What is the primary objective of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals?

The primary objective of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, is to conserve migratory species across their entire ranges. This international agreement works to protect animals that move across national borders, such as birds, mammals, and fish, ensuring their survival in all the territories they inhabit during their life cycles.

Under whose auspices was the Convention on Migratory Species signed, and what is its global scope?

The Convention on Migratory Species was signed under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). It is concerned with the conservation of wildlife and their habitats on a global scale, reflecting a worldwide commitment to protecting biodiversity.

When and where was the Bonn Convention signed, and when did it officially come into effect?

The Bonn Convention was signed on June 23, 1979, in Bonn, West Germany. It officially entered into force on November 1, 1983, after meeting the condition of ratification by 15 states.

How many Member States were party to the Convention on Migratory Species as of September 2020?

As of September 2020, there were 131 Member States party to the Convention on Migratory Species. These states are sovereign nations that have formally agreed to abide by the convention's terms and obligations.

Which government acts as the depositary for the Convention on Migratory Species?

The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany acts as the depositary for the Convention on Migratory Species. The depositary is typically responsible for receiving and keeping the original text of a treaty and for performing functions related to its entry into force, such as notifying parties of ratifications.

What makes the CMS unique among intergovernmental organizations focused on conservation?

The CMS is unique because it is the only global, United Nations-based intergovernmental organization established exclusively for the conservation and management of terrestrial, aquatic, and avian migratory species. This specialized focus allows it to address the specific challenges faced by species that travel across multiple jurisdictions.

How does the CMS provide policy guidance and direction on specific conservation issues?

The CMS, along with its daughter agreements, determines policy and provides further guidance on specific conservation issues through its strategic plans, action plans, resolutions, decisions, and guidelines. These documents outline the framework and specific steps for implementing conservation efforts.

What fundamental principle regarding migratory species conservation is acknowledged by the parties in Article 2 of the convention?

Article 2 of the convention states that parties acknowledge the importance of conserving migratory species and that range states should agree to take action to this end "whenever possible and appropriate." This includes paying special attention to migratory species whose conservation status is unfavorable or that are becoming endangered, emphasizing a proactive approach to protection.

What specific actions are the parties encouraged to promote, cooperate in, and support according to Article 2(3) of the CMS?

According to Article 2(3) of the CMS, the parties should promote, cooperate in, and support research related to migratory species. They are also obligated to endeavor to provide immediate protection for migratory species listed in Appendix I and to conclude agreements covering the conservation and management of species included in Appendix II.

As of January 1, 2021, how many sovereign states and other entities were parties to the CMS?

As of January 1, 2021, there were 130 sovereign states and the European Union, along with the Cook Islands, that were parties to the convention. This broad participation highlights the international recognition of the need to protect migratory species.

Which country had signed the CMS but not yet ratified it as of the provided information?

As of the provided information, Jamaica had signed the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals but had not yet ratified it. Ratification is the formal process by which a state confirms its consent to be bound by a treaty.

What is the status of 'participating non-parties' in relation to the CMS?

Participating non-parties are sovereign states or entities that are not formally parties to the main CMS convention but are party to one or more of its agreements and/or have signed one or more of its Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs). This indicates their involvement in specific conservation initiatives under the CMS framework, even without full adherence to the overarching convention.

What types of migratory species are covered by the CMS Family of instruments?

The CMS Family of instruments covers a wide diversity of migratory species, including land mammals, marine mammals, bats, birds, fish, reptiles, and even one insect. This broad scope reflects the varied nature of animal migration across different ecosystems.

Can you provide examples of specific instruments under CMS and the types of species they cover?

Yes, several specific instruments under CMS cover particular groups of species. For instance, the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) covers 254 species of birds dependent on wetlands. EUROBATS focuses on 52 species of bat, while the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks addresses seven species of shark. The IOSEA Marine Turtle MOU covers six species of marine turtle, and the Raptors MoU protects 76 species of birds of prey.

What types of species are listed in Appendix I of the CMS, and what obligations do range states have towards them?

Appendix I of the CMS lists migratory species that are threatened with extinction. Parties that are range states for these species are obliged to afford them strict protection, conserve or restore their habitats, mitigate obstacles to their migration, and control other factors that might endanger them. This appendix serves as a critical list for species requiring immediate and stringent conservation measures.

What is the purpose of Appendix II of the CMS, and what action does the convention encourage regarding these species?

Appendix II of the CMS lists migratory species that need or would significantly benefit from international cooperation. These species, whether individually or as taxonomic groups, form the basis for establishing regional or global instruments under the CMS. The convention encourages range states to conclude global or regional agreements to facilitate their conservation and management.

How does the CMS function as a framework convention, and what do the agreements under its auspices aim to achieve?

The CMS functions as a framework convention by encouraging its states parties to conclude global or regional agreements. These agreements, which are typically legally binding treaties, aim to either restore the migratory species concerned to a favorable conservation status or to maintain them in such a status. This framework allows for tailored conservation efforts based on specific regional or species needs.

Name three of the seven legally binding agreements that have been signed under the auspices of the CMS.

Three of the seven legally binding agreements signed under the auspices of the CMS are: the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP), the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS), and the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA). These agreements demonstrate the convention's commitment to protecting diverse migratory animal groups.

What is the nature of Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) under the CMS, and how many have been signed to date?

Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) under the CMS are not full agreements but still aim to conserve various migratory species through cooperative measures. To date, 19 MOUs have been signed, providing flexible frameworks for international collaboration on specific conservation challenges.

List three specific Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) that have been concluded under the auspices of CMS.

Three specific Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) concluded under the auspices of CMS include the Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the Aquatic Warbler, the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia, and the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Dugongs and their Habitats throughout their Range. These MOUs target specific species or groups requiring coordinated conservation efforts.

What is the role of the Conference of the Parties (COP) within the CMS organizational structure?

The Conference of the Parties (COP) serves as the principal decision-making body of the CMS. It is composed of all states parties to the convention, along with any observers who wish to participate, and is responsible for reviewing the convention's implementation and approving its financial regulations.

How frequently are meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP) held for the CMS?

Meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP) for the CMS are held at least every three years. This regular schedule ensures consistent oversight and adaptation of conservation strategies.

What are some of the key functions of the Conference of the Parties as enumerated in Article VII of the convention?

Article VII of the convention enumerates several key functions for the Conference of the Parties. These include reviewing the implementation of the convention and approving all financial regulations of the convention, ensuring accountability and progress in conservation efforts.

Where was the first Conference of the Parties (COP 1) of the CMS held, and in what year?

The first Conference of the Parties (COP 1) of the CMS was held in Bonn, West Germany, from October 21–26, 1985. This marked an important initial step in the convention's operational history.

Which city has hosted the CMS Conference of the Parties multiple times, according to the provided list?

According to the provided list, Geneva, Switzerland, has hosted the CMS Conference of the Parties multiple times, specifically COP 2 in 1988, COP 3 in 1991, and COP 5 in 1997. Nairobi, Kenya, and Bonn, Germany, have also hosted more than once.

What is the primary responsibility of the Standing Committee (StC) in the CMS structure?

The primary responsibility of the Standing Committee (StC) in the CMS structure is to carry out interim activities on behalf of the Conference of the Parties between its meetings. This ensures continuous operation and oversight of the convention's work.

How often does the Standing Committee meet, and when else does it typically convene?

The Standing Committee meets at least once a year. Additionally, it usually convenes immediately before and after any Conference of the Parties (COPs) meetings, providing continuity and preparation for the main decision-making sessions.

When were the composition and functions of the Standing Committee updated, and under which resolution?

The composition and functions of the Standing Committee were updated in 2008 at COP 9, under Resolution 9.15. This resolution revised the committee's structure and responsibilities to enhance its effectiveness.

What are some of the updated functions of the Standing Committee as outlined in Resolution 9.15?

Under Resolution 9.15, the updated functions of the Standing Committee include ensuring the implementation of COP decisions, monitoring the budget, making recommendations for the next COP, providing advice to the secretariat, representing the COP in negotiations with the Host Government and UNEP regarding the secretariat, acting as a bureau at the COP, and undertaking any other ad hoc tasks assigned by the COP. These functions highlight its crucial role in governance and administration.

How many members compose the Standing Committee, and for what term are they elected?

The Standing Committee is composed of 15 members who are elected to serve three-year terms, or from the end of one Conference of the Parties (COP) until the end of the next. Alternate members are also selected to ensure continuity.

How is the composition of the Standing Committee structured geographically according to Resolution 9.15?

According to Resolution 9.15, the Standing Committee's composition is structured geographically to ensure regional representation. It includes three members from each of the geographic regions of Africa and Europe, two members from each of Asia and South and Central America and the Caribbean, and one member from each of North America and Oceania. Additionally, the Depositary and the Host Governments of the previous and next COP meetings are also included.

What is the main objective of the Scientific Council (ScC) within the CMS framework?

The main objective of the Scientific Council (ScC) within the CMS framework is to provide advice on scientific matters to CMS bodies and to the CMS states parties. This ensures that conservation decisions are informed by expert scientific knowledge.

What types of recommendations does the Scientific Council make to the Conference of the Parties?

The Scientific Council makes recommendations to the Conference of the Parties on various issues, including research on migratory species, specific conservation and management measures, the inclusion of migratory species in the Appendices, and the designation of species for Concerted or Cooperative Actions under the convention. These recommendations guide the strategic direction of the CMS.

When was the Scientific Council established, and under which resolution?

Although its functions are enumerated in Article VIII of the convention, the Scientific Council was not formally established until 1985, under Resolution 1.4 of COP 1. This resolution formalized its role and structure within the CMS.

How are members of the Scientific Council appointed?

Each state party is entitled to appoint one qualified expert as a member of the Scientific Council, along with one alternate scientific councillor. Additionally, the Conference of the Parties (COP) may appoint other experts to the council to cover fields of particular interest to the convention, ensuring a broad range of scientific expertise.

What is the Sessional Committee, and when was it created?

The Sessional Committee is a new sub-body of the Scientific Council that was created in 2014 at COP 11, via Resolution 11.4. It represents a selected group of Scientific Council members tasked with specific duties.

How is the Sessional Committee composed, in terms of appointed councillors?

The Sessional Committee is composed of nine COP-appointed councillors and fifteen party-appointed councillors. The party-appointed councillors include three from Africa, three from Asia, three from Europe, three from Oceania, and three from South and Central America and the Caribbean, ensuring regional scientific input.

What is the responsibility of the Sessional Committee during the intersessional period?

During the intersessional period between two consecutive meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP), the Sessional Committee is responsible for implementing the mandate assigned to the Scientific Council by the COP. All work performed by the Sessional Committee is considered work of the Scientific Council, maintaining continuity in scientific guidance.

What is the role of the CMS Secretariat, and by whom is it administered?

The CMS Secretariat acts as the convention's coordinating body. It is provided and administered by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which is the leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda.

What are some of the key functions of the secretariat as outlined in Article IX of the convention?

Article IX of the convention outlines several key functions for the secretariat. These include arranging and servicing meetings of the COP, Scientific Council, and Standing Committee; maintaining liaison between the states parties; disseminating information to further CMS objectives; preparing COP reports; and promoting the conclusion of CMS Agreements. These tasks are essential for the smooth operation and communication of the convention.

Where has the CMS secretariat been based since its creation, and where was it relocated in 1998?

The CMS secretariat has been based in Bonn, Germany, since its creation. In 1998, it was relocated to the United Nations Campus in Bonn, consolidating its presence within a larger international organizational hub.

Does the CMS secretariat have any outpost offices, and if so, where and what are their responsibilities?

Yes, since 2009, the CMS secretariat maintains an outpost office in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. This office oversees the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia, and the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Dugongs and their Habitats throughout their range. It is hosted by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi.

Who is the current executive secretary of the Convention on Migratory Species?

The current executive secretary of the Convention on Migratory Species is Amy Fraenkel. The executive secretary leads the secretariat and plays a vital role in the day-to-day operations and strategic direction of the convention.

What are the reporting requirements for parties that are range states for migratory species listed in Appendix I or II?

Article 6(3) requires parties that are range states for migratory species listed in Appendix I or II to inform the Conference of the Parties (COP) through the secretariat, at least six months prior to each ordinary meeting of the conference, on the measures they are taking to implement the convention for these species. This ensures transparency and accountability in conservation efforts.

How has the Bonn Convention been integrated into the domestic legal frameworks of its parties?

The Bonn Convention has been incorporated into the domestic law of its parties to varying degrees. This means that signatory nations have enacted national legislation or policies to align with the convention's goals and obligations, translating international commitments into national action.

What is the significance of the map showing the states parties of the CMS?

The map showing the states parties of the CMS visually represents the global reach and participation in the convention. It uses color codes to distinguish between States Parties (green), states that have signed but not ratified (light green), and participating non-parties (dark blue), providing a clear overview of international engagement.

What is the full name of the agreement abbreviated as ACCOBAMS?

The full name of the agreement abbreviated as ACCOBAMS is the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area. This agreement specifically targets the protection of whales, dolphins, and porpoises in these marine regions.

What does EUROBATS specifically aim to conserve?

EUROBATS, or the Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats, specifically aims to conserve 52 species of bat found in Europe. This agreement highlights the importance of protecting these nocturnal flying mammals, which play crucial ecological roles.

Which agreement under CMS focuses on the conservation of gorillas and their habitats?

The Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and their Habitats, also known as the Gorilla Agreement, is the specific instrument under CMS that focuses on the conservation of gorillas and their natural environments. This agreement addresses the critical threats faced by these endangered primates.

What is the focus of the Wadden Sea Agreement?

The Wadden Sea Agreement, formally known as the Agreement on the Conservation of Seals in the Wadden Sea, focuses on the conservation of seal populations within the Wadden Sea region. This area is a vital wetland and a UNESCO World Heritage site, important for many migratory species.

Which MOU under CMS is dedicated to the conservation of the Aquatic Warbler?

The Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the Aquatic Warbler is the specific MOU under CMS dedicated to the conservation of this particular bird species. This highlights targeted efforts for species facing specific threats.

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The Convention

Defining the Mandate

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, widely recognized as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, represents a crucial international accord. Its fundamental purpose is to ensure the conservation of migratory species throughout the entirety of their migratory ranges. Operating under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), this agreement comprehensively addresses the imperative of global wildlife and habitat preservation.

A Global Conservation Nexus

The CMS holds a unique position as the sole global, United Nations-based intergovernmental organization established exclusively for the conservation and judicious management of migratory species across terrestrial, aquatic, and avian ecosystems. Through its meticulously crafted strategic plans, action plans, resolutions, decisions, and guidelines, the CMS, alongside its associated "daughter agreements," formulates policy frameworks and provides detailed guidance on addressing specific conservation challenges.

Genesis and Evolution

The Bonn Convention was formally concluded with its signing in 1979 in Bonn, West Germany, subsequently entering into legal force in 1983. By September 2020, the Convention had successfully attracted 131 Member States, a testament to its broad international acceptance and the collective commitment to protecting migratory species. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany serves as the official depositary for this significant international treaty.

Core Principles

Foundational Commitments

Article 2 of the Convention meticulously outlines its fundamental principles. Parties to the Convention explicitly acknowledge the profound importance of conserving migratory species and commit to undertaking appropriate actions to this end, "whenever possible and appropriate." A particular emphasis is placed on migratory species whose conservation status is deemed unfavorable, as well as those facing the imminent threat of endangerment, necessitating either individual or collective protective measures by their respective range states.

Action Directives (Article 2(3))

Further elaborating on these foundational commitments, Article 2(3) prescribes specific directives for the signatory parties:

Parties "should promote, cooperate in and support research relating to migratory species," fostering a scientific basis for conservation efforts.
Parties "shall endeavour to provide immediate protection for migratory species included in Appendix I," indicating a high priority for critically threatened species.
Parties "shall endeavour to conclude AGREEMENTS covering the conservation and management of migratory species included in Appendix II," promoting tailored, regional cooperation for species requiring coordinated management.

Member States

Global Adherence

As of January 1, 2021, the Convention on Migratory Species proudly counts 130 sovereign states and the European Union among its parties. This extensive global participation underscores a shared international commitment to addressing the inherently transboundary nature of migratory species conservation challenges. The diverse geographical representation of these member states vividly illustrates the global reach and critical necessity of the CMS's overarching mandate.

The following sovereign states are parties to the Convention:

Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
Congo
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
DR Congo
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia (Republic of The)
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Honduras
Hungary
India
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Netherlands
New Zealand
Niger
Nigeria
North Macedonia
Norway
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Rwanda
Samoa
São Tomé and Príncipe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
United Republic of Tanzania
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Yemen
Zimbabwe

Other Participating Entities

In addition to sovereign states, other significant entities also serve as parties to the Convention, reflecting the multifaceted nature of international environmental governance. These include:

Cook Islands
European Union

Their active involvement underscores the comprehensive and inclusive approach adopted by the CMS to ensure that all relevant actors are engaged in the vital conservation efforts for migratory species across their ranges.

Engagement Status

Signed, Not Yet Ratified

Certain states demonstrate an initial commitment to the Convention by formally signing the agreement, yet have not completed the subsequent process of full ratification. This action signifies an expressed intent to align with the global conservation effort, but it also indicates that domestic legal or parliamentary procedures required for full adherence are either still in progress or pending. As of the latest available data, Jamaica is specifically noted as a state that has signed but not yet ratified the CMS.

Collaborative Non-Parties

A distinct category of sovereign states, while not formal parties to the overarching CMS Convention, actively contribute to its objectives by becoming party to one or more of its specialized subsidiary agreements or by signing Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs). This form of engagement highlights a targeted commitment to specific conservation initiatives under the broader CMS framework, even without full adherence to the main Convention text.

The following sovereign states participate in CMS agreements or MOUs without being full parties to the Convention:

Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Botswana
China
Colombia
Comoros
Iceland
Indonesia
Malaysia
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Oman
Papua New Guinea
Russian Federation
San Marino
Sierra Leone
Solomon Islands
Sudan
Thailand
Tonga
Turkey
Turkmenistan

Convention Appendices

Appendix I: Endangered Species

Appendix I of the CMS serves as a critical listing for migratory species that are formally recognized as endangered. For these highly vulnerable species, the Convention unequivocally mandates that its parties shall endeavor to provide immediate and stringent protection. This typically encompasses the implementation of rigorous conservation measures, dedicated habitat protection initiatives, and the prohibition of any activities that involve the taking of these animals, all with the overarching aim of reversing their unfavorable conservation status and preventing further population decline.

Appendix II: Cooperative Management

Appendix II systematically enumerates migratory species that, while not necessarily endangered, possess an unfavorable conservation status and demonstrably require international agreements for their effective conservation and management. For species listed within this appendix, parties are obligated to endeavor to conclude specific agreements. These "daughter agreements" or Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) are instrumental in fostering collaborative efforts among range states to develop and implement coordinated conservation strategies, thereby ensuring the sustainable management and long-term viability of these species across their intricate migratory routes.

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References

The host of COP 14 was Uzbekistan, which is already a member of the Standing Committee.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not legal or policy advice. The information provided on this website pertains to an international treaty and its operational aspects. It is not a substitute for consulting official legal documents, treaty texts, or seeking advice from qualified international law or environmental policy experts. Always refer to the official CMS documentation and consult with relevant professionals for specific legal or policy interpretations and applications. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Global Pathways: The Bonn Convention and Migratory Species Conservation

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The Convention 🌍

📜 Defining the Mandate

🌐 A Global Conservation Nexus

🗓️ Genesis and Evolution

Core Principles ⚖️

🤝 Foundational Commitments

🎯 Action Directives (Article 2(3))

Member States 🌐

🌍 Global Adherence

🇪🇺 Other Participating Entities

Engagement Status 🚦

✍️ Signed, Not Yet Ratified

🤝 Collaborative Non-Parties

Convention Appendices 📖

🚨 Appendix I: Endangered Species

🗺️ Appendix II: Cooperative Management

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Convention

Defining the Mandate

A Global Conservation Nexus

Genesis and Evolution

Core Principles

Foundational Commitments

Action Directives (Article 2(3))

Member States

Global Adherence

Other Participating Entities

Engagement Status

Signed, Not Yet Ratified

Collaborative Non-Parties

Convention Appendices

Appendix I: Endangered Species

Appendix II: Cooperative Management

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice