Who was Caleb Cushing, and what were his primary professional roles?

Caleb Cushing, born on January 17, 1800, and deceased on January 2, 1879, was a prominent American Democratic politician and diplomat. His significant roles included serving as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Massachusetts, the 23rd United States Attorney General under President Franklin Pierce, and later as the United States Minister to Spain.

What were Caleb Cushing's core political beliefs regarding American expansion?

Caleb Cushing was an enthusiastic advocate for territorial and commercial expansion for the United States. He specifically supported the acquisition of Texas, Oregon, and Cuba, believing that such enlargement of the American sphere would fulfill 'the great destiny reserved for this exemplar American Republic.'

What significant diplomatic achievements are attributed to Caleb Cushing?

Caleb Cushing is credited with several important diplomatic achievements. He secured the first American treaty with China, known as the Treaty of Wangxia, in 1844, which granted American merchants trading rights in five Chinese ports. After the Civil War, he negotiated a treaty with Colombia to establish a right-of-way for a trans-oceanic Canal. Additionally, he contributed to a favorable settlement of the Alabama Claims and, as ambassador to Spain in the 1870s, successfully de-escalated the Virginius Affair.

Where and when was Caleb Cushing born, and what was his family background?

Caleb Cushing was born in Salisbury, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1800. He was the son of John Newmarch Cushing, a wealthy shipbuilder and merchant, and Lydia Dow, who passed away when Caleb was ten years old. In 1802, his family relocated to Newburyport, Massachusetts, a prosperous shipping town.

Describe Caleb Cushing's early education and legal career.

Cushing entered Harvard University at the young age of 13 and successfully graduated in 1817. After his graduation, he served as a mathematics teacher at Harvard from 1820 to 1821. He was admitted to practice law in the Massachusetts Court of Common Pleas in December 1821 and began his legal practice in Newburyport in 1824.

What was Caleb Cushing's early involvement in the Massachusetts state legislature?

Cushing began his political career in the Massachusetts state legislature, serving as a Democratic-Republican member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1825. He then entered the Massachusetts Senate in 1826 and returned to the House in 1828. After a period in Europe, he again served in the lower house of the state legislature in 1833 and 1834.

When did Caleb Cushing serve in the U.S. House of Representatives, and what notable position did he hold there?

Caleb Cushing served in the United States House of Representatives from 1835 until 1843, encompassing the 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th Congresses. During the 27th Congress, he held the significant position of chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs.

What political inconsistency marked Caleb Cushing's time in Congress under President John Tyler?

A notable inconsistency in Cushing's public life became apparent during President John Tyler's administration. Despite having voted for Whig measures, including a tariff bill, Cushing first defended President Tyler's vetoes of these measures after Tyler was expelled from the Whig party, and then subsequently voted for the same bills again.

Why was Caleb Cushing's nomination for U.S. Secretary of the Treasury rejected by the Senate?

In 1843, President John Tyler nominated Caleb Cushing for U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. However, the U.S. Senate refused to confirm him for this office, rejecting his nomination three times in a single day. John Canfield Spencer was ultimately chosen for the position instead.

How did Caleb Cushing's mission to China in 1843-1845 proceed, and what was its primary outcome?

In 1843, President Tyler appointed Cushing as commissioner and United States Ambassador to China. His mission, aimed at impressing the Chinese court, included four American warships laden with scientific gifts. Upon his arrival in Macau in February 1844, Cushing employed a 'carrot and stick' approach, warning that not receiving an envoy was a national insult and threatening to approach the Emperor directly. This led to the signing of the Treaty of Wanghia on July 3, 1844, which granted Americans most favored nation status and extraterritoriality.

What were the immediate and long-term effects of the Treaty of Wanghia on American trade and presence in China?

Following the Treaty of Wanghia, American trade with China experienced rapid growth, facilitated by high-speed clipper ships that transported valuable goods like ginseng and silk. American Protestant missionaries also began arriving in China. While the popular Chinese reaction was largely hostile, a favorable element emerged, providing support for American missionaries and businessmen. However, foreign trade stagnated between 1850 and 1864 due to the Taiping Rebellion, a devastating civil war in China.

What additional diplomatic authority did Caleb Cushing hold during his mission to China?

While serving as commissioner to China, Caleb Cushing was also authorized to negotiate a treaty of navigation and commerce with Japan.

How did Caleb Cushing contribute to the Mexican-American War effort despite his bill being defeated?

In 1847, while serving as a representative in the Massachusetts state legislature, Caleb Cushing introduced a bill to appropriate money for equipping a regiment for the Mexican-American War. Although the bill was defeated, he successfully raised the necessary funds through private means.

What municipal and judicial roles did Caleb Cushing hold in Massachusetts after his federal service?

After his federal service, Caleb Cushing continued to be active in Massachusetts. He was nominated for Governor of Massachusetts by the Democrats in 1847 and 1848 but was defeated on both occasions. He served as a representative in the state legislature in 1851, declined the position of Massachusetts Attorney General in the same year, and served as mayor of Newburyport in 1851 and 1852. He also held the position of associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1852 to 1853.

What was Caleb Cushing's role during Franklin Pierce's presidency?

During the presidency of Franklin Pierce, Caleb Cushing served as the Attorney General of the United States, holding this office from March 7, 1853, until March 3, 1857.

What was Caleb Cushing's stance on the Dred Scott decision?

Caleb Cushing supported the March 1857 Dred Scott decision, a landmark Supreme Court ruling that affirmed the legality of slavery and denied citizenship to African Americans.

What business venture did Caleb Cushing establish in Wisconsin?

Caleb Cushing founded the Cushing Land Agency in St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin. The building that housed this agency is now recognized and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

What was Caleb Cushing's involvement in the 1860 Democratic National Convention?

In 1860, Caleb Cushing presided over the Democratic National Convention, which convened first in Charleston and then in Baltimore. He subsequently joined the delegates who seceded from the regular convention and presided over their separate convention, which nominated John C. Breckinridge for the Presidency.

What confidential mission did President James Buchanan assign to Caleb Cushing in 1860?

In 1860, President James Buchanan dispatched Caleb Cushing to Charleston as a Confidential Commissioner to the Secessionists of South Carolina, aiming to address the growing tensions leading up to the Civil War.

How did Caleb Cushing's political views on states' rights and slavery reconcile with his actions during the Civil War?

Despite his previous support for states' rights and opposition to the abolition of slavery, Caleb Cushing ultimately supported the Union during the American Civil War.

What diplomatic efforts did Caleb Cushing undertake in Colombia in 1868?

In 1868, Caleb Cushing, in collaboration with the Minister Resident to Colombia, was sent to Bogotá to negotiate a right-of-way treaty for a ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama.

What was Caleb Cushing's role at the Geneva conference regarding the Alabama Claims?

At the Geneva conference held between 1871 and 1872 for the settlement of the Alabama Claims, Caleb Cushing served as one of the counsels appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to represent the United States before the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration.

What was Caleb Cushing's tenure and impact as the United States Minister to Spain?

Caleb Cushing served as the United States Minister to Spain from January 6, 1874, to April 9, 1877. During his time in this role, he successfully defused tensions surrounding the Virginius Affair and was well-regarded and popular within the country.

Why was Caleb Cushing's nomination for Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court withdrawn?

On January 9, 1874, President Ulysses S. Grant nominated Caleb Cushing as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, a decision that surprised many, including Cushing himself. However, Radical Republicans in the U.S. Senate immediately opposed his confirmation due to his close ties with Andrew Johnson and alleged pre-Civil War Copperhead sympathies. The nomination was ultimately withdrawn on January 13, 1874, after a non-political letter Cushing had written in 1861 to Confederate President Jefferson Davis was discovered and made public, causing significant controversy.

When and where did Caleb Cushing die?

Caleb Cushing died in Newburyport, Massachusetts, on January 2, 1879, and was subsequently laid to rest in the town's Highland Cemetery.

What U.S. vessel was named after Caleb Cushing, and what was its fate?

The United States Revenue Cutter *Caleb Cushing* was named in his honor. This vessel served during the American Civil War but was destroyed by Confederate raiders during the Battle of Portland Harbor on June 27, 1863.

Name some of the notable works authored by Caleb Cushing.

Caleb Cushing authored several works throughout his life, including 'History and Present State of the Town of Newburyport, Mass.' (1826), 'Reminiscences of Spain' (1833), 'Review, historical and political, of the late revolution in France, and of the consequent events in Belgium, Poland, Great Britain, and other parts of Europe' (two volumes, 1833), 'Life and Public Services of William H. Harrison' (1840), and 'The Treaty of Washington' (1873).

What political parties did Caleb Cushing belong to throughout his career?

Caleb Cushing's political affiliations evolved over his career. He was initially a Democratic-Republican before 1825, then a National Republican from 1825 to 1833, followed by a period as a Whig from 1833 to 1847, and finally a Democrat from 1847 until his death in 1879.

What was the significance of Caleb Cushing being the first U.S. Minister to China?

Caleb Cushing was the first individual to hold the position of United States Minister to China, a role that was established with his appointment in 1844. This marked the formal beginning of diplomatic relations between the United States and China.

What was the purpose of the gifts brought by the Cushing mission to China?

The Cushing mission to China brought gifts such as revolvers, a telescope, and an encyclopedia, which were intended to impress the Royal Chinese court by exalting scientific wonders and demonstrating American technological advancement.

What was the role of Caleb Cushing's father?

Caleb Cushing's father, John Newmarch Cushing, was a wealthy shipbuilder and merchant.

What was the condition of Caleb Cushing's mother, Lydia Dow, and when did she pass away?

Caleb Cushing's mother, Lydia Dow, was described as a delicate and sensitive woman. She passed away when Caleb was ten years old.

What was the initial political party affiliation of Caleb Cushing when he first served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives?

When Caleb Cushing first served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1825, he was a Democratic-Republican member.

How long did Caleb Cushing spend in Europe, and when was this period?

Caleb Cushing spent two years in Europe, from 1829 to 1831.

What was the specific congressional district Caleb Cushing represented in the U.S. House of Representatives?

Caleb Cushing represented Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Who succeeded Caleb Cushing as the U.S. Minister to China?

Alexander Everett succeeded Caleb Cushing as the United States Minister to China.

What was the rank Caleb Cushing achieved during his military service in the Mexican-American War?

During his military service in the Mexican-American War, Caleb Cushing was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General of volunteers.

What was the name of the cemetery where Caleb Cushing was laid to rest?

Caleb Cushing was laid to rest in Highland Cemetery in Newburyport, Massachusetts.

What is depicted in the image titled 'Caleb Cushing.jpg'?

The source material includes an image of Caleb Cushing.

What does the image caption 'Engraving of Caleb Cushing' indicate?

The source material includes an engraving depicting Caleb Cushing.

What does the image titled 'Cushing Nomination.JPG' represent?

The source includes an image related to Caleb Cushing's nomination for Chief Justice.

What does the image titled 'Appletons' Cushing Caleb signature.png' show?

The source material displays an image of Caleb Cushing's signature.

Caleb Cushing Wiki: Caleb Cushing: A Statesman's Odyssey Through 19th-Century American Politics

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Caleb Cushing: An Overview

A Life of Public Service

Caleb Cushing (January 17, 1800 – January 2, 1879) was a prominent American Democratic politician and diplomat whose career spanned much of the 19th century. Born in Salisbury, Massachusetts, and later residing in Newburyport, he held numerous significant positions, including a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts and the 23rd United States Attorney General under President Franklin Pierce.^[2]

Architect of Expansion and Diplomacy

Cushing was a fervent advocate for American territorial and commercial expansion, particularly concerning the acquisition of Texas, Oregon, and Cuba. He articulated a vision for enlarging the American sphere, believing it would fulfill "the great destiny reserved for this exemplar American Republic."^[3] His diplomatic achievements include securing the first American treaty with China, the Treaty of Wangxia, in 1844.^[4]

Resolving International Tensions

Beyond his expansionist views, Cushing played a crucial role in resolving complex international disputes. After the Civil War, he negotiated a treaty with Colombia to secure a right-of-way for a trans-oceanic Canal. He was instrumental in obtaining a favorable settlement of the contentious Alabama Claims and, as the ambassador to Spain in the 1870s, successfully defused the troublesome Virginius Affair.

Early Life & Education

Formative Years in Massachusetts

Caleb Cushing was born in Salisbury, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1800. His father, John Newmarch Cushing, was a prosperous shipbuilder and merchant, while his mother, Lydia Dow, hailed from Seabrook, New Hampshire, and passed away when Caleb was ten. In 1802, his family relocated across the Merrimack River to Newburyport, Massachusetts, a thriving shipping town that would become his lifelong home.^[5]

Harvard and Legal Beginnings

A precocious student, Cushing entered Harvard University at the remarkably young age of 13, graduating in 1817. He briefly served as a mathematics teacher at Harvard from 1820 to 1821. His legal career commenced swiftly; he was admitted to practice in the Massachusetts Court of Common Pleas in December 1821 and established his law practice in Newburyport by 1824.^[6]

Personal Life

On November 23, 1824, Cushing married Caroline Elizabeth Wilde, the daughter of Judge Samuel Sumner Wilde of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Tragically, his wife passed away approximately a decade later, leaving him without children. He never remarried, dedicating his life primarily to his extensive public and legal career.

Political Career

State and Federal Legislator

Cushing's political journey began in the Massachusetts state legislature, serving as a Democratic-Republican member of the House of Representatives in 1825, then in the Massachusetts Senate from 1826 to 1828, and returning to the House in 1828. After a two-year sojourn in Europe (1829-1831), he again served in the state House in 1833 and 1834. In late 1834, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, where he served from 1835 to 1843, chairing the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs during the 27th Congress.^[6]

Political Shifts and Setbacks

Cushing's public life was marked by notable political flexibility. When John Tyler became president and was expelled from the Whig party, vetoing Whig measures that Cushing had previously supported, Cushing initially defended the vetoes before ultimately voting for the very bills he had defended against. In 1843, President Tyler nominated Cushing for U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, but the U.S. Senate famously refused to confirm him, rejecting his nomination three times in a single day.^[6]^[7]

Local Leadership and Judicial Role

Despite his national prominence, Cushing remained engaged in local governance, serving as Mayor of Newburyport in 1851 and 1852. He also briefly held a significant judicial post as an Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1852 to 1853.^[12] His deep understanding of law and governance was further demonstrated by his authorship of a major history of Newburyport at the age of 26.

Key Diplomatic Missions

The Groundbreaking China Mission

In 1843, President Tyler appointed Cushing as Commissioner and the first United States Ambassador to China, a position he held until March 4, 1845.^[6] His mission was designed to impress the Chinese court, arriving in Macau in February 1844 with four American warships and an array of scientific gifts, including revolvers, a telescope, and an encyclopedia. Despite initial reluctance from the Chinese government to grant "most favored nation" status, Cushing skillfully employed a mix of diplomacy and veiled threats, asserting that refusing an envoy was a national insult and threatening direct appeal to the Emperor.^[8]

This strategic approach led to the signing of the Treaty of Wanghia on July 3, 1844.^[8] This landmark treaty granted American merchants most favored nation status and extraterritoriality, significantly boosting U.S. trade with China, particularly in high-value goods like ginseng and silk transported by clipper ships. It also paved the way for American Protestant missionaries. While the popular Chinese reaction was largely hostile, a segment of the population offered support to American missionaries and businessmen. However, the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), a devastating civil war, later caused foreign trade to stagnate.^[4]^[9]^[10]^[11] During this period, Cushing was also authorized to negotiate a treaty of navigation and commerce with Japan.

Minister to Spain and Crisis Resolution

From January 6, 1874, to April 9, 1877, Cushing served as the United States Minister to Spain. In this role, he skillfully navigated and defused tensions arising from the Virginius Affair, a diplomatic crisis involving the capture of an American-flagged ship by Spanish authorities. His diplomatic acumen earned him considerable popularity within Spain.^[6]

Canal Negotiations and International Arbitration

Cushing's diplomatic efforts extended to infrastructure and international law. In 1868, alongside the Minister Resident to Colombia, he was dispatched to Bogotá to negotiate a right-of-way treaty for a ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Furthermore, at the Geneva conference for the settlement of the Alabama Claims in 1871–1872, he served as one of the counsels appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to represent the United States before the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration.^[6]

Civil War & Later Career

Service in the Mexican-American War

In 1847, while again a representative in the Massachusetts state legislature, Cushing championed a bill to appropriate funds for a regiment to serve in the Mexican-American War. Although the bill was defeated, he personally raised the necessary funds. He then served in the Army as colonel of the 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment, taking command on January 15, 1847, and was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers on April 14 of the same year. He did not engage in combat but entered Mexico City with his reserve battalion after the city's pacification, being discharged on July 20, 1848.^[6]

Navigating the Civil War Era

The tumultuous period leading up to and during the Civil War saw Cushing in complex political positions. In 1860, he presided over the Democratic National Convention, first in Charleston and then in Baltimore. He subsequently joined and presided over the convention of seceding delegates, who nominated John C. Breckinridge for the Presidency.^[6] That same year, President James Buchanan dispatched him to Charleston as a Confidential Commissioner to the South Carolina Secessionists. Despite his prior leanings towards states' rights and opposition to the abolition of slavery, Cushing ultimately supported the Union during the Civil War.

Legal Codification and Land Ventures

Following the Civil War, President Andrew Johnson appointed Cushing as one of three commissioners tasked with revising and codifying the laws of the United States Congress, a role he fulfilled from 1866 to 1870. During this broader period, he also founded the Cushing Land Agency in St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, the building of which is now recognized on the National Register of Historic Places.

Supreme Court Nomination

A Surprising Nomination

On January 9, 1874, President Ulysses S. Grant nominated Caleb Cushing to be Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. This nomination came shortly after Grant had withdrawn the controversial nomination of George Henry Williams for the same position.^[14] The selection of Cushing caught many by surprise, including Cushing himself, given his complex political history and shifts in party allegiance.^[15]

Opposition and Withdrawal

The nomination immediately faced strong opposition from Radical Republicans in the U.S. Senate. Their distrust stemmed from Cushing's earlier close personal relationship with President Andrew Johnson and his alleged "Copperhead" sympathies prior to the Civil War. The furor intensified dramatically when a non-political letter, written by Cushing in 1861 to Jefferson Davis, who would become President of the Confederacy, was discovered and made public. As a direct result of this escalating controversy, Cushing's nomination was withdrawn on January 13, 1874, just four days after it was made.^[16]^[17]

Legacy & Works

A Name in History

Caleb Cushing passed away in Newburyport, Massachusetts, on January 2, 1879, and was laid to rest in the town's Highland Cemetery. His name lives on in various historical contexts, notably through the United States Revenue Cutter Caleb Cushing, a vessel named in his honor. This cutter served during the American Civil War but was tragically destroyed by Confederate raiders during the Battle of Portland Harbor on June 27, 1863.^[18]

Published Contributions

Beyond his political and diplomatic endeavors, Cushing was a prolific writer and orator, contributing significantly to public discourse and historical record. His published works reflect his diverse interests and intellectual depth.

To the members of the senior class, Harvard University (1821)
An oration, delivered in Newburyport: on the forty-fifth anniversary of American independence, July 4, 1821
History and Present State of the Town of Newburyport, Mass. (1826)
An oration delivered before the citizens of Newburyport: on the fifty-sixth anniversary of American independence (1832)
Reminiscences of Spain (1833)
Review, historical and political, of the late revolution in France, and of the consequent events in Belgium, Poland, Great Britain, and other parts of Europe, two volumes (1833)
Oration on the Material Growth and Territorial Progress of the United States (1839)
Life and Public Services of William H. Harrison (1840)
Speech of Mr. Cushing, of Massachusetts, on the case of Alexander McLeod: delivered in the House of Representatives, June 24 and 25, 1841
The Treaty of Washington (1873)^[6]

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References

Eldon Griffin (1938) Clippers and Consuls: American consular and commercial relations with eastern Asia, 1845-1860.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Caleb Cushing Wikipedia page

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Caleb Cushing: A Statesman's Odyssey

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Caleb Cushing: An Overview ℹ️

👨‍⚖️ A Life of Public Service

🌍 Architect of Expansion and Diplomacy

🤝 Resolving International Tensions

Early Life & Education 🎓

🏡 Formative Years in Massachusetts

📚 Harvard and Legal Beginnings

💔 Personal Life

Political Career 🏛️

⚖️ State and Federal Legislator

🔄 Political Shifts and Setbacks

🏙️ Local Leadership and Judicial Role

Key Diplomatic Missions 🌐

🇨🇳 The Groundbreaking China Mission

🇪🇸 Minister to Spain and Crisis Resolution

🇵🇦 Canal Negotiations and International Arbitration

Civil War & Later Career ⚔️

🎖️ Service in the Mexican-American War

🇺🇸 Navigating the Civil War Era

📝 Legal Codification and Land Ventures

Supreme Court Nomination 🏛️

⚖️ A Surprising Nomination

🔥 Opposition and Withdrawal

Legacy & Works 📚

🚢 A Name in History

✍️ Published Contributions

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Caleb Cushing: An Overview

A Life of Public Service

Architect of Expansion and Diplomacy

Resolving International Tensions

Early Life & Education

Formative Years in Massachusetts

Harvard and Legal Beginnings

Personal Life

Political Career

State and Federal Legislator

Political Shifts and Setbacks

Local Leadership and Judicial Role

Key Diplomatic Missions

The Groundbreaking China Mission

Minister to Spain and Crisis Resolution

Canal Negotiations and International Arbitration

Civil War & Later Career

Service in the Mexican-American War

Navigating the Civil War Era

Legal Codification and Land Ventures

Supreme Court Nomination

A Surprising Nomination

Opposition and Withdrawal

Legacy & Works

A Name in History

Published Contributions

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice