What were the original names for the Diet of Hungary?

The Diet of Hungary was originally known by the Latin terms Parlamentum Publicum or Parlamentum Generale.

When did the Diet of Hungary become the supreme legislative institution in the Kingdom of Hungary?

The Diet of Hungary emerged as the supreme legislative institution in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 1290s.

What is the Hungarian term for the Diet of Hungary?

The Hungarian term for the Diet of Hungary is Országgyűlés.

What historical concept did the term Natio Hungarica represent?

The term Natio Hungarica referred to the collective elite who participated in Hungary's political life, both at the local level in county assemblies and at the national level in parliaments, during the medieval and early modern periods. It functioned as a geographic, institutional, and juridico-political category.

How did the legal authority of laws passed by the Hungarian Diet compare to royal decrees in the Kingdom of Hungary?

In the medieval and early modern Kingdom of Hungary, statutory laws enacted by the Diet and sanctioned by the king held superior legal authority over royal decrees. A royal decree could not override, suspend, or contravene a law passed by the Diet, establishing a principle of statutory law's primacy.

How does Hungary's recognition of parliamentary primacy over royal decrees compare to England's historical development?

Hungary recognized the primacy of statutory law over executive decree centuries earlier than England. While Hungary established this principle as early as the 13th century, England only firmly established parliamentary supremacy over royal prerogative after the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

What are the earliest proposed origins of the Hungarian national assemblies?

Some researchers suggest that the roots of the Hungarian institution of national assemblies can be traced back to the 11th century. This is based on evidence of national assemblies attended by both ecclesiastic and secular dignitaries during the reigns of King Ladislaus I and King Coloman.

What was the 'ius resistendi' granted by the Golden Bull of 1222?

The "ius resistendi" was the right legalized by the Golden Bull of 1222, which allowed lesser nobles to refuse to obey unlawful or unconstitutional commands from the crown, thereby serving as a check on royal power.

How did the Hungarian Diet's power fluctuate under different rulers in the 14th and 15th centuries?

Initially convened by the king, the Diet's power varied. Under autocratic kings like Louis the Great and Matthias Corvinus, it often served to formalize royal decisions. However, starting with the Jagiellonian dynasty, the parliament regained much of its traditional power.

What were the consequences of the 1514 Diet's actions following the peasant revolt led by György Dózsa?

Shocked by the peasant revolt, the Diet of 1514 passed laws that condemned serfs to eternal bondage and further increased their work obligations, significantly worsening their legal and social standing.

Who were the electors for the House of Representatives starting from 1609?

Beginning in 1609, members of the House of Representatives were elected by the nobles from the county assemblies, the elected representatives of the free royal cities, and the envoys from the cathedral chapters.

What was the nature of the Diet of the Estates (Rendi országgyűlés) prior to 1848?

Until 1848, the Diets were known as the Hungarian Diet of the Estates (Rendi országgyűlés) and functioned as an Estates General, representing various social classes.

What right did the Diet guarantee, particularly after the extinction of the House of Árpád?

The Diet guaranteed the "Szabad Királyválasztás Joga," the right of electing the king. This right was particularly significant after the extinction of the ruling Árpád dynasty, when the Diet often played a role in selecting the monarch.

By the 16th century, which four social classes constituted the estates in the Hungarian Diet?

By the 16th century, the four social classes that made up the estates in the Diet were the nobility, the common nobility, the clergy, and the burghers.

What significant constitutional change occurred in 1848 concerning the Diet?

The Era of Reforms in 1848 led to the end of the Diet of the Estates and the introduction of the National Assembly, which adopted a unicameral system intended to ensure the rule of the people and remove the privileges of nobles and oligarchs.

According to the provided list, what was the earliest recorded nationwide legislative assembly in Hungary, and where was it held?

The earliest recorded nationwide legislative assembly, according to the list of sessions, was held in 1057 in Székesfehérvár.

When was the first assembly officially referred to as a 'Parlamentum' convened, and in which city?

The first assembly officially referred to as a "Parlamentum" was held in 1222 in Székesfehérvár.

What were the different names associated with the location of the Diet in 1435?

The Diet of Hungary was held in Posonium in 1435. This location was known in Hungarian as Pozsony, in German as Pressburg, and is now the city of Bratislava.

What was the impact of the 1514 Diet's legislation on serfs?

Following the peasant revolt of 1514, the Diet passed laws that condemned serfs to perpetual bondage and increased their labor obligations, formalizing their subjugation.

What was the primary location for the Diets of Royal Hungary during the period of 1527-1699?

Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava) served as the primary location for the Diets of Royal Hungary between 1527 and 1699, although other cities like Buda, Várad, Besztercebánya, and Nagyszombat also hosted sessions.

What was the context and outcome of the Diet convened in 1796?

The Diet convened in 1796 was called due to the threat from the French nation. It voted to supply 50,000 men and provision the Austrian army, but dissolved after only nineteen sittings.

Why did negotiations regarding Hungarian autonomy fail after the October Diploma and February Patent?

Negotiations failed because Hungarian magnates insisted on comprehensive autonomy in Hungarian affairs and rejected governance from Vienna, a stance strongly influenced by Austrian Minister-President Anton von Schmerling's position.

When did the Hungarian national assembly reconvene following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867?

Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the re-established Hungarian national assembly convened on February 27, 1867.

What were the two houses of the Hungarian parliament established after 1867, and what were their Hungarian names?

After 1867, the Hungarian parliament consisted of two houses: the upper house, known as the Főrendiház (House of Magnates), and the lower house, known as the Képviselőház (House of Representatives).

Where has the Hungarian parliament been assembling since 1902?

Since 1902, the Hungarian parliament has been assembling in the Hungarian Parliament Building, which is located in Budapest on the Danube river.

What categories of individuals comprised the membership of the House of Magnates (Főrendiház)?

The House of Magnates included princes of the royal house, hereditary peers meeting certain tax requirements, high dignitaries of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, representatives of Protestant confessions, life peers appointed by the Crown or elected by the house, various state dignitaries and high judges, and three delegates from Croatia-Slavonia.

How were members of the House of Representatives (Képviselőház) elected under the 1874 Electoral Law?

Under the Electoral Law of 1874, members of the House of Representatives were elected through a complex franchise system that considered factors such as property ownership, tax contributions, profession or official position, and ancestral privileges.

What was the numerical composition of the House of Representatives, and how were delegates from Croatia-Slavonia included?

The House of Representatives comprised 453 members in total. Of these, 413 were deputies elected within Hungary, and 40 were delegates sent from the parliament of Croatia-Slavonia.

How did the *Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition* characterize the franchise system for the House of Representatives?

The *Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition* described the franchise for the House of Representatives as "probably the most illiberal in Europe." It noted that only a small percentage of the population, approximately 6% of the working classes and 13% of the small trading class, possessed the right to vote.

What significant powers did the King retain regarding legislation passed by the Diet after 1867?

After 1867, the King retained substantial power over legislation. He could veto any bill passed by the Diet, dissolve the parliament, and call for new elections. Furthermore, the Emperor-King's Royal Assent was a prerequisite for any bill to be presented to the Diet.

According to Randalph Braham, what aspect of the Diet's nature from 1867 to 1944 remains a contentious issue?

Randalph Braham noted that the increasingly illiberal nature of the Diet during the period from 1867 to 1944, particularly as it approached World War II, continues to be a significant point of contention in regional cultural and political conflicts.

What was the ethnic representation like in the Hungarian parliament by 1910, considering the region's diverse population?

By 1910, despite the region's population being composed of approximately 54.5% Magyar, 16.1% Romanian, and 10.6% Slovak, the overwhelming majority of representatives in the Hungarian parliament were of Hungarian descent (405 out of 413), with only a small number of Romanian and Slovak representatives.

What role did ethnic minorities play in sustaining the Austro-Hungarian Compromise within Hungary?

Ethnic minorities played a crucial role in maintaining the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in Hungary. By voting for the pro-compromise liberal parties, they enabled these parties to form the majority and govern within the Hungarian parliament.

What was the official language of the Hungarian parliament, and were there provisions for other languages?

The official language of the Hungarian parliament was Hungarian. However, delegates representing Croatia-Slavonia were permitted to use the Croatian language during parliamentary proceedings.

What was the primary legislative body in Hungary throughout its history from the 12th century until the end of World War II?

The primary legislative body in Hungary from the 12th century until the end of World War II was the Diet of Hungary, historically known as Parlamentum Publicum or Parlamentum Generale.

How did the Diet of 1514 address the issue of serfdom after the Dózsa revolt?

In the aftermath of the 1514 peasant revolt led by György Dózsa, the Diet enacted laws that condemned serfs to perpetual bondage and increased their labor obligations, effectively formalizing their subjugation.

What was the significance of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 concerning the Hungarian legislative body?

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 led to the re-establishment of the Hungarian national assembly, which convened on February 27, 1867. This marked the formation of a new bicameral legislature, comprising the House of Magnates and the House of Representatives.

Describe the franchise system for the House of Representatives and identify groups that were largely excluded.

The franchise for the House of Representatives was based on property, taxation, profession, official position, and ancestral privileges. The working classes and small trading classes were significantly underrepresented, with only a small fraction of the total population eligible to vote.

What was the historical role of the Diet of Hungary in relation to the Kingdom of Hungary?

The Diet of Hungary was the most important political assembly in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 12th century onwards. It served as the supreme legislative institution and played a crucial role in law-making, taxation, and the election of monarchs throughout much of Hungary's history until World War II.

How did the Diet's structure evolve from its early forms to the two-chamber system?

Initially, the Diet comprised lords and church leaders. Over time, the voting base expanded to include common nobility and elected representatives from royal free cities. By the 1400s, two chambers began to separate, and by 1608, it formally divided into the House of Magnates and the House of Representatives.

What was the relationship between the Diet and the King concerning legislation in the Habsburg-ruled Kingdom of Hungary?

In the Habsburg-ruled Kingdom of Hungary, the Diet's statutory laws held precedence over royal decrees. However, the King (Emperor-King) retained significant powers, including the ability to veto legislation, dissolve the Diet, and require Royal Assent before bills could be presented, indicating a balance of power that leaned towards the monarch but respected parliamentary authority.

Diet Of Hungary Wiki: The Hungarian Diet: A Chronicle of Governance and Representation

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Overview

The Supreme Legislative Institution

The Diet of Hungary, historically known as Parlamentum Publicum or Parlamentum Generale (Hungarian: Országgyűlés), stood as Hungary's paramount political assembly from the 12th century onwards. It evolved into the supreme legislative institution of the Kingdom of Hungary by the late 13th century and continued its function through its successor states, including Royal Hungary and the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, until the conclusion of World War II in 1946. The term "Diet" became prevalent in the early modern period, succeeding the medieval term "Parliament".

Historical Significance

The Diet convened periodically, with interruptions, from the 12th century until 1918, and then again until 1946. While the 1790 Diet stipulated meetings at least every three years, the Habsburg monarchy did not always adhere to this. Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Diet was reconstituted, reflecting its enduring importance in the nation's political landscape.

The Hungarian Nation (Natio Hungarica)

The term Natio Hungarica referred to the elite who participated in Hungary's political life. This included members of the clergy, elected representatives of the nobility from county assemblies, and envoys from Royal Free Cities, elected by their populace. This designation was a geographic, institutional, and juridico-political category, irrespective of the participants' mother tongue or ethnicity.

Comparison with English Parliaments

Supremacy of Statutory Law

In the medieval and early modern Kingdom of Hungary, laws enacted by the Diet (previously "Parliament") and sanctioned by the king held precedence over royal decrees. A royal decree could not override, suspend, or contravene a law passed by the Diet. This principle was recognized as early as the 13th century and formed a cornerstone of Hungary's historical constitutional framework. Hungarian estates consistently resisted absolutist attempts, asserting that royal ordinances required parliamentary consent to amend or repeal legislation.

Evolution of Parliamentary Power

In contrast, the principle of parliamentary supremacy over royal prerogative in England was firmly established much later, primarily after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The English monarch's ability to issue proclamations or suspend laws without parliamentary consent was a source of significant conflict, culminating in the English Civil War. It was only with the Bill of Rights (1689) that parliamentary sovereignty was constitutionally affirmed, establishing statutory law's precedence over royal decree.

Development of the Diet

Early Origins

Some scholars trace the origins of Hungarian national assemblies back to the 11th century, citing assemblies held under Kings Ladislaus I and Coloman where ecclesiastic and secular dignitaries convened. The first documented use of the term "parlamentum" for a nationwide assembly appeared during the reign of King Andrew II, associated with the Golden Bull of 1222. This bull reaffirmed the rights of lesser nobles and established the "ius resistendi" (right to resist unlawful royal commands), laying groundwork for the Diet.

Medieval and Early Modern Evolution

An institutionalized parliament emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries. Initially convened by the king, its power fluctuated. Under autocratic rulers like Matthias Corvinus, parliaments often served to formalize royal decisions. However, the Jagiellonian dynasty saw the parliament regain significant power. The Diet of 1514, reacting to a peasant revolt led by György Dózsa, enacted laws condemning serfs to eternal bondage and increasing their obligations. In 1608, the Diet formally divided into two houses: the House of Magnates and the House of Representatives.

The Estates and Reform

Until 1848, the Diet operated as an Estates General (Rendi országgyűlés). Law-making was a shared right of the king and the Diet. The voting base expanded over time to include common nobility and representatives of Royal Free Cities. By the 16th century, the four estates were nobility, common nobility, clergy, and burghers. The 1848 Revolution brought an end to the Diet of the Estates, ushering in a unicameral National Assembly focused on popular representation and dismantling noble privileges.

List of Legislative Sessions

The following tables detail the historical legislative sessions of the Diet of Hungary, showcasing its long and continuous presence in the nation's political history.

Early Legislative Assemblies (11th Century)

Early Legislative Assemblies, 11th Century
Start date	End date	Location	Details
1057	1057	Székesfehérvár	The first known nationwide legislative assembly
1060	1060	Székesfehérvár
1061	1061	Székesfehérvár
1064	1064	Székesfehérvár
1074	1074	Székesfehérvár

Early Legislative Assemblies (12th Century)

Early Legislative Assemblies, 12th Century
Start date	End date	Location	Details
1131	1131	Arad
1174	1174	Székesfehérvár

Parliamentary Sessions (13th Century)

Parliamentary Sessions, Kingdom of Hungary, 13th Century
Start date	End date	Location	Details
1222	1222	Székesfehérvár	The first assembly called "Parlamentum"
1231	1231	Székesfehérvár
1245	1245	Székesfehérvár
1267	1267	Székesfehérvár
1272	1272	Székesfehérvár
1277 May	1277 May	Rákoš (First phase)
1277 August	1277 August	Székesfehérvár (Second phase)
1289	1289	Székesfehérvár
1291	1291	Székesfehérvár
1299	1299	Székesfehérvár

Parliamentary Sessions (14th Century)

Parliamentary Sessions, Kingdom of Hungary, 14th Century
Start date	End date	Location
1305	1305	Székesfehérvár
1307	1307	Rákoš
1308	1308	Buda
1310	1310	Székesfehérvár
1320	1320	Székesfehérvár
1342	1342	Székesfehérvár
1351	1351	Buda
1382	1382	Székesfehérvár
1384	1384	Buda
1385	1385	Pest
1385	1385	Székesfehérvár
1386	1386	Székesfehérvár
1387	1387	Székesfehérvár
1397	1397	Temesvár

Parliamentary Sessions (15th Century)

Parliamentary Sessions, Kingdom of Hungary, 15th Century
Start date	End date	Location
1435	1435	Posonium (Pozsony / Bratislava)
1438	1439	Székesfehérvár
1440	1440	Székesfehérvár
1445	1445	Székesfehérvár
1459	1459	Szeged
1463	1463	Tolna
1464	1464	Székesfehérvár
1467	1467	Buda
1492	1492	Buda

Parliamentary Sessions (16th Century)

Parliamentary Sessions, Kingdom of Hungary, 16th Century
Start date	End date	Location
1505	1505	Rákoš
1506	1506	Székesfehérvár
1510	1510	Tata
1510	1510	Székesfehérvár
1525	1526	Székesfehérvár

Diets of Royal Hungary (1527–1699)

Diets of Royal Hungary, 1527–1699
Start date	End date	Location
1527	1528	Buda
1532	1532	Buda
1536	1536	Várad
1537	1537	Pressburg (Bratislava)
1542	1543	Besztercebánya (Banská Bystrica)
1545	1545	Nagyszombat (Trnava)
1547	1547	Nagyszombat
1548	1548	Pozsony (Pressburg / Bratislava)
1550	1550	Pressburg
1552	1552	Pressburg
1553	1553	Sopron
1554	1554	Pressburg
1555	1555	Pressburg
1556	1556	Pressburg
1557	1557	Pressburg
1559	1559	Pressburg
1563	1563	Pressburg
1566	1566	Pressburg
1567	1567	Pressburg
1569	1569	Pressburg
1572	1572	Pressburg
1574	1574	Pressburg
1575	1575	Pressburg
1578	1578	Pressburg
1581	1581	Pressburg
1583	1583	Pressburg
1587	1587	Pressburg
1593	1593	Pressburg
1596	1596	Pressburg
1597	1597	Pressburg
1598	1598	Pressburg
1599	1599	Pressburg
1600	1600	Pressburg
1601	1601	Pressburg
1602	1602	Pressburg
1603	1603	Pressburg
1604	1604	Pressburg
1608	1608	Pressburg
1609	1609	Pressburg
1613	1613	Pressburg
1618	1618	Pressburg
1622	1622	Sopron
1625	1625	Sopron
1630	1630	Pressburg
1635	1635	Sopron
1637	1638	Pressburg
1647	1647	Pressburg
1649	1649	Pressburg
1655	1655	Pressburg
1659	1659	Pressburg
1662	1662	Pressburg
1681	1681	Sopron
1687	1687	Pressburg

Diets during Habsburg Rule (1700–1867)

Diets during Habsburg Rule, Kingdom of Hungary (1700–1867)
Start date	End date	Location	Details
1708	1715	Pressburg	Continuously interrupted
1722	1723	Pressburg
1728	1729	Pressburg
1741	1742	Pressburg
1751	1751	Pressburg
1764	1765	Pressburg
1790	1791	Pressburg	First phase not held in Pressburg
1792	1792
1796	1796		Convened to address French threat; voted to supply 50,000 men and provision Austrian army. Dissolved after nineteen sittings.
1802	1802		Discussed demands regarding the French Revolutionary Wars.
1805	1805		Resembled the 1802 diet.
1807	1807		Remarkable diet; added proposition for army readiness.
1811	1812
1825	1827	Pressburg
1830		Pressburg	Crowned Archduke Ferdinand as King of Hungary.
1832	1836
1839	1840
1843	1844
1847	1847/8

House of Magnates

Composition of the Upper House

The House of Magnates (Főrendiház), akin to the British House of Lords, comprised hereditary members, high-ranking clergy, and, uniquely, deputized representatives from autonomous regions. Its membership was not fixed, allowing any qualified individual to sit. As of 1904, its composition included:

Princes of the royal house who had attained their majority (16 members).
Hereditary peers paying at least 3,000 florins annually in land tax (237 members).
High dignitaries of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches (42 members).
Representatives of Protestant confessions (13 members).
Life peers appointed by the Crown (up to 50) and life peers elected by the House itself (73 members total).
Various state dignitaries and high judges (19 members).
Three delegates from Croatia-Slavonia.

House of Representatives

The Lower House and Franchise

Historically, the members of the House of Representatives were elected noble envoys from the kingdom's counties, elected envoys from the Royal Free Cities, and envoys from the lower clergy. Following the Electoral Law of 1874, the House comprised 453 members: 413 deputies elected in Hungary and 40 delegates from Croatia-Slavonia. Their terms lasted five years, and they received remuneration.

Limited Suffrage and Representation

The franchise was notably restrictive, described by the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition as "probably the most illiberal in Europe". Only about 6% of the working classes and 13% of the small trading class possessed the vote, representing just 6% of the total population. This limited suffrage meant that ethnic minorities often played a key role in electing pro-compromise liberal parties, while Hungarian nationalist parties, supported by the majority of ethnic Hungarian voters, frequently remained in opposition.

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References

Cecil Marcus Knatchbull-Hugessen Brabourne (4th Baron): The political evolution of the Hungarian nation: (Volume I. in 1908)

Bak, JÃ¡nos M., ed. Decreta Regni Mediaevalis Hungariae: The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000â1301. Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers, 1999, p. 200.

Kontler, LÃ¡szlÃ³. A History of Hungary: Millennium in Central Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, pp. 149â154.

Kenyon, J.P. The Stuart Constitution: Documents and Commentary. Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 205â210.

Goldsworthy, Jeffrey. The Sovereignty of Parliament: History and Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 85â90.

Dr. ZoltÃ¡n SZENTE: The Historic Origins of the National Assembly in Hungary| [1]

A full list of references for this article are available at the Diet of Hungary Wikipedia page

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This is not professional or political advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional historical, political, or legal consultation. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified experts for specific analyses or interpretations of historical events and institutions.

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The Hungarian Diet: Pillars of Power

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Overview ℹ️

🏛️ The Supreme Legislative Institution

📜 Historical Significance

👥 The Hungarian Nation (Natio Hungarica)

Comparison with English Parliaments ⚖️

👑 Supremacy of Statutory Law

🇬🇧 Evolution of Parliamentary Power

Development of the Diet ⏳

🌱 Early Origins

📈 Medieval and Early Modern Evolution

✊ The Estates and Reform

List of Legislative Sessions 📅

🏛️ Early Legislative Assemblies (11th Century)

🏛️ Early Legislative Assemblies (12th Century)

🏛️ Parliamentary Sessions (13th Century)

🏛️ Parliamentary Sessions (14th Century)

🏛️ Parliamentary Sessions (15th Century)

🏛️ Parliamentary Sessions (16th Century)

🏛️ Diets of Royal Hungary (1527–1699)

🏛️ Diets during Habsburg Rule (1700–1867)

House of Magnates 👑

🏛️ Composition of the Upper House

House of Representatives 👥

🏛️ The Lower House and Franchise

🗳️ Limited Suffrage and Representation

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References

📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

The Supreme Legislative Institution

Historical Significance

The Hungarian Nation (Natio Hungarica)

Comparison with English Parliaments

Supremacy of Statutory Law

Evolution of Parliamentary Power

Development of the Diet

Early Origins

Medieval and Early Modern Evolution

The Estates and Reform

List of Legislative Sessions

Early Legislative Assemblies (11th Century)

Early Legislative Assemblies (12th Century)

Parliamentary Sessions (13th Century)

Parliamentary Sessions (14th Century)

Parliamentary Sessions (15th Century)

Parliamentary Sessions (16th Century)

Diets of Royal Hungary (1527–1699)

Diets during Habsburg Rule (1700–1867)

House of Magnates

Composition of the Upper House

House of Representatives

The Lower House and Franchise

Limited Suffrage and Representation

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice