What is catch wrestling, and what are its defining characteristics?

Catch wrestling, also known as catch-as-catch-can (CACC), is an English wrestling style focused on pinning or submitting an opponent using any legal holds or techniques. It emphasizes adaptability and seizing opportunities, featuring fewer restrictions than other styles, such as allowing leg techniques and submissions, and having no mandatory grips.

What are the various alternative names or aliases associated with catch wrestling?

Catch wrestling is also known by several other names, including catch-as-catch-can (CACC), Lancashire wrestling, loose-hold, hooking, rough and tumble, and shoot wrestling.

What are the primary disciplines or focuses of catch wrestling?

The primary focus of catch wrestling is wrestling and grappling, emphasizing the application of holds and techniques to control and defeat an opponent.

From which country does catch wrestling originate?

Catch wrestling originates from the United Kingdom.

What were the foundational wrestling styles that influenced the development of catch wrestling?

Catch wrestling evolved from English wrestling, primarily the Lancashire style, and incorporated influences from Cumberland, Westmorland, Cornish, and Devonshire wrestling styles.

Which modern combat sports and martial arts trace their lineage or influences back to catch wrestling?

Catch wrestling has significantly influenced numerous modern disciplines, including freestyle wrestling, professional wrestling, shoot wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, folkstyle wrestling, Luta Livre, Sambo, mixed martial arts (MMA), Indian pehlwani, Irish collar-and-elbow, American rough and tumble, and Krav Maga.

Has catch wrestling ever been recognized as an Olympic sport?

Yes, catch wrestling, under the guise of amateur freestyle wrestling, was included in the Olympic Games starting from 1904 and continued through the 1936 Games.

How did catch wrestling initially spread beyond its country of origin?

Catch wrestling was disseminated by wrestlers associated with travelling funfairs, who incorporated their own submission holds, known as "hooks" and "stretches," into their matches. It also spread through immigrants traveling across Europe and the Anglosphere.

What changes occurred to catch-as-catch-can wrestling rules when it was part of the Olympic Games?

When included in the Olympic Games from 1904 through 1936, catch-as-catch-can wrestling saw the introduction of new rules, weight categories, and, notably, the banning of dangerous moves, including all submission holds, aligning it more with other amateur wrestling styles.

What is the historical relationship between catch wrestling and professional wrestling?

Professional wrestling originated from competitive catch wrestling. The first World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship was established in 1905 to find the best catch wrestler. Over time, professional wrestling evolved by incorporating predetermined matches, theatrical elements, and entertainment spectacles.

In which countries is the term 'catch' still sometimes used to refer to professional wrestling?

In some countries, like France and Germany, the term 'catch' continues to be used for professional wrestling. In Brazil, the term 'Telecatch' is occasionally used, derived from a popular 1970s television show.

What specific British wrestling styles are combined within the UK's version of catch wrestling?

Catch wrestling in the United Kingdom primarily combines Lancashire wrestling with influences from Cumberland, Westmorland, Devonshire, and Cornish wrestling styles. It also incorporates elements from Irish collar-and-elbow and Indian pehlwani wrestling.

How did the term 'catch as catch can' originate and become associated with American frontier wrestling?

By 1840 in America, the phrase 'catch as catch can' was used to describe the 'Rough and tumble fighting' prevalent on the frontier. This style was characterized by a lack of strict rules and the acceptance of any tactics to achieve victory.

What did the phrase 'catch as catch can' imply about the nature of the wrestling style?

The phrase implied an improvisational style where wrestlers would attempt to 'catch' any available hold on their opponent. The primary objective was often to force the opponent to verbally yield through grappling techniques, including holds and less refined tactics common at the time.

What were the aims of promoters like J. Wannop concerning the different English wrestling styles?

Promoters such as J. Wannop sought to popularize catch wrestling by attempting to amalgamate the distinct styles of Cumberland and Westmorland, Cornwall, Devon, and Lancashire wrestling into a unified system.

How did spectators in Britain perceive catch wrestling compared to the older 'loose-hold' system?

Catch wrestling was viewed as a significant advancement over the 'loose-hold' system, which involved prolonged ground struggling and controversial tactics like leg-catching and joint manipulation. Spectators generally approved of the catch-as-catch-can principle as a more progressive form of wrestling.

What international wrestling traditions significantly influenced the development of catch wrestling, particularly in Britain?

Catch wrestling drew notable influences from international styles, most significantly from Indian pehlwani wrestling. Visits by British wrestlers to India and the subsequent invitation of Indian champions like The Great Gama to London helped integrate these techniques.

How was catch wrestling utilized in American carnivals during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

In American carnivals, catch wrestlers would challenge local individuals, often offering cash prizes for defeating the carnival's wrestler via pin or submission. These carnivals used catch wrestling as an attraction, with wrestlers aiming for quick, decisive victories through submission holds known as 'hooks'.

What constituted a 'hook' in the context of American carnival catch wrestling?

In the context of American carnival catch wrestling, a 'hook' was a technical submission hold designed to quickly end a match, often within seconds, by applying pressure or leverage.

Which folk wrestling disciplines, accessible due to immigration, influenced catch wrestling in the United States?

As carnival wrestlers traveled and interacted with diverse populations, they incorporated techniques from various folk wrestling disciplines. Irish collar-and-elbow wrestling was a particularly notable influence, facilitated by the significant influx of immigrants to the United States during that era.

Can you name some prominent international wrestlers who competed in catch wrestling matches in Europe?

Prominent international figures who competed in catch wrestling in Europe included Indian champions like The Great Gama and Imam Baksh Pahalwan, Bulgarian champion Dan Kolov, Swiss champion John Lemm, Americans Frank Gotch, Tom Jenkins, Ralph Parcaut, Ad Santel, Ed Lewis, and Lou Thesz, Mitsuyo Maeda from Japan, and Georg Hackenschmidt from the Russian Empire.

Why were catch-as-catch-can rules specifically chosen for the wrestling events at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics?

The wrestling competitions at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis were conducted under catch-as-catch-can rules due to the significant popularity of this particular wrestling style within the United States at that time.

What were some of the key rule modifications introduced for catch wrestling at the 1904 Olympic Games?

At the 1904 Olympics, catch wrestling adopted rules similar to other amateur styles. These included a single-elimination format, timed bouts with overtime, judges for decisions if no pinfall occurred, the establishment of six weight classes, and the prohibition of all submission holds.

What international wrestling organization was founded in 1912, and what is its modern name?

The Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées (FILA), founded in 1912, is the international organization that aimed to better organize Olympic wrestling. It is known today as United World Wrestling.

How did FILA's 1921 ruleset contribute to the development of freestyle wrestling?

In 1921, FILA codified a new ruleset derived from catch wrestling, naming it 'freestyle wrestling.' This name, possibly a translation of the French 'lutte libre' (which itself translates catch-as-catch-can), was chosen to distance the Olympic style from the declining reputation of professional catch wrestling.

What factors led to catch wrestling competitions transitioning into predetermined professional wrestling by the 1920s?

By the 1920s, many catch wrestling matches began to be predetermined. This shift occurred as interest waned, leading wrestlers and promoters to choreograph matches for better flow, entertainment value, emphasis on charismatic performers, and the introduction of 'gimmicks' and dramatic storylines, making them less physically taxing.

Who comprised the 'Gold Dust Trio,' and what was their impact on professional wrestling?

The 'Gold Dust Trio' consisted of Ed 'Strangler' Lewis, Billy Sandow, and Joseph 'Toots' Mondt. They are credited with transforming professional wrestling into a choreographed exhibition, introducing 'slam-bang Western-style wrestling,' and establishing a business model involving promoting large shows and long-term wrestler contracts, fundamentally changing the industry.

How is modern professional wrestling legally classified in certain jurisdictions, such as New York?

In modern times, professional wrestling is legally classified as prearranged entertainment. For instance, New York legislation defines it under 19 CRR-NY 213.2 as such.

Who developed a specific rules system for modern catch wrestling competitions, and for what events?

Professional wrestling champion and catch wrestling coach Karl Gotch devised a rules system for modern catch wrestling competitions. This system was used for Jake Shannon's 'King of Catch' tournaments and similar rules were applied in a 2018 tournament honoring Billy Robinson.

What is the literal meaning of the term 'catch as catch can'?

The term 'catch as catch can' is understood to mean 'catch (a hold) anywhere you can,' highlighting the style's emphasis on opportunistic grappling.

How did catch wrestling's rules differ from earlier folk styles and Greco-Roman wrestling?

Catch wrestling rules were more open than earlier folk styles and notably allowed holds below the waist, unlike French Greco-Roman wrestling which prohibited such techniques.

What are the primary methods for winning a catch wrestling match?

In catch wrestling, a match can be won by either submission or pinfall. Typically, matches are contested as the best two out of three falls and have a maximum duration of one hour.

Were submission holds always permitted in catch wrestling, and what other techniques were forbidden?

While catch wrestling generally allowed submissions, chokeholds were often barred, though not always. Techniques like fish-hooking and eye-gouging, referred to as 'rips,' were consistently forbidden.

According to Tommy Heyes, what was the predominant winning method in classical catch wrestling?

Tommy Heyes, a student of Billy Riley, noted that pins were the predominant way to win in classical catch wrestling. Some matches did not even feature submissions as an alternative win condition, with submission holds primarily used for control or to force an opponent into a pinning position.

Why were leglocks and neck cranks considered important techniques in catch wrestling?

Leglocks and neck cranks were emphasized in catch wrestling because, although difficult to apply as finishing moves without a strong base, they were effective for controlling an opponent and forcing movement, which could lead to a pin.

Besides tapping out or verbally yielding, what other action could signify defeat in catch wrestling?

In catch wrestling, rolling onto one's back could also signify defeat, as it would immediately lead to a pinfall, similar to how a toehold might force an opponent into that position if they remained still.

How did Frank Gotch strategically use his signature toehold to secure victories?

Frank Gotch often won matches by using the threat of his signature toehold to force his opponent to roll onto their back, thereby achieving a pinfall victory. This demonstrated a strategic use of submission holds to create pinning opportunities.

How is the term 'hook' defined within catch wrestling?

In catch wrestling, a 'hook' is broadly defined as any move that stretches, spreads, twists, or compresses any joint or limb of an opponent.

What did the term 'hooker' signify in catch wrestling?

The term 'hooker' was a common designation for a catch wrestler. A more skilled practitioner might be referred to as a 'shooter'.

What are some specific examples of submission techniques found within catch wrestling?

Catch wrestling techniques can include various holds such as the arm bar, Japanese arm bar, straight arm bar, hammerlock, wrist lock, double wrist lock (Kimura), coil lock (Omoplata), leg locks (like knee bars, ankle locks, heel hooks, toe holds), half Nelson, and full Nelson.

How did the rules and objectives of catch wrestling matches vary depending on the venue or context?

Catch wrestling rules were adaptable; matches with side-bets in places like coal mines often favored clear submission wins, while professionally booked or amateur contests tended to emphasize pinfalls to appeal to a broader audience.

What connection does Dan Gable draw between catch wrestling and the wrestling tradition in Iowa?

According to Dan Gable, the wrestling style he learned as an amateur in Waterloo, Iowa, was locally known as catch-as-catch-can. He identifies Farmer Burns and his student Frank Gotch as foundational figures ('grandfathers') of wrestling in Iowa, rooting the state's tradition in catch wrestling.

What significant encounter took place in 1914 between catch wrestler Ad Santel and judoka Tokugoro Ito?

In 1914, Ad Santel, a world light heavyweight catch wrestling champion, defeated Tokugoro Ito, a fifth-degree black belt judoka who claimed the world judo title. Santel subsequently proclaimed himself the world judo champion following this victory.

How did the Kodokan Judo institution attempt to counter Ad Santel's claims after his victory over Tokugoro Ito?

Following Santel's win, the Kodokan Judo institution, led by Jigoro Kano, sent several high-ranking judoka, including Daisuke Sakai, Reijiro Nagata, and Hikoo Shoji, to challenge Santel. While Santel defeated some and drew with others, the challenges eventually ceased when he transitioned to professional wrestling in 1921.

What was the overall outcome of the catch wrestling versus judo challenge matches involving Ad Santel?

While Tokugoro Ito eventually avenged his loss to Santel, Santel remained the only Western catch-wrestler on record to have defeated Ito. Official Kodokan representatives were generally unable to replicate Ito's success against Santel, indicating the effectiveness of catch wrestling against judo at that time.

Who was Karl Gotch, and what role did he play in teaching catch wrestling to Japanese wrestlers?

Karl Gotch was a prominent catch wrestler trained at Billy Riley's 'Snake Pit' in Wigan. Starting in the 1960s, he began teaching catch wrestling to Japanese professional wrestlers, including figures like Antonio Inoki, Satoru Sayama, and Akira Maeda, for many years.

How did Antonio Inoki's mixed martial arts bouts, starting in 1976, contribute to the popularity of catch wrestling in Japan?

Antonio Inoki hosted a series of mixed martial arts bouts against champions of various disciplines, including a famous match against Muhammad Ali. These 'clash-of-styles' events gained immense popularity in Japan and showcased catch wrestling techniques like the sleeper hold and various armbars.

What was the significance of the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF) in Japan regarding catch wrestling and MMA?

Formed in 1984 by Karl Gotch's students like Akira Maeda and Satoru Sayama, the UWF promoted 'shoot-style' matches heavily influenced by catch wrestling. This movement was led by catch wrestlers and played a crucial role in sparking the mixed martial arts boom in Japan.

Which modern mixed martial artists are noted for studying catch wrestling as their primary submission style?

Several prominent mixed martial artists, including Randy Couture, Kazushi Sakuraba, Masakatsu Funaki, Takanori Gomi, Shinya Aoki, and Josh Barnett, study catch wrestling as their main submission discipline.

What is the historical origin of the term 'no holds barred' in relation to catch wrestling?

The term 'no holds barred' originally described the unrestricted nature of catch wrestling tournaments in the late 19th century, where no holds were banned. This term was later adopted for mixed martial arts matches, particularly during the early days of the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Can you list some of the notable practitioners mentioned in the article on catch wrestling?

Notable practitioners listed include Gene Anderson, Shinya Aoki, Bob Backlund, Josh Barnett, Farmer Burns, Randy Couture, Verne Gagne, Frank Gotch, Karl Gotch, George Hackenschmidt, Danny Hodge, Antonio Inoki, Ed 'Strangler' Lewis, Billy Riley, Billy Robinson, Kazushi Sakuraba, Ad Santel, Ken Shamrock, Joe Stecher, and Lou Thesz, among others.

Catch Wrestling Wiki: The Art of the Hold: A Scholarly Dive into Catch Wrestling

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Overview

Definition

Catch wrestling, also known as catch-as-catch-can, is a British wrestling style characterized by its objective: to win by pinning or submitting the opponent using any legal holds or techniques. It emphasizes adaptability and the strategic exploitation of opportunities, allowing for a broader range of techniques compared to other wrestling disciplines. Notably, it permits leg holds and submissions, with no mandatory grips, fostering a dynamic and often unpredictable contest.

Dissemination

This style was historically propagated by wrestlers associated with travelling funfairs. These practitioners developed specialized submission holds, referred to as "hooks" and "stretches," to enhance their effectiveness. Through migration and cultural exchange, catch wrestling spread across Europe and the Anglosphere, embedding itself in various combat sport traditions.

Core Principles

The fundamental principle of "catch as catch can" implies the freedom to apply any hold that can be secured on an opponent. This contrasts with more restrictive styles by allowing leg attacks and submission maneuvers. While pins are a primary victory condition, submissions are equally valid, making the strategic application of holds crucial for success.

History

Origins and Evolution

Catch wrestling's roots are deeply embedded in various British wrestling traditions, primarily the Lancashire style, but also incorporating elements from Cumberland, Westmorland, Cornish, and Devonshire wrestling. Its evolution was significantly influenced by international styles, including Irish collar-and-elbow and Indian pehlwani wrestling, particularly through the interactions of British wrestlers with practitioners from the Indian subcontinent.

Olympic Recognition and Transformation

Catch-as-catch-can wrestling was featured in the Olympic Games from 1904 through 1936. However, subsequent rule changes, driven by the desire to standardize amateur wrestling and distance the sport from the perceived "dangerous" professional iterations, led to the banning of most submission holds. This evolution ultimately resulted in the style being codified as modern freestyle wrestling.

The phrase "catch as catch can" itself signifies the improvisational nature of the style, where wrestlers would employ any available technique to secure a victory, often through submission or a decisive pin. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this style gained immense popularity in the United States, particularly within carnival circuits, where wrestlers challenged locals, offering rewards for defeating their "strongman" exponents.

The term "catch" is still used synonymously with professional wrestling in some European countries like France and Germany, reflecting its historical connection to the entertainment spectacle that wrestling evolved into. The transition from legitimate combat sport to a performance art involved the introduction of predetermined matches, "gimmicks" (in-ring personas), and dramatic storylines, fundamentally altering the industry.

Revival and Modern Competitions

Following a period of decline, competitive catch wrestling experienced a revival starting in the 1980s. This resurgence has led to the establishment of significant competitions, such as The Snake Pit's Catch Wrestling World Championships and the ACWA US Open, reaffirming the style's enduring appeal and technical depth.

Styles and Influences

British Roots

Catch wrestling in the United Kingdom is a synthesis of several regional styles. Primarily rooted in the Lancashire style, it also draws from Cumberland, Westmorland, Cornish, and Devonshire wrestling. These regional variations contributed unique techniques and approaches to the overarching catch wrestling framework.

International Connections

The development of catch wrestling was significantly shaped by international influences. Notably, Indian pehlwani wrestling played a role, with champions like The Great Gama and Imam Baksh Pahalwan competing and influencing British wrestlers. Similarly, Irish collar-and-elbow wrestling contributed to the stylistic blend.

Descendant Arts

Catch wrestling serves as a foundational discipline for numerous modern combat sports and martial arts. Its techniques and principles have directly influenced or are incorporated into:

Freestyle wrestling
Professional wrestling
Shoot wrestling
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Folkstyle wrestling
Luta Livre
Sambo
Mixed martial arts (MMA)

This broad lineage underscores its pervasive impact on the landscape of grappling arts.

Techniques and Rules

The "Catch" Principle

The essence of catch wrestling lies in its open-ended nature, encapsulated by the phrase "catch anywhere you can." This philosophy permits wrestlers to utilize a wide array of grappling techniques, including those targeting the legs and joints, which are often restricted in other styles. Victory is achieved through either a pinfall or a submission.

Match Structure

Matches were traditionally contested as the best two out of three falls, with a maximum duration often set at one hour. While pins were historically the predominant method of victory, submission holds were integral for control and to force opponents into vulnerable positions. Certain holds, like chokeholds, were often barred, and fouls such as fish-hooking and eye-gouging were universally forbidden.

Submission Holds ("Hooks")

Submission holds, colloquially known as "hooks," were developed to apply pressure and control, often forcing an opponent to concede or move into a pinning position. Techniques like the toehold, while potentially painful, were often used to manipulate an opponent's position, forcing them to roll onto their back for a pin. The term "hooker" became synonymous with a skilled catch wrestler.

Catch wrestling encompasses a vast repertoire of grappling techniques, including but not limited to:

Armbars (various forms: straight, Japanese, seated)
Wristlocks
Double Wristlocks (Kimura)
Omoplata (Coil Lock)
Head Scissors
Body Scissors
Chest Locks
Abdominal Stretches
Leg Locks (Ankle Locks, Knee Bars, Heel Hooks, Toe Holds)
Half Nelson and Full Nelson

Influence on Combat Sports

MMA and Shoot Wrestling

Catch wrestling has profoundly influenced the development of modern mixed martial arts (MMA) and shoot wrestling. Figures like Karl Gotch, a student of Billy Riley's Snake Pit, were instrumental in teaching catch wrestling techniques to Japanese professional wrestlers in the 1960s. This instruction laid the groundwork for the Japanese shoot wrestling boom and the subsequent rise of MMA.

Japanese MMA Pioneers

Pioneers like Antonio Inoki, Tatsumi Fujinami, and Akira Maeda integrated catch wrestling into their martial arts bouts, showcasing techniques such as the sleeper hold, cross armbreaker, and various leg locks. This emphasis on legitimate grappling contributed significantly to the "clash of styles" matches that captivated audiences in Japan and paved the way for organizations like Pancrase and Shooto.

"No Holds Barred" Legacy

The term "no holds barred" (NHB), often associated with the early days of MMA and the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), directly originates from the open-rules format of late 19th-century catch wrestling tournaments. This historical connection highlights catch wrestling's role in legitimizing submission-based combat sports.

Notable Practitioners

Masters of the Hold

Catch wrestling has been practiced and refined by numerous influential figures throughout its history. These individuals not only excelled in competition but also contributed significantly to the art's development and dissemination.

Martin "Farmer" Burns
Frank Gotch
George Hackenschmidt
Karl Gotch
Lou Thesz
Ad Santel
Billy Riley
Billy Robinson
Danny Hodge
Stu Hart
Josh Barnett
Shayna Baszler
Shinya Aoki
Randy Couture
Demetrious Johnson

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References

Bob Backlund, Robert H. Miller, Backlund: From All-American Boy to Professional Wrestling's World Champion

A full list of references for this article are available at the Catch wrestling Wikipedia page

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This is not professional sports or combat strategy advice. The information provided herein should not substitute consultation with qualified coaches, trainers, or sports historians. Always refer to primary sources and expert guidance for practical application or in-depth study.

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The Art of the Hold

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Overview ℹ️

🤼 Definition

🌍 Dissemination

⚖️ Core Principles

History 📜

🏛️ Origins and Evolution

🏅 Olympic Recognition and Transformation

🔄 Revival and Modern Competitions

Styles and Influences 🔗

🇬🇧 British Roots

🌐 International Connections

🥋 Descendant Arts

Techniques and Rules ⚙️

🎯 The "Catch" Principle

📜 Match Structure

💥 Submission Holds ("Hooks")

Influence on Combat Sports 💡

🥋 MMA and Shoot Wrestling

🇯🇵 Japanese MMA Pioneers

🇺🇸 "No Holds Barred" Legacy

Notable Practitioners 👤

🏆 Masters of the Hold

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Academic Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Definition

Dissemination

Core Principles

History

Origins and Evolution

Olympic Recognition and Transformation

Revival and Modern Competitions

Styles and Influences

British Roots

International Connections

Descendant Arts

Techniques and Rules

The "Catch" Principle

Match Structure

Submission Holds ("Hooks")

Influence on Combat Sports

MMA and Shoot Wrestling

Japanese MMA Pioneers

"No Holds Barred" Legacy

Notable Practitioners

Masters of the Hold

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice