped with ETCS (European Train Control System) Level 2 signaling, a sophisticated system ensuring safety and interoperability. The integration of such advanced technology underscored Argentina's ambition to adopt world-class high-speed rail standards.

Optimized Journey Times

A primary objective of the TAVe project was to drastically reduce inter-city travel times. The new line was projected to cut the journey from Buenos Aires to Rosario to a mere 85 minutes, a significant improvement compared to the approximately four hours typically taken by intercity passenger buses. The subsequent leg to Córdoba would have been completed in an additional 90 minutes, demonstrating the profound impact the high-speed network would have had on passenger mobility and regional connectivity.

Bids, Costs, and Financing

Project Valuation

The total estimated cost for the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed line was calculated at US$4 billion.^[6] This substantial investment reflected the scale and complexity of building a modern high-speed rail infrastructure from the ground up, encompassing track construction, rolling stock acquisition, signaling systems, and station development.

International Bidders

The project attracted significant international interest, with four prominent European firms submitting bids: Alstom (French), Siemens (German), CAF (Spanish), and Impregilo (Italian). The pre-contractual conditions stipulated a unique financing arrangement: while the Argentine state would ultimately bear the full cost, the selected construction firm was required to finance 50% of the project upfront. This mechanism aimed to share the financial burden and risk with the private sector.

The Veloxia Consortium

When technical and financial bids were due in March 2007, only the "Veloxia" consortium came forward. This powerful grouping comprised Alstom, alongside Isolux Corsan, Iecsa, and Emepa Group. Their comprehensive proposal led to their selection as the preferred bidder on June 20, 2007, and formal selection on January 16, 2008. The contract was anticipated to be signed within months, signaling a major step forward for the project.^[6]^[11]

Financing Structure

On March 27, 2008, Ricardo Jaime, Argentina's state secretary of transport, announced the approval of a resolution for external financing. A credit line was secured from the French bank Natixis, designed to cover 100% of the project's cost. This financing scheme, valued at approximately A$12.5 billion (€2 billion or US$4 billion), was structured as a long-term credit over 30 years, guaranteed by the delivery of public titles. This arrangement aimed to provide the necessary capital without immediate strain on the national budget.

Project Timeline

Key Milestones and Setbacks

The Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway project experienced a dynamic timeline, marked by initial enthusiasm, significant progress in the bidding and financing stages, and eventual suspension due to global economic pressures and other factors.

April 2006: Initial announcements regarding the construction of a high-speed train network are made.^[4]
May 8, 2006: The formal licitation call for offerer qualification is issued, attracting major international firms like Impregilo, Siemens, Alstom, and CAF.
July 25, 2006: Companies' qualification act takes place, with Siemens, Alstom, and CAF proceeding to the next stage.
August 2006: The Secretariat of Transport issues Resolution n° 644, formally notifying the invitation to tender.^[12]
December 20, 2006: Technical offers are initially due but are delayed twice until March 27, 2007, at which point only Alstom submits a proposal.
January 30, 2007: Economic offers are initially due but are also delayed twice, until April 30, 2007.
January 16, 2008: Argentina officially selects the Alstom-led consortium, in partnership with Spanish and Argentine companies, to construct the first very high-speed line in the Americas.^[6]^[13]
March 27, 2008: Approval is granted for the external financing resolution, securing the necessary funds for the project.
April 29, 2008: President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner formally signs a turnkey contract with the Veloxia consortium for the construction of the 320 km/h line connecting Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba.^[6]^[14]
February 7, 2009: The CEO of Alstom announces that the entire project is "on stand-by" due to the severe impact of the 2008 global financial crisis, though expressing optimism for its future completion.^[5]
December 2012: The Minister of Transport, Florencio Randazzo, implicitly dismisses the high-speed project, stating that a conventional train service to Rosario with a journey time of 3.5 hours would be sufficient.^[15]
December 13, 2014: Alstom, the company that won the tender to build the high-speed rail, admits to having paid bribes to Argentine authorities in connection with the project.^[7]

The Mar del Plata Connection

Another High-Speed Ambition

Beyond the primary Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba corridor, other high-speed railway projects were also considered for Argentina. One notable proposal involved a 400 km (250 mile) route connecting Constitución station in Buenos Aires to the popular seaside resort city and major fishing port of Mar del Plata.^[16]

Early Proposals and Speeds

An early iteration of this project was introduced in 1999 to then-governor of Buenos Aires, Eduardo Duhalde, by a consortium comprising Adtranz, Siemens, and Ferrostaal. This proposal carried an estimated cost of US$600 million and envisioned trains operating at an average speed of 160 km/h (99 mph), reaching Mar del Plata within 3 hours. The plan also included potential service to other coastal cities such as Pinamar, Miramar, and Necochea, alongside a complete renovation of existing rolling stock.^[16]

Renewed Interest and Current State

In 2009, a new bidding process was launched for the Constitución–Mar del Plata line.^[17] The updated plan aimed for an average speed of 250 km/h (160 mph) and a maximum speed of 320 km/h (200 mph), with only intermediate stops in Dolores and Chascomús, completing the journey to Mar del Plata in under two hours. However, the current rail service to Mar del Plata is plagued by significant deficiencies and delays, often taking over seven hours. This contrasts sharply with the "El Marplatense" service of the 1950s, which, using cutting-edge Budd Co.-built formations, completed the run in 3 hours and 45 minutes at speeds exceeding 150 km/h (90+ mph). The "Marplatense" service itself ceased operation in 2015.^[18]^[19]

Criticism and Controversy

Fiscal Disproportion

The Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway project faced substantial criticism, particularly from Poder Ciudadano, the Argentine branch of the global anti-corruption NGO Transparency International. A primary concern was the project's disproportionately high cost relative to the limited number of citizens who would directly benefit from the high-speed service.^[20] Critics argued that such a significant investment could be better allocated to address more pressing public transportation needs.

Neglect of Existing Services

A major point of contention was the Argentine government's perceived diversion of funds from the already under-funded Buenos Aires metropolitan rail service. This commuter network serves millions of citizens daily, and critics argued that its chronic deficiencies and lack of investment were being exacerbated by the pursuit of a high-profile, high-speed project that would serve a comparatively smaller segment of the population.^[20]

Lack of Transparency

Further fueling the controversy was the government's refusal to provide access to the bidding expediente (official record) when requested by Poder Ciudadano. This lack of transparency occurred on two separate occasions, raising concerns about the integrity of the procurement process and the accountability of public funds allocated to the project.^[21] The admission of bribes by Alstom years later further validated these initial transparency concerns.

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References

Argentine High-Speed Railway on Railway Technology, 21 Sep 2006

SERVICIO FERROVIARIO DE ALTA VELOCIDAD - BUENOS AIRES-ROSARIO on Argentina.gob.ar

Tren bala: menos de 3 horas a Mar del Plata on Clarin, 3 Mar 1999

A full list of references for this article are available at the Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional engineering, economic, or policy consultation. Decisions regarding large-scale infrastructure projects require extensive expert analysis, feasibility studies, and public discourse beyond the scope of this informational summary. Always refer to official government reports, academic research, and consult with qualified professionals for specific project needs.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Argentine Velocity

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Grand Vision ✨

🚄 A Pioneering Endeavor

📉 A Vision Derailed

Key Urban Centers 🏙️

🏛️ Buenos Aires: The Capital Hub

🚢 Rosario: The Port City

🏭 Córdoba: The Inland Metropolis

🔗 Inter-Regional Connectivity

Technical Specifications ⚙️

⚡ Advanced Rail Technology

🛤️ Track Design and Capacity

🚆 Rolling Stock and Signaling

⏱️ Optimized Journey Times

Bids, Costs, and Financing 💰

💲 Project Valuation

🤝 International Bidders

🏆 The Veloxia Consortium

🏦 Financing Structure

Project Timeline 🗓️

⏳ Key Milestones and Setbacks

The Mar del Plata Connection 🌊

🏖️ Another High-Speed Ambition

📈 Early Proposals and Speeds

🔄 Renewed Interest and Current State

Criticism and Controversy ⚖️

💸 Fiscal Disproportion

🚇 Neglect of Existing Services

🚫 Lack of Transparency

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Grand Vision

A Pioneering Endeavor

A Vision Derailed

Key Urban Centers

Buenos Aires: The Capital Hub

Rosario: The Port City

Córdoba: The Inland Metropolis

Inter-Regional Connectivity

Technical Specifications

Advanced Rail Technology

Track Design and Capacity

Rolling Stock and Signaling

Optimized Journey Times

Bids, Costs, and Financing

Project Valuation

International Bidders

The Veloxia Consortium

Financing Structure

Project Timeline

Key Milestones and Setbacks

The Mar del Plata Connection

Another High-Speed Ambition

Early Proposals and Speeds

Renewed Interest and Current State

Criticism and Controversy

Fiscal Disproportion

Neglect of Existing Services

Lack of Transparency

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice