What are cervical vertebrae and where are they located in the spine?

Cervical vertebrae are the vertebrae that make up the neck region of the spine in tetrapods, situated immediately below the skull. They are located superior to the truncal vertebrae, which include the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in mammals.

How do cervical vertebrae in sauropsid species differ from those in mammals regarding ribs?

In sauropsid species, such as lizards and certain dinosaurs, the cervical vertebrae bear cervical ribs. In contrast, the vertebral transverse processes in mammals are considered homologous to these cervical ribs.

What is the typical number of cervical vertebrae in mammals, and which species are notable exceptions?

Most mammals possess seven cervical vertebrae. However, there are exceptions, including the manatee, which has six; the two-toed sloth, which has five or six; and the three-toed sloth, which has nine cervical vertebrae.

How can human cervical vertebrae be identified and distinguished from thoracic or lumbar vertebrae?

Human cervical vertebrae are typically the smallest of the true vertebrae and are distinct due to the presence of a transverse foramen. This opening is located in each transverse process and serves as a passage for the vertebral artery, vertebral veins, and the inferior cervical ganglion.

Describe the general structure of the bodies of typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6).

The bodies of the third through sixth cervical vertebrae are relatively small and are wider from side to side than they are from front to back. Their anterior and posterior surfaces are flattened and of equal depth, with the anterior surface positioned lower and its inferior border extending down to overlap the vertebra below.

What are the characteristics of the pedicles and laminae of typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6)?

The pedicles of these vertebrae project laterally and backward, attaching to the body midway between its upper and lower borders. This positioning results in a superior vertebral notch that is narrower but as deep as the inferior vertebral notch. The laminae are thin and narrow, being thinner above than below.

How is the vertebral foramen shaped in typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6)?

In the typical cervical vertebrae from C3 to C6, the vertebral foramen is large and triangular in shape. This large opening is crucial for housing and protecting the spinal cord.

What is notable about the spinous process of typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6), and where do certain muscles attach?

The spinous process in typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) is short and often bifid, meaning it splits into two divisions, which can be of unequal size. Due to their short length, superficial muscles like the trapezius and splenius capitis attach to the nuchal ligament rather than directly to these spinous processes.

What are articular pillars in cervical vertebrae, and how do they form?

Articular pillars are columns of bone that form in cervical vertebrae by the fusion of the superior and inferior articular processes on one or both sides. These pillars project laterally from where the pedicle and lamina meet.

Describe the orientation of the articular facets on typical cervical vertebrae.

The superior articular facets of cervical vertebrae face backward, upward, and slightly medially, while the inferior articular facets face forward, downward, and slightly laterally. These facets are flat and oval-shaped, facilitating specific movements of the neck.

What is the function of the transverse foramen in cervical vertebrae, and what structures pass through it?

The transverse foramen, also known as the foramen transversarium, is a key feature of cervical vertebrae, particularly the upper six. It allows passage for the vertebral artery and vein, along with a network of sympathetic nerves.

What are the anterior and posterior parts of the transverse process of a cervical vertebra, and what is the anterior part homologous to?

The transverse process of a cervical vertebra consists of an anterior portion, called the costal process or costal element, and a posterior part, which is the true transverse process. The anterior portion arises from the side of the body and is homologous to the rib found in the thoracic region.

What is the carotid tubercle (Chassaignac tubercle), and what is its clinical significance?

The carotid tubercle is the anterior tubercle of the sixth cervical vertebra (C6). It serves as a landmark that separates the common carotid artery from the vertebral artery and can be used to apply pressure to the carotid artery to manage supraventricular tachycardia. It is also a landmark for anesthesia of the brachial and cervical plexuses.

How do the cervical spinal nerves emerge relative to the cervical vertebrae?

Cervical spinal nerves emerge from above their corresponding numbered cervical vertebrae. For instance, the third cervical spinal nerve (C3) passes superior to the C3 vertebra.

What are the Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) in the context of the cervical spine?

The Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) are the two uppermost cervical vertebrae. They are crucial for connecting the skull to the vertebral column and enabling head movement.

What unique anatomical features does the Atlas (C1) lack compared to typical cervical vertebrae?

The Atlas (C1) is distinct in that it lacks a vertebral body, a spinous process, and intervertebral discs above or below it. It is primarily ring-shaped.

What are the main structural components of the Atlas (C1)?

The Atlas (C1) is characterized by its ring-like structure, which consists of an anterior arch, a posterior arch, and two lateral masses. These components support the skull.

What is the most distinctive feature of the Axis (C2), and what does it articulate with?

The most distinctive feature of the Axis (C2) is the strong odontoid process, also known as the dens. This process rises perpendicularly from the body of C2 and articulates with the Atlas (C1), forming a pivot joint.

How does the body of the Axis (C2) relate to the vertebra below it?

The body of the Axis (C2) is deeper in the front than in the back. It extends downward anteriorly, overlapping the upper and front portion of the third cervical vertebra (C3).

What is the Vertebra Prominens, and what is its significance?

The Vertebra Prominens, identified as the seventh cervical vertebra (C7), is notable for its long and prominent spinous process. This process is palpable through the skin and serves as an attachment point for the nuchal ligament.

What is a cervical rib, and what potential complications can arise from it?

A cervical rib is an extra rib that can develop from the anterior root of the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7). While usually small, these ribs can sometimes compress vital structures like the subclavian artery or vein, or nerves of the brachial plexus, leading to symptoms.

What condition can result from compression of nerves or blood vessels by a cervical rib?

Compression of nerves or blood vessels by a cervical rib can lead to a condition known as thoracic outlet syndrome. Symptoms may include pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the upper limb.

Describe the spinous process of the Vertebra Prominens (C7) and its variability.

The spinous process of C7 is typically long, thick, and nearly horizontal, ending in a tubercle for the attachment of the nuchal ligament. It is not usually bifurcated. However, it is not always the most prominent spinous process; C6 or T1 can sometimes be more prominent.

How does the transverse foramen of C7 typically differ from those in other cervical vertebrae, and what is the usual passage for the vertebral artery and vein?

The transverse foramen of C7 is generally smaller than in other cervical vertebrae, and it may be absent or double on one or both sides. Typically, the vertebral artery and vein pass in front of the transverse process of C7, rather than through the foramen itself, although the vein may traverse it on both sides.

What are the primary joints involved in nodding and rotating the head?

Nodding the head (flexion and extension) occurs predominantly at the atlanto-occipital joint between the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone, often called the 'yes joint.' Rotating the head left and right happens almost entirely at the atlanto-axial joint between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2), known as the 'no joint.'

How does the mobility of the cervical spine contribute to head movements?

While the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints are primary movers for nodding and rotation, the overall mobility of the cervical spine itself contributes a component to these movements, particularly flexion and extension.

What are common causes of degenerative changes in the cervical spine?

Common causes of cervical degenerative changes include conditions such as spondylosis, narrowing of intervertebral discs (stenosis), and the formation of osteophytes (bone spurs). These changes are often visualized using radiographic imaging.

Explain the radiographic grading system for cervical degenerative changes.

Radiographs are used to grade cervical degenerative changes from 0 to 4. Grade 0 indicates no changes, Grade 1 shows minimal osteophyte development, Grade 2 involves definite osteophytes, Grade 3 includes additional disc space narrowing or stenosis, and Grade 4 is characterized by large osteophytes, severe disc space narrowing, and significant vertebral end plate sclerosis.

Which levels of the cervical spine are most frequently injured, and which are most associated with neurological injury?

The C4 and C5 levels experience the highest amount of cervical spine trauma. While injuries are common at the second cervical vertebra (C2), significant neurological injury is less common at that level compared to others.

What are the potential severe consequences of significant cervical spine injuries?

Severe cervical spine injuries can lead to profound disability or even death. This can include paralysis of the arms, legs, and diaphragm, ultimately resulting in respiratory failure.

Name two common patterns of cervical spine injury.

Two common patterns of cervical spine injury are the odontoid fracture and the hangman's fracture. These types of fractures often require immobilization.

What methods are commonly used to immobilize the cervical spine after injury?

Following a cervical spine injury, immobilization is often achieved using a cervical collar or a halo brace. This is done to prevent further damage to the spinal cord and surrounding structures.

What has prompted a review of the standard practice of immobilizing all patients with suspected cervical spine trauma?

The practice of routinely immobilizing all patients with suspected cervical spine trauma is being reviewed because studies indicate that the incidence of unstable spinal trauma in immobilized patients can be as low as 2%. This suggests that routine immobilization may be overused.

What is the Canadian C-Spine Rule (CCR)?

The Canadian C-Spine Rule (CCR) is a set of guidelines developed through Canadian studies. It assists physicians in deciding which patients require radiological imaging to assess for cervical spine injuries, aiming to optimize diagnostic decisions.

What anatomical landmarks are associated with the C1 vertebral level?

The C1 vertebral level corresponds to the base of the nose and the hard palate in terms of anatomical landmarks.

What anatomical landmark is associated with the C2 vertebral level?

The C2 vertebral level is associated with the teeth of a closed mouth.

What anatomical structures are found at the C3 vertebral level?

At the C3 vertebral level, the mandible (lower jawbone) and the hyoid bone are located.

At which cervical vertebral level does the common carotid artery typically bifurcate?

The common carotid artery typically bifurcates at the level of the C4 vertebra.

What anatomical structures are associated with the C4-C5 vertebral levels?

The thyroid cartilage is generally located at the level of the C4-C5 vertebrae.

What anatomical structures are associated with the C6-C7 vertebral levels?

The cricoid cartilage is typically found at the level of the C6-C7 vertebrae.

What is the significance of the C6 vertebral level regarding anatomical continuity and palpation?

At the C6 vertebral level, the esophagus becomes continuous with the laryngopharynx, and the larynx becomes continuous with the trachea. Additionally, the carotid pulse can be palpated against the transverse process of C6.

Describe the image showing the position of human cervical vertebrae.

The image displays the location of human cervical vertebrae within the neck, highlighting them in red. It identifies the seven cervical vertebrae by number, from C1 at the top down to C7.

What does the image of a human cervical vertebra illustrate?

The image shows a single human cervical vertebra, providing a visual representation of its general structure.

What do the images comparing the necks of an okapi and a giraffe demonstrate about cervical vertebrae?

The images of the okapi and giraffe necks illustrate that despite significant differences in neck length, both species possess the same number of cervical vertebrae (seven). The giraffe's elongated neck is attributed to heterochrony, specifically the extended embryonic development of these bones.

What are cervical lines, and what do incongruencies in them indicate in medical imaging?

Cervical lines are annotations used in medical imaging, such as X-rays and CT scans, of the cervical vertebrae. Incongruencies or deviations in these lines can suggest the presence of a cervical fracture, spondylolisthesis, or ligament injury.

What does the gallery image titled 'Scrollable computed tomography images of normal cervical vertebrae' depict?

The gallery image provides scrollable computed tomography (CT) scans that illustrate the normal appearance of cervical vertebrae. This type of imaging is valuable for detailed examination of the bone structures.

What does the animation titled 'Position of cervical vertebrae (shown in red). Animation.' show?

This animation visually demonstrates the location of the cervical vertebrae within the spine, highlighting them in red to indicate their position.

What does the illustration titled 'Illustration of cervical vertebrae' present?

This gallery item presents a general illustration of the cervical vertebrae, offering a visual overview of their arrangement and form.

What does the animation titled 'Shape of cervical vertebrae (shown in blue and yellow). Animation.' illustrate?

This animation visually depicts the shape of the cervical vertebrae, using blue and yellow colors to differentiate parts or highlight specific features.

What does the gallery item '3D image' show?

The gallery item labeled '3D image' provides a three-dimensional representation of a human cervical vertebra, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of its form from multiple angles.

What does the gallery image 'Cervical vertebrae, lateral view (shown in blue and yellow)' depict?

This image presents a lateral view of the cervical vertebrae, with specific parts highlighted in blue and yellow to aid in identification and understanding of their structure.

Cervical Vertebrae Wiki: The Cervical Spine: Pillars of the Neck

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Introduction

Defining the Neck's Vertebrae

In tetrapods, the cervical vertebrae constitute the segment of the vertebral column located in the neck, situated immediately inferior to the skull. In mammals, these are followed by the truncal vertebrae, which are further divided into thoracic and lumbar regions. While most mammals possess seven cervical vertebrae, notable exceptions exist, such as the manatee with six, and the two-toed and three-toed sloths with five to six, and nine, respectively.^[2]^[3] This article focuses specifically on the anatomy of human cervical vertebrae.^[1]

Evolutionary Context

In sauropsid species (reptiles and birds), the cervical vertebrae often bear cervical ribs. These ribs are substantial in lizards and saurischian dinosaurs but are reduced and fused to the vertebrae in birds. The transverse processes of mammalian cervical vertebrae are considered homologous to the cervical ribs found in other amniotes.^[1]

Structure

General Characteristics (C3-C6)

The third through sixth cervical vertebrae share common features. Their bodies are relatively small, being wider transversely than they are deep anteroposteriorly. The anterior and posterior surfaces are flattened and of equal depth. The inferior border of the body projects downward, slightly overlapping the vertebra below. The superior surface is transversely concave with a projecting lip on each side, while the inferior surface is concave from front to back and convex side to side, featuring shallow lateral concavities for articulation.

Arches and Processes

The pedicles project laterally and backward, attaching midway up the body. The laminae are narrow and thinner superiorly, forming a large, triangular vertebral foramen. The spinous processes are short and typically bifid, serving as attachment points for the nuchal ligament. Articular processes are fused into pillars, with superior facets facing backward, upward, and medially, and inferior facets facing forward, downward, and laterally.

Transverse Foramen and Arteries

A defining characteristic of human cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) is the presence of a transverse foramen within each transverse process. This opening serves as a crucial passageway for the vertebral artery, vertebral veins, and sympathetic nerves. The transverse process itself consists of anterior and posterior parts, joined by a bone bar that creates a sulcus for the spinal nerve. The anterior part is homologous to a rib, while the posterior part is the true transverse process.

Atlas & Axis

The Atlas (C1)

The atlas, or C1, is the uppermost cervical vertebra and forms the primary articulation with the skull. It is unique in its ring-like structure, lacking a vertebral body and spinous process. It comprises an anterior arch, a posterior arch, and two lateral masses, which bear the articular facets for the occipital condyles.

The Axis (C2)

The axis, or C2, facilitates the rotational movement of the head. Its most distinctive feature is the odontoid process (dens) which projects superiorly from the body to articulate with the atlas. The body of the axis is deeper anteriorly and overlaps the third cervical vertebra.

Vertebra Prominens (C7)

Identifying C7

The seventh cervical vertebra, known as the vertebra prominens, is characterized by its exceptionally long and prominent spinous process, which is readily palpable externally. This process is typically thick, nearly horizontal, and not bifurcated, serving as a key attachment point for the nuchal ligament. While usually the most prominent, variations exist where C6 or T1 may be more prominent.

Potential Anomalies

C7's transverse processes are notably large. The transverse foramina may vary in size, sometimes being absent or double, and occasionally do not transmit the vertebral artery. A significant anomaly is the occasional development of a cervical rib from the anterior root of the transverse process. These ribs, though often small, can compress adjacent neurovascular structures, potentially leading to thoracic outlet syndrome symptoms like pain, numbness, or weakness in the upper limb.^[8]

Function

Head Movement: The "Yes" Joint

The primary movement of nodding the head, akin to saying "yes," occurs predominantly at the atlanto-occipital joint, formed between the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone of the skull. While some flexion and extension of the cervical spine itself contribute, this articulation is the main driver of this motion.

Head Rotation: The "No" Joint

The side-to-side rotation of the head, resembling a "no" motion, is largely facilitated by the atlanto-axial joint between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2). The unique structure of this joint, particularly the odontoid process of the axis, allows for extensive rotation, enabling the head to turn significantly.

Clinical Significance

Degenerative Changes

Cervical degenerative changes, including spondylosis, intervertebral disc stenosis, and osteophyte formation, are commonly assessed using radiographic imaging. A grading system (0-4) quantifies these changes, ranging from no abnormalities to severe disc space narrowing and vertebral end-plate sclerosis.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Trauma and Injury

While injuries are frequent at the C2 level, significant neurological damage is uncommon. However, the C4 and C5 levels experience the highest incidence of cervical spine trauma. Severe injuries can lead to profound disability, including paralysis and respiratory failure. Common fractures like odontoid and hangman's fractures are often managed with immobilization devices such as cervical collars or halo braces.^[8]

Imaging and Assessment

Medical imaging, particularly X-rays and CT scans, utilizes specific annotations known as "cervical lines." Deviations from these lines can indicate cervical fractures, spondylolisthesis, or ligamentous injuries. The Canadian C-Spine Rule (CCR) provides a clinical guideline for determining the necessity of radiological imaging in patients with suspected cervical spine trauma.^[9]

Anatomical Landmarks

Key Vertebral Levels

The vertebral column serves as a critical reference point in human anatomy. Specific cervical vertebral levels correspond to important anatomical structures:

C1: Base of the nose, hard palate.
C2: Teeth of a closed mouth.
C3: Mandible, hyoid bone.
C4: Bifurcation of the common carotid artery.
C4-C5: Thyroid cartilage.
C6-C7: Cricoid cartilage.
C6: Level where the esophagus becomes continuous with the laryngopharynx, and the larynx with the trachea. The carotid pulse is also palpable against the C6 transverse process.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Cervical Vertebrae" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about cervical_vertebrae while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

first apocalypse of james

inflation

tourism in north korea

dušan lajović

liberal kansas

pharmacokinetics

2012 new york mets season

512th airlift wing

newsweek

fashion journalism

References

MedicalMnemonics.com: 3548

A full list of references for this article are available at the Cervical vertebrae Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not medical advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional medical consultation, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Cervical Spine: Pillars of the Neck

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction ℹ️

🦴 Defining the Neck's Vertebrae

🌍 Evolutionary Context

Structure ⚙️

🔬 General Characteristics (C3-C6)

🔗 Arches and Processes

🩸 Transverse Foramen and Arteries

Atlas & Axis 🔗

⬆️ The Atlas (C1)

🔄 The Axis (C2)

Vertebra Prominens (C7) 📍

👆 Identifying C7

⚠️ Potential Anomalies

Function 🤸

👍 Head Movement: The "Yes" Joint

👎 Head Rotation: The "No" Joint

Clinical Significance ⚕️

📉 Degenerative Changes

🤕 Trauma and Injury

📷 Imaging and Assessment

Anatomical Landmarks 📌

📏 Key Vertebral Levels

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

Defining the Neck's Vertebrae

Evolutionary Context

Structure

General Characteristics (C3-C6)

Arches and Processes

Transverse Foramen and Arteries

Atlas & Axis

The Atlas (C1)

The Axis (C2)

Vertebra Prominens (C7)

Identifying C7

Potential Anomalies

Function

Head Movement: The "Yes" Joint

Head Rotation: The "No" Joint

Clinical Significance

Degenerative Changes

Trauma and Injury

Imaging and Assessment

Anatomical Landmarks

Key Vertebral Levels

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice