What is the definition of a concession in the context of international relations?

In international relations, a concession is defined as a synallagmatic act where a State transfers the exercise of its rights or functions to a foreign private entity. This entity, in turn, participates in public functions and gains a privileged position compared to other private law subjects within that State's jurisdiction. These arrangements are typically governed by the municipal law of the conceding state, rather than international law.

How are international concessions generally regulated?

International concessions are not explicitly defined within international law and generally do not fall under its purview. Instead, they are primarily governed by the domestic or municipal law of the state that grants the concession. However, there can be a law of succession for concessions, meaning the concession might continue even if the conceding state ceases to exist.

What is an international lease in the context of territory?

An international lease is an arrangement where a State leases or pledges territory to another State. During the term of the lease, sovereignty over that territory is transferred to the lessee State. While the term can sometimes refer to any leasing of property between states or to foreign nationals, a true international or 'political' lease specifically involves the transfer of sovereignty for a defined period, and its terminability is now widely accepted.

What is the distinction between a true international lease and a quasi-international lease?

A true international lease, also known as a 'political' lease, involves the complete transfer of sovereignty over a territory to the lessee state for a specified duration. A quasi-international lease, on the other hand, involves situations where less than full sovereignty is transferred.

Can you provide examples of current American concessions or leases?

Current American concessions and leases include the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, leased in perpetuity from Cuba under treaties from 1903 and 1934, though Cuba disputes the lease. Another is the Pituffik Space Base, granted rent-free in perpetuity by Denmark under a 1951 agreement, granting the U.S. exclusive jurisdiction. The text also mentions a proposed 99-year lease for the Zangezur corridor in Armenia under a 2025 peace agreement. Additionally, the American Battle Monuments Commission administers numerous cemeteries and monuments in various countries.

What is the status of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base lease?

The Guantanamo Bay Naval Base is leased from Cuba under treaties established in 1903 and 1934, with the lease intended to be perpetual. However, Cuba currently disputes the lease agreement.

Describe the concession granted to the United States for the Pituffik Space Base.

Denmark granted the United States a concession for the Pituffik Space Base, located in Greenland. This concession is rent-free and perpetual, established by the 1951 Greenland Defense Agreement, which also grants the United States exclusive jurisdiction over the area.

What is the Zangezur corridor mentioned in relation to American concessions?

The Zangezur corridor is described as a transport corridor in Armenia, proposed to be leased by the United States for 99 years. This arrangement is stipulated under the 2025 Armenia-Azerbaijan peace agreement.

What role does the American Battle Monuments Commission play regarding concessions?

The American Battle Monuments Commission administers numerous cemeteries and monuments in various countries, such as Belgium, Cuba, France, Italy, Mexico, Morocco, Panama, the Philippines, South Korea, Tunisia, and the United Kingdom. These sites represent a form of concessionary presence, often related to historical conflicts and memorials.

What was the Panama Canal Zone concession?

The Panama Canal Zone was a territory in Panama obtained by the United States under the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1903. This arrangement lasted until 1999 when the zone was returned to full Panamanian control following the signing of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties in 1977.

What were the Corn Islands concession and its outcome?

The Corn Islands were leased from Nicaragua by the United States for 99 years under the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty. This lease was annulled, and the islands were returned to Nicaragua in 1970.

How did the American concession in Shanghai evolve?

An American concession was established in Shanghai in 1843. It later merged with the British concession in 1863 to form the International Settlement of Shanghai. This combined settlement was expanded in 1896 and eventually dissolved after World War II.

What was the Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin?

The Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin, China, existed from 1901 to 1917. Austria officially surrendered its claim in 1919 via the Treaty of Saint-Germain, and Hungary did so in 1920 through the Treaty of Trianon.

Describe the Belgian concession in Santo Tomas, Guatemala.

In 1843, the Guatemalan parliament granted the district of Santo Tomas in perpetuity to the Compagnie belge de colonisation, a private Belgian company supported by King Leopold I. However, Belgian colonization efforts there ceased after a few years due to financial difficulties and the harsh climate.

What was the Lado enclave concession involving Belgium?

The Lado enclave, located in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, was leased to the Congo Free State (which was in a personal union with Belgium under King Leopold II) from 1894 to 1910. This was a concessionary arrangement for territory administration.

What was the nature of the British concession for the New Territories of Hong Kong?

The New Territories, north of Kowloon and including 230 islands, were leased from China by the United Kingdom for 99 years starting in 1898 under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory. The UK agreed in 1984 to restore all of Hong Kong, including these leased territories, to China on July 1, 1997.

Explain the British concession in North Borneo.

In the late 19th century, Gustav Overbeck acquired concessionary rights in northern Borneo, initially from the American Trading Company of Borneo and then from the Sultan of Brunei and the Sultan of Sulu. He was appointed Maharaja of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan. These rights were eventually transferred to the North Borneo Chartered Company, involving significant negotiations and payments to local rulers.

What was the British concession in Tianjin?

The British concession in Tianjin, China, occupied about 200 acres on the right bank of the Peiho River. It was granted by the Chinese government to the British Crown on a perpetual lease basis and managed by a municipal council, similar to practices in Shanghai and Hankou.

What was the Tati Concessions Land?

The Tati Concessions Land was a privately held concession located in a small part of present-day Botswana. It existed from 1872 to 1911 and was detached from the Matabele kingdom.

What concession did Canada receive in France after World War I?

Following World War I, France granted Canada perpetual use of a portion of land on Vimy Ridge. This land was designated for the establishment of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial, which includes a monument, museum, and preserved wartime trench systems.

How did Chinese concessions in Korea end?

Between 1882 and 1884, the Qing Empire obtained concessions in Korea at Incheon, Busan, and Wonsan. Following China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Korea, with Japanese support, declared these unequal treaties void, unilaterally withdrawing extraterritoriality and other powers granted to China. The concessions were formally abolished in 1898.

Describe the Dutch concessions in Japan.

The Dutch East India Company operated a trading post on Hirado island in Japan from 1609. After the Shimabara Rebellion, the Dutch were compelled by the Tokugawa shogunate to move their trading post to Dejima in Nagasaki in 1641. This concessionary trading post was abolished in 1858 when Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States.

What was the French concession in Shanghai, and how did it end?

The French concession in Shanghai was established in 1849. A Municipal Council was formed in 1854. This concession was relinquished by Vichy France to a Japanese-sponsored puppet government during World War II and was formally returned to China by France in 1946.

What were the French concessions in Guangzhou (Canton)?

France held concessions in Guangzhou, specifically on Shamian Island (Shameen Island), from 1861 to 1946. This was one of several French concessions in China during that period.

What is the Finnish concession related to the Saimaa Canal?

Finland leases the Saimaa Canal from Russia under treaties from 1963 and 2010 for a period of 50 years. This lease involves civilian and commercial administration of the canal.

What was the German concession in Qingdao (Kiautschou Bay)?

Qingdao, known as Tsingtao at the time, was leased to Germany for 99 years starting in March 1898, forming the Kiautschou Bay concession. Germany had occupied the area since November 1897. The Republic of China canceled the German lease in August 1914, and Japan occupied the concession shortly after.

Describe the Italian concession in Tianjin.

The Italian concession in Tianjin was granted by Qing China in 1901 and administered by Italy's Consul. It had a population of 6,261 in 1935, including foreign residents. During World War II, Italian naval vessels were based there. In 1943, the concession was relinquished to a Japanese-sponsored puppet government and formally returned to Nationalist China in 1947 via a peace treaty.

What Japanese concessions existed in China and Korea?

In China, Japan held concessions in Tianjin and was the only non-Western power with a concession in Hankou. In Korea, before its annexation by Japan in 1910, Japan had concessions in Busan and Incheon.

What was the Portuguese concession in Macau?

The Portuguese obtained permission to establish a settlement in Macau around 1552-1553, initially as a reward for defeating pirates and facilitating trade. It was leased from the Chinese empire from 1670 and evolved into a Portuguese colony in the mid-19th century. Chinese sovereignty was assumed in 1999, ending 329 years of Portuguese rule.

What Portuguese concessions were established in India?

In 1498, Vasco da Gama secured trading rights in Calicut, and Pedro Álvares Cabral made treaties in Cochin and Cannanore in 1500. A trade post was built in Pulicat in 1502. With the support of Timoji, an ally of the Portuguese empire, Portugal captured Goa from the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1510, establishing a significant presence in Portuguese India.

Explain the Portuguese presence in Nagasaki and Dejima.

In 1580, Omura Sumitada ceded jurisdiction over Nagasaki and Mogi to the Portuguese Jesuits. However, Toyotomi Hideyoshi later exerted direct control and banished Christian missionaries. The Portuguese were confined to Dejima island in 1636, and after the Shimabara Rebellion, Portuguese ships were prohibited from entering Japan, leading to the banishment of Portuguese concessions from Dejima and Japan.

What was the Russian concession in Tianjin?

The Russian concession in Tianjin (Tientsin) was one of several foreign concessions established in the city. Its specific terms and duration are detailed within the broader context of Russian activities in China.

Describe the Hanko Peninsula lease to the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union leased the Hanko Peninsula near Helsinki, Finland, for 30 years to use as a naval base in the Baltic Sea. This lease was established by the Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940, ending the Winter War. Soviet troops evacuated Hanko in 1941 during the Continuation War, and the USSR formally renounced the lease in the 1947 Paris peace treaty.

What is the nature of the Russian lease for Khmeimim Air Base in Syria?

The Khmeimim Air Base in Syria is leased to the Russian government for a period of 49 years. Under this agreement, the Russian government holds extraterritorial jurisdiction over the air base and its personnel.

What is the context of the Russian land lease to China?

Since 2015, following the Donbas and Crimea invasion, Russia agreed to lease 300,000 hectares of land to China for 50 years, with an option for extension. This lease was intended to provide funds for Russia amidst international sanctions. The agreement has caused controversy and anxiety in Russia due to concerns about a large influx of Chinese workers and potential demographic shifts in the Transbaikal region.

What was the Spanish concession related to the Sultanate of Sulu?

In 1878, through the Madrid Protocol of 1885, Spain, Great Britain, and Germany formalized Spanish influence over the Sulu Archipelago. Spain relinquished its claim to North Borneo to Great Britain, effectively dividing the Sultanate of Sulu into Spanish and British concessions. Spain only partially controlled military stations and garrisons in the ceded areas.

What was the Spanish presence in the Sultanate of Tidore?

In the 16th century, the Sultanate of Tidore formed an alliance with the Spanish East Indies. Spain established several forts on Tidore by concession and also conquered territories belonging to the Sultanate of Ternate, which was allied with the Portuguese and later the Dutch.

What was the Shanghai International Settlement?

The Shanghai International Settlement was created in 1863 by the union of the American and British concessions in Shanghai. It was expanded in 1896 and became a multinational area administered by a council representing various foreign powers, including Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden-Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, among others. It was dissolved after World War II.

What was the Gulangyu International Settlement?

The Gulangyu International Settlement was established in Xiamen, China, following a charter signed in January 1902 by consuls from Great Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden-Norway, Japan, and eight other countries. A Municipal Council for the settlement was established in January 1903.

What was the Tangier International Zone?

The Tangier International Zone was established under the Paris Convention of 1923, making Tangier a neutral zone under joint administration by Spain, France, and the United Kingdom. Later, Italy, Portugal, Belgium, and the Netherlands joined the city government. After World War II, a quadripartite conference involving France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US made arrangements for its re-establishment.

What are some examples of United Nations concessions or special arrangements?

The United Nations has special arrangements for its headquarters and offices. For example, the UN Headquarters in New York City operates under U.S. laws in exchange for local services. Other UN offices and facilities, such as the Palace of Nations in Geneva, the Vienna International Centre, the UN Office in Nairobi, UN offices in Bonn, the International Court of Justice in The Hague, and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in Hamburg, function under specific agreements with the host countries.

What were the foreign concessions in China, specifically in Tianjin?

China historically hosted numerous foreign concessions, including several in Tianjin (Tientsin). These concessions were granted to various powers such as the United States, Austro-Hungary, Belgium, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia, each with its own administrative and territorial arrangements.

What was the nature of the British concession on Shamian Island in Guangzhou?

The British held a concession on Shamian Island (Shameen Island) in Guangzhou (Canton). This was one of several foreign concessions established in the city, allowing foreign powers administrative and territorial control over specific areas.

What was the French Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan?

The French Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan was a concession held by France in China from 1898 to 1945. This territory was part of the broader network of foreign concessions established in China during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

What was the Kiautschou Bay concession?

The Kiautschou Bay concession was a German-leased territory in China, granted for 99 years starting in March 1898, centered around Qingdao (Tsingtao). Germany had occupied the area since November 1897. The Republic of China canceled the lease in 1914, and Japan subsequently occupied it.

What was the status of the Portuguese concessions in India?

Portuguese concessions in India included trading rights secured by Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvares Cabral in the late 15th and early 16th centuries along the Malabar Coast. They established trade posts and, notably, captured Goa from the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1510, integrating it into Portuguese India.

What was the Dobruja condominium?

Following the Treaty of Bucharest in 1918, the Central Powers occupied all of Dobruja. According to the treaty, the territory south of the Cernavodă-Constanța railroad up to the Danube and the Sfântu Gheorghe branch was established as a joint condominium recognized by Romania and Bulgaria, with Bulgaria later annexing it.

Concessions And Leases In International Relations Wiki: Sovereignty in Flux: A Scholarly Examination of International Concessions and Leases

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Core Definitions

International Concession

In the context of international relations, a concession is defined as a "synallagmatic act by which a State transfers the exercise of rights or functions proper to itself to a foreign private entity which, in turn, participates in the performance of public functions and thus gains a privileged position vis-à-vis other private law subjects within the jurisdiction of the State concerned."^[1] These arrangements are primarily governed by the municipal law of the conceding state, though principles of international law may sometimes apply in cases of state succession.

International Lease

An international lease is an arrangement where territory is leased or pledged by the owner-State to another State. In such cases, sovereignty is transferred to the lessee State for the duration of the lease.^[2] While the term can broadly refer to property leasing between states, a true "international lease" or "political lease" involves the transfer of sovereignty for a defined period, with the terminability of such leases now widely accepted.

American Concessions & Leases

Current Arrangements

The United States currently holds several significant concessions and leases:

Guantanamo Bay Naval Base: Leased in perpetuity from Cuba under treaties from 1903 and 1934. Cuba currently disputes the validity of this lease. The base operates under military command, without civilian administration.
Pituffik Space Base (Greenland): A rent-free concession granted in perpetuity to the United States by Denmark via the 1951 Greenland Defense Agreement, granting exclusive jurisdiction over the area.
Zangezur Corridor (Armenia): Designated as the "Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity," this transport corridor is stipulated to be leased by the United States for 99 years under the 2025 Armenia–Azerbaijan peace agreement.
ABMC Cemeteries & Monuments: Numerous cemeteries and monuments administered by the American Battle Monuments Commission are located across Belgium, Cuba, France, Gibraltar, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, Panama, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, South Korea, Tunisia, and the United Kingdom. Notable sites include the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in France and the John F. Kennedy Memorial at Runnymede in the UK.

Austro-Hungarian Concessions

Tianjin Concession

The Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin (Tientsin), China, was established in 1901 and officially surrendered by Austria in 1919 and Hungary in 1920, following the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon, respectively.

Belgian Concessions

Historical Holdings

Belgium has held several concessions historically:

Santo Tomás (Guatemala): Granted in perpetuity by the Guatemalan parliament in 1843 to the Compagnie belge de colonisation, though Belgian efforts ceased due to financial and climatic challenges.
Lado Enclave (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan): Leased to the Congo Free State (in personal union with Belgium under King Leopold II) from 1894 to 1910.
Tianjin Concession (China): Held from 1902 to 1931.

British Concessions & Leases

Global Holdings

The United Kingdom has historically held significant concessions and leased territories:

New Territories (Hong Kong): Leased from China for 99 years from 1898 under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory. All of Hong Kong was restored to China in 1997.
Shanghai Concession (China): Established in 1846, later merged with the American concession to form the International Settlement in 1863.
North Borneo: Concessionary rights were acquired from the Sultans of Brunei and Sulu starting in 1877, leading to the establishment of British North Borneo.
Tianjin Concession (China): Held under a lease in perpetuity, managed similarly to other concessions in China.
Shamian Island (Guangzhou, China): A British concession on Shamian Island.
Namwan Assigned Tract: Leased from the Mengmao Chiefdom under Qing China to British India.

Canadian Concessions

Vimy Ridge Memorial

Following World War I, France granted Canada perpetual use of a portion of land on Vimy Ridge to establish a battlefield park and memorial, the Canadian National Vimy Memorial.

Chinese Concessions

Korean Concessions

Between 1882 and 1884, the Qing Empire obtained concessions in Korea (Incheon, Busan, Wonsan). These were occupied by Japan in 1894 and formally abolished in 1898 after China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War.

Dutch Concessions

Dejima Trading Post

The Dutch East India Company operated a trading post on Hirado, Japan, from 1609. Following the Shimabara Rebellion and subsequent isolation policies, the Dutch were moved to Dejima in Nagasaki in 1641. This post was abolished after Japan's treaty with the United States in 1858.

French Concessions

Holdings in Asia

France historically held several concessions, particularly in China:

Shanghai French Concession (China): Established in 1849, relinquished by Vichy France and formally returned to China by France in 1946.
Tianjin Concession (China): Held from 1860 to 1946.
Guangzhouwan Leased Territory (China): Held from 1898 to 1945.
Hankou Concession (China): Held from 1898 to 1946.
Shamian Island Concession (Guangzhou, China): Held from 1861 to 1946.

Finnish Leases

Saimaa Canal

The Saimaa Canal, located on the border with Russia, is leased from Russia under treaties from 1963 and 2010 for a period of 50 years, involving civilian and commercial administration.

German Concessions

Concessions in China

Germany held several concessions in China:

Qingdao (Kiautschou Bay concession): Leased for 99 years from 1898, occupied by Japan in 1914 and lease canceled by the Republic of China.
Tianjin Concession (Tientsin): A German concession in Tianjin.
Hankou Concession: One of the concessions in Hankou (now Wuhan).

Italian Concessions

Tianjin Concession

The Italian concession in Tianjin (Tientsin) was conceded by Qing China in 1901. It was occupied by Japan during World War II and formally returned to Nationalist China in 1947 via a peace treaty.

Japanese Concessions

Holdings

Japan held concessions in China and Korea:

China:
- Tianjin Concession (Tientsin).
- Hankou Concession (now part of Wuhan).
Korea (Chosen): Busan and Incheon, prior to the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910.

Portuguese Concessions

Historical Territories

Portugal's historical concessions and colonial territories include:

Macau: Initially permitted as a settlement in the mid-16th century, leased from China from 1670. It became a Portuguese colony and sovereignty was transferred to China in 1999.
Portuguese India: Acquired trading rights and established posts along the Malabar Coast from 1498, notably conquering Goa in 1510.
Nagasaki and Dejima (Japan): Jurisdiction over Nagasaki was ceded to Jesuits in 1580, later under direct control by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Portuguese were confined to Dejima and later banished.
During the Iberian Union (1580-1640), all Portuguese concessions in Africa and Asia were also Spanish concessions.

Russian & Soviet Concessions/Leases

Strategic Holdings

Russia and the Soviet Union have held various concessions and leases:

Tianjin Concession (Tientsin): A Russian concession.
Hankou Concession: One of the concessions in Hankou (now Wuhan).
Hanko Peninsula (Finland): Leased by the Soviet Union from Finland for 30 years (until 1970) as a naval base under the Moscow Peace Treaty (1940). The lease was renounced early in the Paris Peace Treaty (1947).
Porkkalanniemi (Finland): Later leased as a naval base after Hanko. Returned to Finland in 1956.
Khmeimim Air Base (Syria): Leased to the Russian government for 49 years, with extraterritorial jurisdiction.
Transbaikal Region (Russia): Since 2015, Russia agreed to lease 300,000 hectares to China for 50 years, a move that generated significant controversy and anxiety within Russia due to the potential influx of Chinese workers.

Spanish Concessions

Influence in Asia and Pacific

Spain's historical claims and concessions include:

Sultanate of Sulu Possessions: In 1878, Spain forced the Sultan of Sulu to relinquish sovereign rights over his possessions, establishing limited Spanish control in military stations and garrisons. The Madrid Protocol of 1885 cemented Spanish influence over the Philippines while Spain relinquished claims to North Borneo to Britain.
Sultanate of Tidore: Spain established alliances and forts in the 16th century.
During the Iberian Union (1580-1640), Spain controlled former Portuguese concessions in Africa and Asia.

Jointly Held Concessions

International Settlements

Several locations were administered as international settlements, involving multiple nations:

Shanghai International Settlement (China): Formed in 1863 by the union of American and British concessions, it expanded over time and involved numerous countries. Its administration evolved, and it was eventually dissolved.
Gulangyu International Settlement (China): Established in 1903 after a charter was signed by consuls from multiple nations, including Great Britain, the United States, Germany, France, and Japan.
Beijing Legation Quarter: A de facto concession area in Beijing.
Tangier International Zone (Morocco): Established under joint administration by Spain, France, and the UK via the Paris Convention (1923), later expanded to include other nations. Its administration evolved significantly after World War II.
Dobruja: Occupied by the Central Powers and established as a joint condominium by Romania and Bulgaria under the Treaty of Bucharest (1918).

United Nations Concessions & Headquarters

Global Presence

The United Nations operates several key facilities under specific jurisdictional arrangements:

UN Headquarters (New York City): Operates under U.S. laws in exchange for services like police and fire protection.
Palace of Nations (Geneva): UN office.
Vienna International Centre: UN complex.
UN Office in Nairobi: Headquarters for UNEP and UN-Habitat.
UN Offices in Bonn.
International Court of Justice (The Hague): UN-owned court.
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (Hamburg): UN-owned tribunal.
Other UN offices globally.

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References

William C. Johnstone, "International Relations: The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China", The American Political Science Review, no 5, Oct. 1937, p. 942.

Stuart, Graham Henry (1955) [1931]. The international city of Tangier. Stanford books in world politics (en inglÃ©s) (2da ediciÃ³n). Redwood City, Estados Unidos: Stanford University Press. OCLC 59027016.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Concessions and leases in international relations Wikipedia page

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This document has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence, synthesizing information from publicly available academic sources, primarily Wikipedia. It is intended for advanced academic study and informational purposes only.

This is not legal or diplomatic advice. The content presented herein is a scholarly overview and should not be construed as professional legal counsel, diplomatic consultation, or definitive historical interpretation. The complexities of international law, sovereignty, and treaty obligations require consultation with qualified experts in international relations and law. The information provided is based on data that may not be exhaustive, entirely current, or reflect all nuances of these intricate subjects.

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Sovereignty in Flux

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Core Definitions ⚖️

📜 International Concession

➡️ International Lease

American Concessions & Leases 🇺🇸

📍 Current Arrangements

Austro-Hungarian Concessions 🇦🇹🇭🇺

🇨🇳 Tianjin Concession

Belgian Concessions 🇧🇪

🌍 Historical Holdings

British Concessions & Leases 🇬🇧

🌏 Global Holdings

Canadian Concessions 🇨🇦

🕊️ Vimy Ridge Memorial

Chinese Concessions 🇨🇳

🇰🇷 Korean Concessions

Dutch Concessions 🇳🇱

🇯🇵 Dejima Trading Post

French Concessions 🇫🇷

🌏 Holdings in Asia

Finnish Leases 🇫🇮

🇷🇺 Saimaa Canal

German Concessions 🇩🇪

🇨🇳 Concessions in China

Italian Concessions 🇮🇹

🇨🇳 Tianjin Concession

Japanese Concessions 🇯🇵

🌏 Holdings

Portuguese Concessions 🇵🇹

🌏 Historical Territories

Russian & Soviet Concessions/Leases 🇷🇺

🌏 Strategic Holdings

Spanish Concessions 🇪🇸

🌏 Influence in Asia and Pacific

Jointly Held Concessions 🤝

🏙️ International Settlements

United Nations Concessions & Headquarters 🇺🇳

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Core Definitions

International Concession

International Lease

American Concessions & Leases

Current Arrangements

Austro-Hungarian Concessions

Tianjin Concession

Belgian Concessions

Historical Holdings

British Concessions & Leases

Global Holdings

Canadian Concessions

Vimy Ridge Memorial

Chinese Concessions

Korean Concessions

Dutch Concessions

Dejima Trading Post

French Concessions

Holdings in Asia

Finnish Leases

Saimaa Canal

German Concessions

Concessions in China

Italian Concessions

Tianjin Concession

Japanese Concessions

Holdings

Portuguese Concessions

Historical Territories

Russian & Soviet Concessions/Leases

Strategic Holdings

Spanish Concessions

Influence in Asia and Pacific

Jointly Held Concessions

International Settlements

United Nations Concessions & Headquarters

Global Presence

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice for Scholars