What is the definition of "fragging" in a military context?

Fragging refers to the deliberate or attempted killing of a soldier, typically by a fellow soldier, often targeting a superior officer. It is a serious breach of military discipline and conduct.

How did the term "fragging" originate, and what was its initial association?

The term "fragging" was coined by U.S. military personnel during the Vietnam War. Its origin is linked to the use of fragmentation grenades, which were often employed in these attacks to make the killings appear accidental or the result of enemy action.

Has the definition of "fragging" evolved since the Vietnam War?

Yes, while initially associated with the use of fragmentation grenades, the term "fragging" now encompasses any deliberate killing of military colleagues, regardless of the weapon used.

How does fragging differ from "friendly fire" incidents?

Fragging is a deliberate act of violence by a soldier against their comrades or superiors. In contrast, friendly fire refers to the unintentional killing or wounding of allied personnel by their own side's weapons during combat operations.

What did the high number of fragging incidents in the later years of the Vietnam War signify?

The prevalence of fragging incidents in the latter years of the Vietnam War was a significant indicator of widespread discontent among some military personnel and a breakdown of discipline within parts of the U.S. Armed Forces.

What were the primary factors contributing to the rise of fragging during the Vietnam War?

Key factors included the increasing unpopularity of the war, rising racial tensions, troops' reluctance to risk their lives in a perceived lost cause, and a general deterioration of morale and discipline. The loss of purpose in fighting the war also played a crucial role.

How did the Tet Offensive influence the incidence of fragging?

The Tet Offensive in early 1968 appears to have catalyzed an increase in fragging incidents. Following this major event, the Vietnam War became increasingly unpopular both in the United States and among American soldiers serving in Vietnam.

What role did racial tensions play in the context of fragging during the Vietnam War?

Racial tensions between white and black soldiers and marines escalated, particularly after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968. This heightened tension contributed to the overall discontent that fueled fragging incidents.

According to the text, why did some enlisted men view fragging as an effective tactic?

With troops increasingly reluctant to risk their lives in what they perceived as a losing war, fragging was seen by some enlisted men as the most effective way to discourage their superiors from pushing for combat operations.

What societal issues present in the U.S. were also reflected within the military and potentially contributed to fragging?

Societal issues such as racism, widespread drug abuse, and resentment towards authoritarian leaders, which were prevalent in the United States at the time, were also reflected within the military and may have contributed to fragging incidents.

How did the U.S. military's withdrawal from Vietnam impact morale and discipline, potentially leading to fragging?

As the U.S. began withdrawing forces, many enlisted men and junior officers lost their sense of purpose for being in Vietnam. This led to a deterioration of the hierarchical relationship between enlisted men and officers, and a decline in overall morale and discipline.

What was the primary motivation for enlisted men to frag their superiors, as described in the text?

Enlisted men often feared being assigned to aggressive officers who might employ risky tactics, sometimes referred to as "John Wayne tactics," in an effort to win the war single-handedly for personal glory, potentially leading to unnecessary deaths.

Besides aggressive leadership, what other frequent motive for fragging is mentioned in the text?

Harassment of subordinates by superiors was another frequent motive cited for fragging incidents. This indicates that abuse of power by leaders could lead to violent retaliation from their troops.

What role did racism play as a motive for fragging?

Racism between soldiers was a significant factor, with several fragging incidents reportedly resulting from racial tensions between black and white soldiers.

What non-lethal methods were sometimes used as warnings before fragging?

Soldiers sometimes used non-lethal smoke and tear-gas grenades to warn superiors to change their behavior. This served as an indication of potential danger if their actions continued, preceding more lethal actions.

According to George Lepre, what was the total number of known and suspected fragging cases using explosives in Vietnam between 1969 and 1972?

According to author George Lepre, the total number of known and suspected fragging cases involving explosives from 1969 to 1972 was nearly 900. These incidents resulted in 99 confirmed deaths and numerous injuries.

What were the estimated numbers of fragging incidents and casualties according to authors Richard A. Gabriel and Paul L. Savage?

Authors Richard A. Gabriel and Paul L. Savage estimated that up to 1,017 fragging incidents may have occurred in Vietnam. Their research suggested these incidents caused 86 deaths and 714 injuries among U.S. military personnel, with the majority of victims being officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs).

By the end of the Vietnam War, how many U.S. soldiers were reported killed in fragging incidents, and what about mysterious circumstances?

By the end of the war, the U.S. military reported at least 600 U.S. soldiers killed in fragging incidents. Additionally, another 1,400 soldiers died under circumstances deemed mysterious, which could potentially include unreported fraggings.

How do the statistics for fragging incidents involving explosives compare to those involving firearms?

Fragging statistics primarily document incidents involving explosives, most commonly grenades. While several hundred murders of U.S. soldiers by firearms occurred, these were often between enlisted men of similar rank and were difficult to quantify as fragging, as they were often indistinguishable from combat deaths and poorly documented.

What were some of the U.S. military's direct responses to fragging incidents?

The U.S. military implemented measures such as imposing greater restrictions on soldiers' access to weapons, particularly grenades for those in non-combat units. They also conducted post-fragging "lockdowns" where entire units were isolated for investigations.

Why were the military's responses to fragging often ineffective in reducing incidents?

These measures were often ineffective because soldiers could easily obtain weapons through a flourishing black market. Furthermore, it was challenging for investigators to definitively distinguish between fragging and enemy action, as a grenade thrown into a tent could be attributed to either.

How did the threat of fragging influence the behavior of officers and NCOs in rear areas?

The pervasive threat of fragging caused many officers and NCOs to carry weapons even when in rear areas and to alter their sleeping arrangements, as fragging often involved throwing grenades into tents where targets slept. Some leaders also turned a blind eye to drug use and indiscipline among their troops out of fear.

What was the connection between the breakdown of discipline, including fragging, and the U.S. military's structure?

The breakdown of discipline, exemplified by fragging, was a significant factor that influenced the U.S. military's decision to transition to an all-volunteer force, thereby ending the military draft system. This shift aimed to moderate coercive discipline methods.

What term is used for intentional killings of coalition soldiers by Afghan forces during the war in Afghanistan?

Intentional killings of coalition soldiers by members of the Afghan National Security Forces are commonly referred to as "green-on-blue attacks" or insider attacks.

According to NATO, how many coalition service members died from deliberate actions by Afghan forces in 2012?

In 2012, NATO reported that 51 coalition service members died as a result of deliberate actions by members of the Afghan forces. An additional 65 NATO soldiers were killed in insider attacks between 2007 and 2011.

Which group of Afghan forces was most frequently involved in these insider attacks, and what were their characteristics?

The attackers were often members of the special Afghan Local Police (ALP) units. These forces operated as local tribal forces, were known to have ties to the Taliban, sometimes used drugs, and were occasionally reported for abusing civilians.

What incident occurred during the Battle of Blenheim in 1704 involving an unpopular major?

During the Battle of Blenheim in 1704, an unpopular major in Sir William Clifton's Regiment of Foot was shot in the head by his own men after the battle had concluded, suggesting internal dissent.

How did Charles XII of Sweden die in 1718, and what is the suspected cause?

Charles XII of Sweden was shot and killed during the siege of Halden in 1718. Historical accounts suggest the fatal shot was possibly fired by one of his own soldiers, indicating a potential fragging incident.

What happened to Lieutenant Colonel Heinrich von Breymann during the Battles of Saratoga in 1777?

During the Battles of Saratoga in 1777, Lieutenant Colonel Heinrich von Breymann, disgusted by his troops' performance, began attacking them with his sabre. In response, one of his injured soldiers pulled out a pistol and shot von Breymann dead.

What occurred on February 27, 1984, at Camp Yamaguchi in Japan?

On February 27, 1984, a soldier in the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force went on a shooting spree at the training ground of Camp Yamaguchi, firing on his squadron. The incident resulted in one death and three injuries.

What was the Nidal Hasan incident at Fort Hood in 2009, and what was its outcome?

On November 5, 2009, U.S. Army Major Nidal Hasan opened fire at Fort Hood, Texas, killing 13 fellow soldiers and injuring 32 others. He was later convicted of premeditated murder and attempted murder, and sentenced to death.

Describe the Washington Navy Yard shooting incident of September 16, 2013.

On September 16, 2013, U.S. Navy petty officer Aaron Alexis used a shotgun and pistol in a shooting spree at the Washington Navy Yard, killing 12 people and injuring eight before being killed by responding police officers.

What is the notable fragging incident from World War II in Champigneulles, France?

On November 18, 1944, in Champigneulles, France, Private George Green Jr. shot and killed Corporal Tommie Lee Garrett, an hour after Garrett had ordered Green to clean up spilled urine. Green was subsequently convicted of murder and executed.

What was the "G.I Says" bounty related to in the Vietnam War?

In 1969, following controversial U.S. casualties at the Battle of Hamburger Hill, the G.I. underground newspaper "G.I Says" placed a $10,000 bounty on Colonel Weldon Honeycutt. This led to multiple unsuccessful fragging attempts against him.

Who was First Lieutenant Robert T. Rohweller, and what happened to him in 1969?

First Lieutenant Robert T. Rohweller was killed on April 21, 1969, when a grenade was thrown into his company office at Quảng Trị Combat Base in South Vietnam. Private Reginald F. Smith was apprehended, pleaded guilty to premeditated murder, and was sentenced to 40 years imprisonment.

Describe the fragging incident involving Lieutenant Robert Thomas Convery in Nui Dat, South Vietnam.

On November 23, 1969, following a night of heavy drinking within the 9th Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment at Nui Dat, a grenade was rolled into Lieutenant Robert Thomas Convery's tent, killing him. Private Peter Denzil Allen was convicted of the murder and served over ten years of his sentence.

What incident occurred in Tebnine with the UNIFIL in 1982?

On October 27, 1982, while serving with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in Tebnine, Irish Army Private Michael McAleavey opened fire at a checkpoint, killing three fellow soldiers. He confessed to having "snapped" due to dehydration and heat exhaustion and was sentenced to life imprisonment.

What was the fragging-related incident involving Sergeant Hasan Karim Akbar in Kuwait in March 2003?

On March 23, 2003, in Kuwait, Sergeant Hasan Karim Akbar cut power to his base and threw four hand grenades into tents where fellow members of the 101st Airborne Division were sleeping, then opened fire. This attack killed two soldiers and wounded fourteen. Akbar was convicted of murder and sentenced to death.

What are the circumstances surrounding the death of LaVena Johnson in 2005, and what was the official ruling?

The death of U.S. Army Private LaVena Johnson on July 19, 2005, is considered a suspected fragging incident due to her severe injuries, including a broken nose, black eye, loose teeth, gunshot wound to the mouth, and burns. However, the U.S. Army officially ruled her death a suicide, denying claims by her father that she was raped and murdered.

Describe the incident aboard the submarine HMS Astute on April 28, 2011.

On April 28, 2011, Able Seaman Ryan Donovan abandoned his post on the submarine HMS Astute, took an SA80 rifle from the weapons locker, and opened fire on crew members. He killed three people and wounded others before being subdued. Donovan pleaded guilty to murder and attempted murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment.

What was the 2022 Dnipro shooting incident involving a Ukrainian National Guard soldier?

On January 27, 2022, Ukrainian conscript soldier Artemiy Yuryovich Riabchuk opened fire at a machine factory where he was serving in Ukraine's National Guard. The attack killed five fellow soldiers and wounded five others. Riabchuk was later arrested and sentenced to life in prison.

Fragging Wiki: Fragging: Internal Conflict in the Ranks

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Defining Fragging

The Act of Betrayal

Fragging refers to the deliberate or attempted killing of a soldier, typically by a subordinate targeting a superior officer or non-commissioned officer. The term originated within the U.S. military during the Vietnam War, where such acts were frequently perpetrated using fragmentation grenades (hence "frag"). The intent was often to disguise the killing as accidental or as combat-related friendly fire.^[1]^[2] While initially specific to explosive devices, the term has broadened to encompass any intentional killing of a military colleague by a fellow service member.^[3]^[4]

Distinction from Friendly Fire

It is crucial to differentiate fragging from friendly fire incidents. Friendly fire involves the unintentional killing or wounding of allied personnel due to error, misidentification, or accidents during combat operations. Fragging, conversely, is a premeditated act of violence stemming from internal conflict, resentment, or malice within a unit, rather than a mistake in the fog of war.^[5]

Historical Precedent

While the term "fragging" is modern, the act of soldiers killing their own commanders or comrades has a long history. Instances of internal violence and assassination within military units can be found throughout recorded military history. However, the phenomenon gained significant attention and became a distinct subject of study due to its prevalence and the specific circumstances surrounding its occurrence during the Vietnam War.^[5]

Underlying Motivations

Discontent and Discipline Breakdown

The surge in fragging incidents, particularly during the latter years of the Vietnam War, was a stark indicator of profound discontent and a breakdown in discipline within certain segments of the U.S. Armed Forces. Factors contributing to this included growing unpopularity of the war, racial tensions, and a general erosion of respect for authority.^[5] Soldiers sometimes resorted to fragging as a perceived effective method to deter superiors from pursuing aggressive combat tactics that they believed endangered their lives unnecessarily.^[6]

Perceived Injustice and Harassment

Harassment of subordinates by superiors was a frequently cited motive for fragging. Aggressive career officers, perceived as overly zealous or detached from the realities faced by enlisted personnel, were often targets. The generational and cultural gaps between older officers and younger, often conscripted, soldiers exacerbated these tensions.^[5]

Racial Tensions and Drug Abuse

Societal issues such as racism and widespread drug abuse within the ranks also fueled fragging incidents. Racial animosity between white and Black soldiers, amplified by events like the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., contributed to violence. Additionally, attempts by officers to enforce regulations against drug use sometimes led to retaliatory actions.^[5]

Bounties and Rumors

In some instances, enlisted men reportedly pooled money to offer "bounties" for the fragging of specific officers or non-commissioned officers. While many such instances were rumored, they highlight the depth of animosity and the informal systems of retribution that could emerge within units experiencing severe morale issues.^[5]

Fragging in Vietnam

Escalation and Statistics

Fragging incidents, primarily involving explosives like fragmentation grenades, became notably more common from 1969 to 1972. During this period, 904 documented incidents using explosives were recorded, resulting in 99 deaths. Hundreds of additional incidents involving firearms occurred but were often indistinguishable from combat deaths and poorly documented. The U.S. Army and Marine Corps experienced the highest rates, partly due to greater access to grenades compared to Navy or Air Force personnel.^[5]^[6]

The following table details known U.S. fragging incidents involving explosives in Vietnam from 1969 to 1972:

Known U.S. fragging incidents using explosives in Vietnam^[5]^{[5:45, 47, 57]}^[9]^[9:156]
	1969	1970	1971	1972
Army	96	209	222	28
Marine Corps	30+	50+	30+	5
Suspected	30	62	111	31
Total	156+	321+	363+	64
Deaths	46	38	12	3
Note: Statistics were not kept before 1969.

Contributing Factors

Several factors converged to increase fragging incidents during the Vietnam War:

Lowered Standards: The demand for manpower led to relaxed induction standards for both officers and enlisted personnel.
Rapid Personnel Rotation: Frequent rotation of officers, often serving less than six months in command, reduced unit stability and cohesion.
Loss of Purpose: As U.S. withdrawal became apparent without clear victory, soldiers questioned their mission, leading to morale and discipline decline.
Societal Issues: Racism, drug abuse, and generational conflicts mirrored broader societal problems, impacting military conduct.
Officer Conduct: Overzealous enforcement of regulations or perceived "John Wayne" tactics by officers often provoked resentment and threats of violence.^[5]

Notably, fragging incidents often increased in 1970 and 1971, even as U.S. troop presence decreased, underscoring the internal dynamics at play.^[5]

Modern Parallels: Green-on-Blue Attacks

Coalition Forces Under Threat

In contemporary conflicts, particularly the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021), a phenomenon termed "green-on-blue" attacks emerged, where Afghan security forces intentionally killed coalition service members. While not identical to the Vietnam-era fragging, these insider attacks share the core element of betrayal and violence perpetrated by supposed allies.^[15]^[16]

Triggers and Motivations

These attacks were often linked to provocations such as the 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests and the Kandahar massacre. Motivations included Taliban infiltration, deep-seated anti-American sentiments, and cultural grievances. Afghan officials acknowledged that hundreds of soldiers harbored Taliban sympathies or anti-Western views.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]

Countermeasures and Impact

The rise in green-on-blue attacks prompted significant changes in coalition force protection measures, including enhanced vetting of Afghan recruits and reduced joint operations. The attacks severely impacted trust and operational effectiveness, leading to discussions about premature withdrawal of forces.^[21]^[22]

Historical Incidents

Early Instances

While the term is modern, acts resembling fragging have occurred throughout military history:

1704: Battle of Blenheim: An unpopular English major was shot by his own men.
1718: Siege of Halden: King Charles XII of Sweden was killed, possibly by one of his own soldiers.
1777: Battles of Saratoga: A Brunswick lieutenant colonel was killed by a soldier he had injured.
1815: Battle of Quatre Bras: A Scottish regiment's colonel was shot by a soldier he had flogged.
World War II (1944): In France, a U.S. private murdered his corporal with a carbine after being ordered to clean up urine; the private was later hanged.^[42]

Vietnam War Examples

Specific fragging incidents during the Vietnam War underscore the motivations:

April 21, 1969: First Lieutenant Robert T. Rohweller was killed by a grenade thrown into his company office by Private Reginald F. Smith, who received a 40-year sentence.^[5]^[44]
March 15, 1971: Lieutenants Thomas A. Dellwo and Richard E. Harlan were killed by a grenade in their billet. Private Billy Dean Smith was acquitted of murder charges.^[5]
November 23, 1969: Australian Army Lieutenant Robert Thomas Convery was killed by a grenade rolled into his tent by Private Peter Denzil Allen, who served a life sentence.^[46]

Modern Conflicts

Incidents in more recent conflicts highlight the persistent nature of such violence:

2003: Iraq War: Sergeant Hasan Karim Akbar killed two fellow soldiers and wounded fourteen by throwing grenades into tents and firing a rifle, receiving a death sentence.^[62]
2011: HMS Astute Incident: Able Seaman Ryan Donovan killed two officers and wounded two others aboard a British submarine after confronting superiors.^[75]
2022: Ukraine: A Ukrainian National Guard conscript killed five fellow soldiers and wounded five others in a shooting spree.^[77]

Military Responses

Security Measures

In response to fragging incidents, particularly during the Vietnam War, the U.S. military implemented stricter security measures. These included enhanced restrictions on soldiers' access to weapons, especially grenades, particularly for those in non-combat units. Post-incident "lockdowns" were employed, isolating entire units for investigation, though these measures often proved insufficient due to the availability of weapons on the black market.^[5]

Legal and Judicial Actions

Prosecuting fragging incidents presented challenges. Distinguishing fragging from enemy action or other forms of violence was difficult. Furthermore, enlisted personnel often remained silent during investigations, citing fear or solidarity. Convictions, when secured, resulted in severe sentences, though the actual time served varied. For example, ten convicted fraggers received sentences ranging from ten months to forty years, with an average prison term of approximately nine years.^[5]

Public Relations and Secrecy

The military also attempted to manage adverse publicity surrounding fragging incidents and the security measures being taken. This often involved downplaying the extent of the problem or emphasizing the steps being taken to restore order and discipline, reflecting a complex interplay between operational security and public perception.^[5]

Broader Influence

Shift to All-Volunteer Force

The pervasive issues of discipline, including fragging, significantly influenced the U.S. military's transition from a conscription-based system to an all-volunteer force (AVF) in 1973. The AVF model aimed to foster greater unit cohesion and professionalism, potentially mitigating some of the coercive disciplinary methods previously employed.^[13]^[14]^[5]

Impact on Command

The threat of fragging compelled some officers and non-commissioned officers to alter their behavior, including changing sleeping arrangements and even negotiating with subordinates before undertaking dangerous missions. This breakdown in traditional command structures demonstrated the profound impact of internal dissent on military operations and leadership.^[5]

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References

Heinl, Jr., Col. Robert D. (1971), "The Collapse of the Armed Forces", Armed Forces Journal, June 7, 1971

Gabriel, Richard A. and Savage, Paul L. (1978), Crisis in Command, New York: Hill & Wang, p. 183

Afghan forces open fire on NATO advisors at base in Herat

Two Americans Killed by Afghan Recruit, New York Times. August 17, 2012.

Higginbotham, Don (1961). Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman. University of North Carolina Press, p. 75.

Paine, S.C.M. (2003). The Sino-Japanese War of 1894â1895: Perception, Power, and Primacy, Cambridge University Press. pp. 179â189.

New York Times: David France, "An Inconvenient Woman," May 28, 2000, accessed March 12, 2012

"Akbar Convicted of Murder", Fox News

"Military's death row: Hasan Akbar case", ABC News

A full list of references for this article are available at the Fragging Wikipedia page

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This content has been generated by an AI and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is based on data derived from publicly available sources, primarily Wikipedia. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, the information may not be exhaustive, entirely up-to-date, or free from interpretation.

This is not military or psychological advice. The subject matter of fragging involves sensitive topics such as violence, discipline, and mental health within military contexts. The information provided is not a substitute for professional consultation with military historians, psychologists, or legal experts. Always consult qualified professionals for specific advice or analysis.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein. Users are encouraged to consult primary sources and expert opinions for a comprehensive understanding.

Fragging: Internal Conflict in the Ranks

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Fragging 💥

🎯 The Act of Betrayal

⚖️ Distinction from Friendly Fire

📜 Historical Precedent

Underlying Motivations 🤔

😠 Discontent and Discipline Breakdown

⚖️ Perceived Injustice and Harassment

⚖️ Racial Tensions and Drug Abuse

💰 Bounties and Rumors

Fragging in Vietnam 🇻🇳

📈 Escalation and Statistics

📉 Contributing Factors

Modern Parallels: Green-on-Blue Attacks 🇦🇫

🤝 Coalition Forces Under Threat

🔥 Triggers and Motivations

🛡️ Countermeasures and Impact

Historical Incidents 📜

⚔️ Early Instances

✈️ Vietnam War Examples

🌍 Modern Conflicts

Military Responses 🛡️

🔒 Security Measures

⚖️ Legal and Judicial Actions

📰 Public Relations and Secrecy

Broader Influence ➡️

🏛️ Shift to All-Volunteer Force

⚠️ Impact on Command

Related Topics 🔗

📚 Further Reading

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Fragging

The Act of Betrayal

Distinction from Friendly Fire

Historical Precedent

Underlying Motivations

Discontent and Discipline Breakdown

Perceived Injustice and Harassment

Racial Tensions and Drug Abuse

Bounties and Rumors

Fragging in Vietnam

Escalation and Statistics

Contributing Factors

Modern Parallels: Green-on-Blue Attacks

Coalition Forces Under Threat

Triggers and Motivations

Countermeasures and Impact

Historical Incidents

Early Instances

Vietnam War Examples

Modern Conflicts

Military Responses

Security Measures

Legal and Judicial Actions

Public Relations and Secrecy

Broader Influence

Shift to All-Volunteer Force

Impact on Command

Related Topics

Further Reading

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice