What is the fundamental definition of civil disobedience?

Civil disobedience is defined as the active and deliberate refusal of a citizen to obey specific laws, demands, orders, or commands from a government or any other authority. Often, this refusal is nonviolent, leading to its equation with peaceful protest or nonviolent resistance.

Who is credited with popularizing the term 'civil disobedience' in the United States?

The term 'civil disobedience' was popularized in the United States by Henry David Thoreau through his essay 'Resistance to Civil Government,' first published in 1849 and later retitled 'Civil Disobedience.' While the concept existed before, Thoreau's work significantly brought it into public discourse.

Can civil disobedience be equated with peaceful protest or nonviolent resistance?

Yes, by some definitions, civil disobedience is considered synonymous with peaceful protest or nonviolent resistance, as it often involves the active and professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws or demands in a nonviolent manner.

Which prominent activists have utilized forms of civil disobedience?

Prominent activists who have used civil disobedience include American women's suffrage leader Susan B. Anthony in the late 19th century, Egyptian nationalist Saad Zaghloul in the 1910s, and Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian independence movement in the 1920s. Martin Luther King Jr. and James Bevel also incorporated aspects of civil disobedience into their nonviolent protests during the civil rights movement.

How did Martin Luther King Jr. view the practice of civil disobedience in relation to law?

Martin Luther King Jr. regarded civil disobedience as a demonstration of reverence for the law. He believed that breaking a law that one's conscience deems unjust, and willingly accepting the penalty, was a way to arouse the conscience of the community regarding the injustice.

What is an early depiction of civil disobedience found in literature?

An early depiction of civil disobedience can be found in Sophocles' play 'Antigone.' In the play, Antigone defies King Creon's order by burying her brother, Polynices, stating that she must obey her conscience rather than human law.

Which historical figures or movements advocated for civil disobedience against oppression?

Conrad Grebel and the Anabaptists advocated for civil disobedience against oppression. Additionally, Étienne de La Boétie's work 'Discours de la servitude volontaire' (Discourse on Voluntary Servitude) theorized non-cooperation as an effective weapon, influencing later movements of civil disobedience.

How did the English Midland Enlightenment relate to civil disobedience?

In the lead-up to Britain's Glorious Revolution, the English Midland Enlightenment developed a method of objecting to laws deemed illegitimate by accepting the legal consequences, such as imprisonment for refusing to swear allegiance to the king. This approach focused on the legitimacy of laws made by humans versus those claimed to be divine.

What was Percy Shelley's contribution to the concept of nonviolent protest?

Following the Peterloo massacre, Percy Shelley wrote 'The Mask of Anarchy,' which depicted a new form of social action and is considered perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of nonviolent protest, influencing later thinkers like Thoreau and Gandhi.

What was Henry David Thoreau's primary argument in his essay 'Civil Disobedience'?

In 'Civil Disobedience,' Thoreau argued that citizens have a moral responsibility for their support of aggressors, even when mandated by law. He explained his refusal to pay taxes as a protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War, emphasizing individual conscience over state authority.

How did minority groups in the United States use civil disobedience in the 1850s?

By the 1850s, various minority groups in the United States, including African Americans and Jews, employed civil disobedience to challenge legal measures and public practices that promoted ethnic, religious, and racial discrimination. This remained an integral tactic in minority rights politics.

What was the 'Land War' in Ireland and its connection to civil disobedience?

The Irish 'Land War' saw intensified civil disobedience starting in 1879. Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell suggested shunning tenants who took farms from evicted tenants. This tactic was famously applied to Captain Charles Boycott in 1880, leading to the coining of the term 'boycott' and contributing to legal reform and the push for Irish independence.

Describe the nationwide civil disobedience movement in Egypt starting in 1914.

Egypt experienced a significant nationwide civil disobedience movement beginning in 1914, peaking in 1919 with the Egyptian Revolution. Led by figures like Saad Zaghloul Pasha and the Wafd Party, this movement united Christian and Muslim communities and involved women in mass protests, ultimately contributing to Egypt's independence and the establishment of its first constitution in 1923.

What is the etymological origin of the term 'civil disobedience' as used today?

The term 'civil disobedience' gained widespread usage after Henry David Thoreau's 1849 essay 'Resistance to Civil Government' was published posthumously in 1866 under the title 'Civil Disobedience.' The term began appearing in sermons and lectures related to slavery and the Mexican-American War around that time.

How has the term 'civil disobedience' been described as ambiguous or debased?

It has been argued that the term 'civil disobedience' has become ambiguous and debased, used to describe a wide range of actions from legal test cases to political assassination. Vice President Spiro Agnew, for example, used it to describe activities ranging from mugging to political assassination.

What distinction does J. L. LeGrande suggest regarding forms of protest?

J. L. LeGrande suggests a distinction between lawful protest demonstrations, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience, finding it difficult to formulate a single, all-encompassing definition for the term 'civil disobedience' due to semantic complexities.

Did Mahatma Gandhi consider Thoreau his primary influence for civil disobedience?

Mahatma Gandhi stated that his idea of civil disobedience was not derived from Thoreau's writings. He explained that the resistance to authority in South Africa was well underway before he encountered Thoreau's essay, which he later used to help explain their struggle to English readers, eventually adopting the term 'Civil Resistance' for fuller meaning.

According to John Rawls, what are the key characteristics of civil disobedience?

In his book 'A Theory of Justice,' John Rawls described civil disobedience as a public, non-violent, conscientious, yet political act that deliberately breaks the law, typically with the aim of changing the government's laws or policies.

What are Ronald Dworkin's three categories of civil disobedience?

Ronald Dworkin categorized civil disobedience into three types: 'integrity-based,' where a citizen disobeys an immoral law (like abolitionists defying fugitive slave laws); 'justice-based,' where laws are broken to claim a denied right (like Black citizens protesting during the Civil Rights Movement); and 'policy-based,' where laws are broken to change a policy deemed dangerously wrong.

Can civil disobedience be justified against non-governmental agencies?

Some theories suggest civil disobedience can be justified against non-governmental agencies like trade unions or private universities if the disobedience challenges the legal system that permits their decisions. This principle can also extend to actions against international organizations and foreign governments.

What is Stephen Eilmann's argument regarding the necessity of public civil disobedience?

Stephen Eilmann questions why disobedience must always be public, suggesting that covert lawbreaking might be more effective in certain situations, such as a lawyer fabricating evidence or committing perjury to help a client secure natural rights, assuming common morality permits deceit in such cases.

What is the debate surrounding whether civil disobedience must be non-violent?

There is a debate on whether civil disobedience must be non-violent. While 'Black's Law Dictionary' includes nonviolence in its definition, some scholars argue that non-violence is not a strict requirement. Philosopher H. J. McCloskey suggested that if violent disobedience is more effective, it might be more justified, a view echoed by Howard Zinn, who noted Thoreau's approval of John Brown's armed insurrection.

How does Howard Zinn differentiate between violent and non-violent civil disobedience?

Howard Zinn acknowledges the complexity in distinguishing between violence and non-violence in civil disobedience, especially during transitions from violent systems. He argues against a simple dismissal of violence, pointing out that Thoreau, a proponent of civil disobedience, supported John Brown's armed actions, and that campaigns labeled non-violent often contained elements of violence.

What is the difference between revolutionary and non-revolutionary civil disobedience?

Non-revolutionary civil disobedience involves breaking laws based on personal conscience or to render specific laws ineffective, aiming for repeal or pressure on other issues. Revolutionary civil disobedience is a more active effort to overthrow a government or enact sweeping societal changes, which can include cultural or religious shifts.

What are examples of revolutionary civil disobedience mentioned in the text?

Mahatma Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience. The text also mentions Hungarians under Ferenc Deák directing revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government, and Thoreau's writings on achieving 'peaceable revolution'.

What is the distinction between collective and solitary civil disobedience?

Collective civil disobedience involves groups acting together, such as the Jews preventing the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem or modern activists refusing bail collectively. Solitary civil disobedience, like Thoreau's act of refusing to pay taxes, is performed by an individual and may sometimes go unnoticed.

What types of illegal acts have civil disobedients chosen?

Civil disobedients have chosen various illegal acts, ranging from symbolic protests like trespassing at missile installations (which might be seen as a nuisance) to direct actions like occupying facilities illegally. Some have openly broken laws to achieve a social goal, such as providing medicine to Iraq without permission, or living in a redwood tree to prevent its felling.

How can civil disobedience involve 'pure speech'?

When criminalized behavior is classified as 'pure speech,' civil disobedience can manifest as engaging in the forbidden speech itself. An example is WBAI broadcasting George Carlin's 'Filthy Words,' which led to a Supreme Court case regarding broadcast indecency.

What is 'electronic civil disobedience'?

Electronic civil disobedience encompasses actions like website defacements, denial-of-service attacks, information theft, data leaks, illegal website parodies, virtual sit-ins, and virtual sabotage. A key distinction is that perpetrators openly reveal their identity, and these actions often generate media attention.

What are 'dilemma actions' in the context of civil disobedience?

Dilemma actions are designed to create a response dilemma for authorities, forcing them to either concede public space to protesters or appear heavy-handed by acting against the protest. This strategy aims to make authorities look absurd or unreasonable.

What is the expected response from authorities when civil disobedience occurs?

Since civil disobedience involves intentionally breaking the law, individuals engaging in it can anticipate arrest, criminal charges, trial, and legal punishment. Activists must decide how to respond to these potential outcomes.

What advice did Al Sharpton give regarding the consequences of civil disobedience?

Al Sharpton advised that civil disobedients must be prepared for their actions to have consequences, stating that the cause is more important than personal freedom. He cautioned against believing one has legal immunity or a sense of entitlement to break laws without facing ordinary legal punishments.

What are the different approaches to arrest within civil disobedience movements?

Some civil disobedience disciplines advocate for protesters to submit to arrest and cooperate with authorities. Others suggest resisting arrest, such as by falling limp or actively resisting, particularly if it hinders police response during mass protests.

What is the general consensus on a suspect talking to police investigators in civil disobedience cases?

It is generally agreed within the legal community, and often believed by activists, that speaking to criminal investigators serves no useful purpose and can be harmful. Some activists, however, may feel compelled to answer due to misunderstanding legal ramifications or a desire not to appear rude.

What strategic decisions do civil disobedients face during trials?

When pleading not guilty, civil disobedients must decide if their primary goal is acquittal or using the proceedings as a platform to educate the jury and public about their political reasons for breaking the law. They might also consider technical defenses or seek jury nullification.

What is the difference between a 'technical defense' and a 'political defense' in a trial?

A technical defense focuses on legal loopholes or procedural errors to achieve acquittal, potentially reducing press coverage. A political defense directly addresses the political motivations behind the act of civil disobedience, aiming to justify the actions based on political or moral grounds.

What is jury nullification, and how has its use been affected by court decisions?

Jury nullification occurs when a jury acquits a defendant despite evidence of guilt, often because they disagree with the law itself. Court decisions like 'Sparf v. United States' and 'United States v. Dougherty' have made it more difficult for defendants to openly seek or for judges to inform juries about this prerogative.

What considerations do judges have when deciding whether to impose punishment on civil disobedients?

According to Lord Hoffman, a British judge, the most important consideration is whether punishment would do more harm than good, based on utilitarian grounds. He also noted that courts should consider the personal convictions of demonstrators acting out of conscience in pursuit of democracy.

What social consequences might civil disobedients face?

Beyond legal repercussions, civil disobedients can face social consequences such as suspension or expulsion from school, estrangement from family, and potential difficulties with employers, who might prefer not to hire or may even fire individuals involved in civil disobedience.

How do governments generally view civil disobedience from a legal perspective?

Governments typically do not recognize the legitimacy of civil disobedience, viewing political objectives as insufficient justification for breaking the law. Legally, the focus is on criminal intent rather than motive, meaning even admirable motives do not excuse criminal intent.

What is the legal distinction between 'direct' and 'indirect' civil disobedience?

Direct civil disobedience involves breaking the specific law that is the object of protest, while indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law that is not itself the target of the protest, often to draw attention to a different issue or law.

How have courts typically handled defenses based on the legality of war in civil disobedience cases?

During the Vietnam War, courts generally refused to excuse protesters from punishment based on challenges to the war's legality, often classifying such issues as 'political questions' outside the court's jurisdiction.

What is the 'necessity defense' in the context of civil disobedience?

The necessity defense has sometimes been used by civil disobedients to deny guilt while still presenting their political beliefs. However, court cases like 'United States v. Schoon' have significantly limited the availability of this defense for political acts.

What is the significance of pleading guilty or not guilty for a civil disobedient?

There is debate on whether to plead guilty or not guilty. Pleading guilty signifies acceptance of responsibility and submission to punishment, aligning with the idea of respecting the law's process. Pleading not guilty can be a way to challenge the law's legitimacy or assert innocence of wrongdoing.

What is a 'creative plea' in a legal context?

A 'creative plea' is when a defendant makes a statement in court that is not a standard guilty or not guilty plea, often expressing a philosophical or moral stance. For example, stating 'I plead for the beauty that surrounds us' would typically be interpreted as a plea of not guilty.

What did Mahatma Gandhi say about submitting to punishment?

Mahatma Gandhi, when pleading guilty, stated he was there to 'submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen.'

What is 'allocution' in the context of a civil disobedience trial?

Allocution is when a defendant makes a speech to the court, often to explain their actions or express defiance. This can sometimes lead to harsher sentences if the judge perceives a lack of remorse or a likelihood of repeating the offense, as seen in the 'U.S. v. Burgos-Andujar' case.

What is the 'Fully Informed Jury Association's' perspective on jury nullification?

Activists from the Fully Informed Jury Association have distributed leaflets in courthouses, arguing that jurors should be informed of their nullification prerogative. They believe prosecutors may avoid arresting such leafleters, fearing the leaflets themselves would become evidence presented to the jury.

What are the primary goals of criminal punishment, and how might they relate to civil disobedience?

The primary goals of criminal punishment include delivering just deserts, crime control through incapacitation, and deterrence. However, some argue that focusing on deterrence detracts from the law's moral dialogue with offenders, emphasizing the threat of punishment over the reasons for following the law.

What actions are considered outside the scope of civil disobedience?

Actions like breaking a law solely to create a test case for its constitutionality (if successful) or breaking a law for personal gratification without intending to challenge or change the law are generally not considered civil disobedience. Similarly, attempting to escape punishment covertly or denying the act is also outside this definition.

What is the difference between civil disobedience and insubordination?

While both involve disobedience, civil disobedience specifically refers to the refusal to obey laws or commands of a government or authority, often with a political or moral motive. Insubordination, on the other hand, is the willful disobedience of one's superior, typically in a hierarchical structure like the military or workplace.

Civil Disobedience Wiki: Civil Disobedience: The Philosophy and Practice of Principled Resistance

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Defining Civil Disobedience

Core Principle

Civil disobedience is characterized by the active and principled refusal of a citizen to comply with certain laws, demands, orders, or commands issued by a government or other authority. It is fundamentally an act of protest against perceived injustice or illegitimacy within the legal or political system.

The 'Civil' Aspect

While the term can encompass various forms of dissent, a key distinction often made is that true civil disobedience must be non-violent. This non-violent approach is crucial, distinguishing it from outright rebellion or criminal acts driven by personal gain. It aims to engage with, rather than destroy, the existing legal framework.

Historical Roots

The concept has ancient roots, notably depicted in Sophocles' play Antigone, where the protagonist defies King Creon's decree based on her conscience. Philosophers like Étienne de La Boétie theorized non-cooperation, and Henry David Thoreau's essay "Resistance to Civil Government" (later titled "Civil Disobedience") popularized the term in the United States, influencing subsequent movements.

A Legacy of Resistance

Early Manifestations

Ancient examples include Antigone's defiance of Creon's law in favor of divine or moral law. In the lead-up to Britain's Glorious Revolution, a method of voicing objection to illegitimate laws and accepting consequences emerged. Conrad Grebel and the Anabaptists also advocated for civil disobedience against oppression.

Modern Movements

The 19th century saw figures like Susan B. Anthony employing civil disobedience for women's suffrage. In the 20th century, Mahatma Gandhi's campaigns for Indian independence, utilizing Satyagraha, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s leadership in the American Civil Rights Movement, are seminal examples of large-scale, impactful civil disobedience.

Irish Land War (1880s): Charles Stewart Parnell's call for social ostracism against those taking evicted tenants' farms led to the term "boycott."
Egyptian Revolution (1919): Saad Zaghloul Pasha led a mass movement of civil disobedience against British colonial rule.
Anti-Apartheid Movement (South Africa): Non-violent resistance was a core strategy against the apartheid regime.
Velvet Revolution (Czechoslovakia, 1989): Mass protests and civil disobedience led to the downfall of the communist regime.
Arab Spring (2010s): Various nations saw widespread protests and civil disobedience challenging authoritarian governments.

Philosophical Influence

Thoreau's essay, published posthumously, articulated the moral responsibility of citizens to resist unjust laws, even if they are majority-supported. Gandhi adapted these ideas into his philosophy of Satyagraha (truth force), emphasizing non-violent resistance as a powerful tool for social and political change.

Theoretical Frameworks

Thoreau's Conscience

Henry David Thoreau argued that individuals have a moral obligation to follow their conscience over unjust laws. He believed that citizens should not passively support government actions they deem immoral, such as slavery or unjust wars, even if it means breaking the law and accepting punishment.

Rawls and Political Acts

John Rawls defined civil disobedience as a "public, non-violent, conscientious yet political act contrary to law usually done with the aim of bringing about change in the law or policies of the government." He emphasized its role in maintaining social stability while addressing injustices.

Ronald Dworkin categorized civil disobedience into three types:

Integrity-based: Disobeying laws deemed immoral (e.g., abolitionists against fugitive slave laws).
Justice-based: Disobeying to claim a right denied to them (e.g., civil rights protesters).
Policy-based: Breaking laws to change policies perceived as dangerously wrong.

Communicative Aspects

Kimberley Brownlee suggests that civil disobedience is a form of moral dialogue with the state. It aims to communicate a grievance and persuade authorities and the public, often by highlighting the conflict between a law and fundamental moral principles.

Tactics and Strategies

Direct vs. Indirect

Direct civil disobedience involves breaking the specific law being protested (e.g., refusing to pay a tax deemed unjust). Indirect civil disobedience involves breaking a different law to protest a broader policy or injustice, often to draw attention or create a dilemma for authorities.

Symbolic Actions

Many acts are symbolic, designed to raise awareness and provoke discussion. These can range from peaceful demonstrations, sit-ins, and boycotts to more disruptive actions like blockades or occupying public spaces. The goal is often to highlight the perceived injustice and create a "response dilemma" for authorities.

Electronic Disobedience

In the digital age, electronic civil disobedience has emerged, including website defacements, denial-of-service attacks, and data leaks. These actions, often performed openly by self-identified activists (hacktivism), aim to disrupt systems and gain media attention for a cause.

Societal and Legal Responses

Legal Consequences

Engaging in civil disobedience inherently involves breaking laws and thus carries the risk of arrest, prosecution, and punishment. The legal system typically views the motive as secondary to the act itself; while motives may be admirable, the intent to break the law remains criminal.

Protester's Stance

Activists must decide how to respond to legal proceedings. Some choose to plead guilty and accept punishment, viewing it as part of the protest and a demonstration of respect for the rule of law. Others may plead not guilty or use the trial as a platform to further their cause, sometimes seeking jury nullification.

Pleading Guilty: Submitting to punishment willingly, emphasizing the moral imperative of the act.
Pleading Not Guilty: Using the trial to argue the injustice of the law or the necessity of the action.
Creative Pleas: Statements that express defiance or moral conviction rather than a standard plea.
Technical Defenses: Focusing on legal technicalities to avoid conviction.

Social Repercussions

Beyond legal penalties, civil disobedients may face social consequences, including expulsion from educational institutions, estrangement from family, or difficulty in future employment. These social sanctions can serve as deterrents or further highlight the societal divisions caused by the protest.

Legal Theory and Practice

Legitimacy and Law

The legal system generally does not recognize political objectives as a valid excuse for breaking the law. Courts distinguish between criminal motive and criminal intent, with the latter being legally significant. The justification for civil disobedience often lies outside the formal legal system, appealing to higher moral or constitutional principles.

Necessity Defense

The "necessity" defense has sometimes been employed by civil disobedients to argue that their illegal actions were necessary to prevent a greater harm. However, courts have often limited the applicability of this defense, particularly in cases involving political protest.

Jury Nullification

In jurisdictions with jury trials, some activists seek "jury nullification," where a jury acquits a defendant despite evidence of guilt, believing the law itself is unjust. However, legal precedent often restricts judges from instructing juries on this prerogative.

Related Concepts

Civil Resistance

A broader term encompassing non-violent methods used by civil groups to achieve political objectives. Civil disobedience is a key tactic within civil resistance.

Protest and Direct Action

Civil disobedience is a form of protest. Direct action involves attempting to bring about change through direct intervention, often outside the normal channels of government or established institutions.

Insubordination

While related, insubordination typically refers to the refusal to obey a superior within a hierarchical structure (e.g., military, workplace), whereas civil disobedience is directed at the laws of the state or governing authority.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Civil Disobedience" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about civil_disobedience while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

emmanuel rhoides

at t stadium

mercury vapour turbine

timing belt camshaft

lava

basal metabolic rate

list of green bay packers stadiums

david weiss halivni

slash-and-burn agriculture

dianne feinstein

References

Jack Greene, "Empire and Identity from the Glorious Revolution to the American Revolution", in P.J. Marshal, ed., Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 2 (Oxford University Press, 2001), 208â30

Greene, Jack. Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial Political and Constitutional History (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of VA, 1994).

Thomas Weber, Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 28â29.

"The Higher Law", in Its Application to the Fugitive Slave Bill: ... by John Newell and John Chase Lord (1851)

The Limits of Civil Disobedience: A Sermon ..., by Nathaniel Hall (1851)

The Duty and Limitations of Civil Disobedience: A Discourse, by Samuel Colcord Bartlett (1853)

Letter to P.K. Rao, Servants of India Society, 10 September 1935, Letter quoted in Louis Fischer's, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi, Part I, Chapter 11, pp. 87â88.

Howard Zinn, Disobedience and Democracy: Nine Fallacies on Law and Order (South End Press edition, 2002), 39â41

Thoreau, Henry David. Civil Disobedience.

United States of America v. Norma Burgos-Andjar, 275 F.3d 23.

18 U.S.C. Â§ 3553

A full list of references for this article are available at the Civil disobedience Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice

This content has been generated by an AI model for educational purposes, drawing upon publicly available data. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, it is intended as an academic overview and not as a definitive legal or philosophical treatise.

This is not legal advice. The information presented here is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute legal counsel. Readers should consult with qualified legal professionals for advice regarding specific situations or legal matters.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors, omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Civil Disobedience

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Civil Disobedience ⚖️

✊ Core Principle

🕊️ The 'Civil' Aspect

📜 Historical Roots

A Legacy of Resistance ⏳

🏛️ Early Manifestations

🌍 Modern Movements

💡 Philosophical Influence

Theoretical Frameworks 🧠

📜 Thoreau's Conscience

⚖️ Rawls and Political Acts

💬 Communicative Aspects

Tactics and Strategies 🛠️

🚶 Direct vs. Indirect

📢 Symbolic Actions

💻 Electronic Disobedience

Societal and Legal Responses ⚖️

🚓 Legal Consequences

🤝 Protester's Stance

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Social Repercussions

Legal Theory and Practice 📚

⚖️ Legitimacy and Law

❓ Necessity Defense

⚖️ Jury Nullification

Related Concepts 🔗

✊ Civil Resistance

🗣️ Protest and Direct Action

🚫 Insubordination

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Academic Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Civil Disobedience

Core Principle

The 'Civil' Aspect

Historical Roots

A Legacy of Resistance

Early Manifestations

Modern Movements

Philosophical Influence

Theoretical Frameworks

Thoreau's Conscience

Rawls and Political Acts

Communicative Aspects

Tactics and Strategies

Direct vs. Indirect

Symbolic Actions

Electronic Disobedience

Societal and Legal Responses

Legal Consequences

Protester's Stance

Social Repercussions

Legal Theory and Practice

Legitimacy and Law

Necessity Defense

Jury Nullification

Related Concepts

Civil Resistance

Protest and Direct Action

Insubordination

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice