What is HMNB Portsmouth and where is it located?

His Majesty's Naval Base, Portsmouth (HMNB Portsmouth) is one of three primary operating bases for the Royal Navy in the United Kingdom, alongside HMNB Clyde and HMNB Devonport. It is situated on the eastern shore of Portsmouth Harbour in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, north of the Solent and the Isle of Wight.

What was the historical name for HMNB Portsmouth and what was its primary function?

For many centuries, HMNB Portsmouth was officially known as HM Dockyard, Portsmouth. In this capacity, it functioned as a state-owned facility dedicated to the construction, repair, and maintenance of warships, and at one point, it was recognized as the largest industrial site globally.

When did the term 'Naval Base' begin to be used for Portsmouth, and what did this signify?

The term 'Naval Base' started being used for Portsmouth and other Royal Dockyards from the 1970s onwards. This shift in terminology reflected a greater emphasis on personnel and support functions, in addition to the traditional industrial roles of the dockyard.

What significant changes occurred at Portsmouth's Royal Dockyard function in 1984?

In 1984, Portsmouth's Royal Dockyard function underwent a significant downsizing and downgrading. It was formally renamed the 'Fleet Maintenance and Repair Organisation' (FMRO).

When was the FMRO at Portsmouth privatized, and what happened to shipbuilding on site?

The Fleet Maintenance and Repair Organisation (FMRO) at Portsmouth was privatized in 1998. While shipbuilding had ceased in the late 1960s, it briefly resumed in 2002 through block construction, but this activity ended again in 2014.

Besides housing naval vessels, what other functions are accommodated at HMNB Portsmouth?

HMNB Portsmouth provides naval logistics, accommodation, and messing services. It also hosts personnel support functions like medical, dental, education, and welfare services, managed by Defence Equipment and Support. Additionally, Navy Command Headquarters staff are accommodated there, and commercial activities, such as ship repair by BAE Systems Maritime Services, also take place on the base.

What is notable about HMNB Portsmouth's historical significance regarding its age and infrastructure?

HMNB Portsmouth is the oldest base in the Royal Navy and has been crucial to the service's history and the defense of the British Isles for centuries. It is home to one of the world's oldest surviving dry docks and the former Block Mills, which were pioneering in their use of steam-powered machine tools for mass production.

How is the historic part of HMNB Portsmouth managed, and what does it offer the public?

A partnership between the Ministry of Defence and Portsmouth City Council established the Portsmouth Naval Base Property Trust in 1985. This trust manages a portion of the historic south-west corner of the base under a 99-year lease as the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, allowing public access to maritime attractions like HMS Victory, HMS Warrior, and the National Museum of the Royal Navy.

Who is the current Naval Base Commander (NBC) of HMNB Portsmouth?

As of September 2024, the Naval Base Commander (NBC) of HMNB Portsmouth is Commodore Marcel Rosenberg.

Who controls the waters of Portsmouth Harbour and the Eastern Solent, and where is their control center located?

The King's Harbour Master (KHM) controls the waters of Portsmouth Harbour and the Eastern Solent. The KHM acts as the regulatory authority for the Dockyard Port of Portsmouth, and their Harbour Control is based in the Semaphore Tower building.

What is the significance of HMS Victory in relation to the base's command structure?

HMS Victory has served as the ceremonial flagship for the Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, since 1836, and this role was inherited by subsequent commanders, including the Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command. Since 2012, it has been the flagship for the First Sea Lord.

What types of Royal Navy vessels are currently based at HMNB Portsmouth?

HMNB Portsmouth is home to a variety of Royal Navy vessels, including the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers (HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales), Type 45 destroyers, Type 23 frigates, Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessels, River-class patrol vessels, and Archer-class patrol vessels, among others.

Which specific Type 45 destroyers are listed as being based at Portsmouth, and what are their current statuses?

The Type 45 destroyers listed as based at Portsmouth are HMS Daring (completing refit, scheduled to return in 2024), HMS Dauntless, HMS Diamond, HMS Dragon (in refit, scheduled to return by end 2024), HMS Defender (in major upgrade work until 2026), and HMS Duncan.

What is the status of Type 23 frigates based at Portsmouth, and what is the expected end of their basing?

HMS Lancaster is currently forward deployed to Bahrain for three years from 2022. Several other Type 23 frigates have moved or are scheduled to move to other bases. It is expected that HMS Lancaster's decommissioning after her Persian Gulf deployment in 2025 will mark the end of basing Type 23 frigates at Portsmouth.

Which Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessels are based at Portsmouth?

The Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessels listed as based at Portsmouth include HMS Ledbury, HMS Cattistock, HMS Brocklesby, HMS Middleton (assigned to 9 MCM Squadron operating from Bahrain), HMS Chiddingfold, and HMS Hurworth.

What is the role of HMS Stirling Castle in relation to mine countermeasures?

HMS Stirling Castle, a former Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessel, is based at Portsmouth from mid-2025. It serves as the 'mothership' for autonomous vessels operated by the Mine Threat and Exploitation Group.

Which River-class patrol vessels are associated with Portsmouth, and what are their deployment statuses?

The River-class patrol vessels associated with Portsmouth include HMS Tyne, HMS Severn, and HMS Mersey, all serving as fishery protection vessels. HMS Forth is forward deployed to the Falklands, HMS Medway to the Caribbean, HMS Trent from Gibraltar, and HMS Tamar and HMS Spey are forward deployed to the Indo-Pacific region.

What are the Cutlass-class patrol vessels based at Portsmouth, and where are they permanently assigned?

The Cutlass-class patrol vessels based at Portsmouth are HMS Cutlass and HMS Dagger. Both are permanently assigned to the Gibraltar Squadron.

Which Archer-class patrol vessels are mentioned, and what are their roles?

The Archer-class patrol vessels mentioned are HMS Blazer (Southampton Universities Royal Naval Unit), HMS Exploit (Birmingham Universities Royal Naval Unit), HMS Puncher (London Universities Royal Naval Unit), HMS Ranger (Sussex Universities Royal Naval Unit), and HMS Smiter (Oxford Universities Royal Naval Unit).

What is the function of the experimental vessel XV Patrick Blackett?

XV Patrick Blackett has been in Royal Navy service since 2022 and serves as an experimental vessel.

What vessels are operated by the Defence Dive School/Fleet Diving Unit Portsmouth?

The Defence Dive School/Fleet Diving Unit Portsmouth operates three 'Sea'-class 15-meter diving support boats.

What historic maritime attractions are housed within Portsmouth Historic Dockyard?

Portsmouth Historic Dockyard is home to the preserved wreck of the Tudor carrack Mary Rose, the still-commissioned HMS Victory (Nelson's flagship), the first ocean-going Ironclad HMS Warrior (1860), the World War I monitor HMS M33, and the National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, which includes the Trafalgar Sail.

When was the first dock constructed at Portsmouth, and by whom?

The first dock on the site of HMNB Portsmouth was ordered for construction in 1194 by Richard I.

What significant engineering works were undertaken at Portsmouth in the late 17th century under Edmund Dummer?

Edmund Dummer, as surveyor to the Navy Board, oversaw the construction of a pioneering new dry dock (the 'Great Stone Dock', now No. 5 dock) starting in 1691. He also proposed and built two wet docks (now No. 1 Basin and the underground reservoir) and designed a unique pumping system to empty the dry dock.

What was the purpose of the 'Great Rebuilding' program at Portsmouth Dockyard in the late 18th century?

The 'Great Rebuilding' program, starting around 1761, was a planned expansion and modernization driven by the increasing size of ships and the fleet. It involved deepening basins, rebuilding docks, constructing new dry docks, reconfiguring reservoirs, and building large storehouses and the Great Ropehouse.

What innovation did Samuel Bentham introduce in dock construction at Portsmouth?

Samuel Bentham introduced the innovation of an inverted masonry arch to tie together the walls of dock construction. He used this principle in the new dry docks (Nos. 2 and 3) built between 1802-03, a design that soon became standard globally.

What is considered the world's first steam-powered factory for mass production, and where was it located?

The world's first steam-powered factory for mass production was the Portsmouth Block Mills, built in 1802 within Samuel Bentham's woodworking complex at HMNB Portsmouth. It housed machines designed by Marc Brunel for manufacturing ships' pulley blocks.

What major expansion occurred at Portsmouth Dockyard during the Victorian era due to steam propulsion?

The adoption of steam propulsion led to significant changes, prompting the construction of a new 7-acre basin (No. 2 Basin) and a large factory (the Steam Factory) starting in 1843. This facility housed workshops for manufacturing marine steam engines and boilers, along with an erecting shop for engine assembly.

What was the 'Great Extension' of Portsmouth Dockyard, and when was it largely completed?

The 'Great Extension' involved reclaiming land north and east of the Steam Basin to create three new interconnected basins (14-22 acres each) for different purposes, along with three dry docks and two large locks for basin entry. This extensive project was largely completed by 1881.

When was a railway system first constructed within the dockyard, and how extensive did it become?

Construction of a railway system within Portsmouth Dockyard began in 1843. By 1952, it had grown to over 27 miles of track, though its use declined significantly in the 1970s.

What significant naval vessels were built at Portsmouth in the early 20th century?

In the early 20th century, Portsmouth Dockyard built several notable warships, including the pre-Dreadnought battleships HMS Britannia and HMS New Zealand (launched in 1904), and the era-defining dreadnought HMS Dreadnought (built in 1905-06), followed by other dreadnoughts like HMS Queen Elizabeth (launched 1913).

What was the impact of the 1966 Defence Review on the workforce at Portsmouth Dockyard?

The Defence Review published in 1966 signaled a significant reduction in the size of the Royal Navy's fleet, leading to a parallel downsizing of the workforce at Portsmouth Dockyard. Employment, which had remained steadily above 16,000 through the 1950s and early 1960s, began to decrease.

What major changes occurred at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1981 regarding its operations and workforce?

In June 1981, the government announced that shipbuilding would cease at Portsmouth. The workforce was slated for reduction from nearly 7,000 to 1,225, and the dockyard was to become a Fleet Maintenance & Repair Organisation (FMRO) with a reduced support and repair role.

What role did HMNB Portsmouth play during the Falklands Conflict in 1982?

During the Falklands Conflict in 1982, the planned rundown of Portsmouth Dockyard was put on hold. All available personnel were mobilized to prepare the Falklands Task Force, which was dispatched from the base to the South Atlantic.

What was the composition of the British Task Force dispatched from Portsmouth for the Falklands Conflict?

The British Task Force dispatched from Portsmouth for the Falklands Conflict in 1982 included two aircraft carriers, two landing ship docks, eight destroyers, fifteen frigates, three patrol ships, five submarines, three survey vessels, five minesweepers, ten fleet tankers, six logistic landing ships, five supply ships, one helicopter supply ship, and eighteen merchant ships, including the liners Queen Elizabeth 2 and SS Canberra.

What happened to several dry docks and cranes at Portsmouth Dockyard in the 1980s as part of its rundown?

As part of the dockyard's rundown in the 1980s, dry docks 1 through 7 were closed. Additionally, just under half of the dockside cranes were demolished, and ten out of the nineteen major workshops on the site were taken out of service.

When did shipbuilding recommence at Portsmouth in the 21st century, and for which projects?

Shipbuilding recommenced on the Portsmouth site in 2003 with the construction of a facility by VT Group. Modular construction of warships, including modules for the Type 45 destroyers and Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, took place there.

What was the planned duration of the shipbuilding facility's contribution to the base's future, and why did it close?

The shipbuilding facility was intended to secure the base's future for forty years and revitalize shipbuilding in the city. However, due to budget cuts announced in 2013, the facility closed, with BAE Systems prioritizing its yards in Glasgow.

What upgrades were made to HMNB Portsmouth in preparation for the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers?

In preparation for the arrival of the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, a £100 million upgrade of the naval base facilities and harbour was initiated in 2013. This included dredging the harbour and strengthening and upgrading Victory Jetty and Middle Slip Jetty (renamed Princess Royal Jetty).

When did HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales arrive at HMNB Portsmouth?

HMS Queen Elizabeth arrived at HMNB Portsmouth in 2017, and HMS Prince of Wales followed two years later, in 2019.

Who held administrative responsibility for Royal Navy Dockyards from 1546 to 1832?

From 1546 until 1832, the Navy Board, along with resident commissioners who were civilian employees of the board, held prime responsibility for administering the Royal Navy Dockyards.

What changes occurred in the administrative structure of the dockyards after the abolition of the Navy Board?

Following the abolition of the Navy Board around 1832, its functions were merged within the Admiralty. A new post, 'Admiral-superintendent', was established, typically held by a rear-admiral or vice-admiral.

What were some of the key naval establishments associated with Portsmouth over the years?

Associated naval establishments include HMS King Alfred (Royal Naval Reserve), HMS Excellent (Whale Island, including Navy Command Headquarters), HMS Temeraire (training and sports facilities), HMS Collingwood (naval training), HMS Nelson (naval barracks), and HMS Sultan (engineering training).

Which former naval establishments in the Portsmouth area have since been decommissioned or repurposed?

Several former establishments include HMS Dryad (now Defence School of Policing and Guarding), HMS Dolphin (now Fort Blockhouse), HMS Vernon (now Gunwharf Quays), RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus), Royal Hospital Haslar, Eastney Barracks, Forton Barracks (now St Vincent College), and various RNAD sites.

What military fortifications were developed to protect Portsmouth and its dockyard?

The fortifications developed over centuries include Bernard de Gomme's defensive lines from 1665 around Portsmouth and Gosport, extended in the 18th century, and later superseded by the Palmerston forts encircling the area in the 19th century.

What types of military barracks were present in Portsmouth by 1900?

By 1900, Portsmouth had several barracks, including Cambridge Barracks (Infantry), Clarence Barracks (Royal Garrison Artillery), Colewort Barracks (Army Service Corps), Hilsea Barracks (Royal Field Artillery), Milldam Barracks (Royal Engineers), Point Barracks (Artillery), St George Barracks (Infantry), and Victoria Barracks (Infantry).

Who has served as the Naval Base Commander (Portsmouth) since 1996?

Since 1996, the Naval Base Commanders (Portsmouth) have included Commodore I.R. Henderson, Commodore S.W. Graham, Commodore R.P. Bossier, Commodore A.M. Hussain, Commodore David Steel, Commodore Rick Thompson, Commodore Tony Radakin, Commodore Jeremy Rigby, Commodore Jim Higham, Commodore Jeremy Bailey, Commodore John Voyce, and Commodore Marcel Rosenberg.

What is the significance of the Block Mills at HMNB Portsmouth?

The former Block Mills at HMNB Portsmouth are of international significance because they were the first factory in the world to employ steam-powered machine tools for mass production, specifically for manufacturing ships' pulley blocks.

What historical event is HMS Victory associated with, and when did it occur?

HMS Victory is famously associated with the Battle of Trafalgar, which took place in 1805. It served as Admiral Nelson's flagship during this pivotal naval engagement.

What was the role of the 'Great Steam Smithery' built in 1852?

The Great Steam Smithery, opened in 1852, housed a pair of steam hammers designed by James Nasmyth and was located where Bentham's Metal Mills had previously stood. It was part of the Victorian expansion to support the new era of steam-powered warships.

Hmnb Portsmouth Wiki: The Royal Navy's Maritime Heartbeat: Portsmouth Naval Base

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Base Overview

Strategic Naval Hub

His Majesty's Naval Base, Portsmouth (HMNB Portsmouth) stands as one of the United Kingdom's three primary operating bases for the Royal Navy, alongside HMNB Clyde and HMNB Devonport. Situated on the eastern shore of Portsmouth Harbour, it has been a cornerstone of British naval power for centuries. Historically known as HM Dockyard, Portsmouth, its primary function was state-owned shipbuilding, repair, and maintenance of warships, evolving over time to encompass broader personnel and support functions.

Geographic Significance

Located within the city of Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, the base benefits from its strategic position on Portsmouth Harbour, north of the Solent and the Isle of Wight. This location has historically provided excellent natural shelter and access to the English Channel, crucial for naval operations and defence.

Modern Role

Today, HMNB Portsmouth serves as the home base for approximately two-thirds of the Royal Navy's surface fleet. This includes the two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. The base provides comprehensive naval logistics, accommodation, and personnel support, alongside housing Navy Command Headquarters. It also hosts commercial shore activities, including ship repair facilities operated by BAE Systems Maritime Services.

A Legacy of Naval Excellence

Medieval Origins

The base's origins trace back to 1194 when Richard I commissioned the first dock. His successor, John, fortified the area in 1212. Throughout the medieval period, Portsmouth served as a critical embarkation point for military campaigns into France, playing a vital role in conflicts like the Saintonge War.

Tudor Innovations

The Tudor period saw significant development, including the construction of the world's first recorded dry dock by Henry VII in 1495. The base became a hub for building and refitting warships, including the famed Mary Rose. The strategic importance of Portsmouth grew, contributing to England's naval strength, notably during the defence against the Spanish Armada in 1588.

17th Century Expansion

The 17th century marked a period of substantial investment and modernization. Bernard de Gomme fortified the dockyard, and Edmund Dummer introduced pioneering engineering works, including new dry docks and wet docks, laying the groundwork for future expansion and efficiency.

Georgian and Victorian Transformation

The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed a "Great Rebuilding" and "Great Extension" driven by the increasing size of ships and the fleet. New basins, dry docks, storehouses, and the revolutionary steam factory were constructed, incorporating innovations like steam power and advanced machinery, solidifying Portsmouth's status as a world-leading industrial site.

World Wars and Modernization

During both World Wars, HMNB Portsmouth played a crucial role in refitting, repairing, and launching naval vessels, including dreadnoughts and landing craft. The base was a key departure point for operations like the Dunkirk evacuation and the D-Day landings. Post-war, it adapted to new technologies, though shipbuilding eventually ceased, transitioning to maintenance and support roles.

Key Vessels

Flagship and Carriers

HMNB Portsmouth is the home of significant elements of the Royal Navy's fleet. Its most prominent residents include the two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, representing the pinnacle of the UK's naval aviation capability.

HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)
HMS Prince of Wales (R09)

Destroyers and Frigates

The base also hosts advanced destroyers and frigates, forming the backbone of the Royal Navy's surface fleet operations. The Type 45 destroyers, known for their air defence capabilities, are a significant presence.

HMS Daring (D32)
HMS Dauntless (D33)
HMS Diamond (D34)
HMS Dragon (D35)
HMS Defender (D36)
HMS Duncan (D37)

While Type 23 frigates are being phased out and relocated, historically they formed a significant part of the Portsmouth-based fleet.

HMS Lancaster (F229)

Patrol and Support Vessels

The base also supports various patrol vessels, mine countermeasures vessels, and other specialized craft crucial for diverse naval missions, from fishery protection to autonomous systems support.

Hunt-class Mine Countermeasures Vessels:

HMS Ledbury (M30)
HMS Cattistock (M31)
HMS Brocklesby (M33)
HMS Middleton (M34)
HMS Chiddingfold (M37)
HMS Hurworth (M39)

River-class Patrol Vessels:

HMS Tyne (P281)
HMS Severn (P282)
HMS Mersey (P283)

Other Support Vessels:

HMS Stirling Castle (Mine countermeasures mothership for autonomous systems)

Historic Vessels

Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, part of the naval base, is home to iconic historical vessels that represent pivotal moments in naval history, offering a tangible connection to the past.

HMS Victory: Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar, still in commission.
HMS Warrior (1860): The world's first ocean-going ironclad warship.
HMS M33: A World War I monitor.
Mary Rose: A Tudor carrack, preserved in a dedicated museum.

Associated Establishments

Naval Training

The Portsmouth area hosts numerous naval training establishments, integral to the development and readiness of Royal Navy personnel. These facilities cover a wide spectrum of expertise, from command and warfare to specialized technical skills.

HMS Excellent (Whale Island): Naval training, including command and warfare, and home to Navy Command Headquarters.
HMS Temeraire: Training for Naval Physical Training Instructors and sports facilities.
HMS Collingwood (Fareham): Maritime Warfare School, providing training in various naval disciplines.
HMS Sultan (Gosport): Centre of excellence for mechanical and electrical engineering.
HMS King Alfred (Semaphore Tower): Royal Naval Reserve unit.
HMS Nelson: Naval barracks.
Institute of Naval Medicine (Gosport): Specialized medical training and research.

Historical and Support Facilities

Over centuries, the base's operations necessitated a network of supporting facilities, including victualling yards, ordnance depots, and barracks, many of which have historical significance or have been repurposed.

Marchwood Military Port: Royal Fleet Auxiliary base-port.
Former RNAD Priddy's Hard: Now the site of the Explosion! Museum of Naval Firepower.
Former HMS Dryad (Southwick Park): Now the Defence School of Policing and Guarding.
Former HMS Dolphin (Fort Blockhouse): Now MOD Fort Blockhouse.
Former HMS Vernon (Gunwharf Quays): Now a civilian area known as Gunwharf Quays.
Former Royal Clarence Victualling Yard (Gosport): Historical victualling facility.
Eastney Barracks & Forton Barracks: Former military barracks, now repurposed.

Base Administration & Governance

Command Structure

The administration of HMNB Portsmouth has evolved significantly. Historically managed by resident Commissioners and later Admiral-superintendents, the base is now commanded by a Naval Base Commander (NBC). The harbour itself is regulated by the King's Harbour Master (KHM), responsible for approximately 50 square miles of Portsmouth Harbour and the Eastern Solent.

Current Naval Base Commander: Commodore John Voyce OBE

Current King's Harbour Master: (Information not explicitly detailed in source for current holder, but role is defined)

Official Information

For the most current and detailed information regarding operations, visiting protocols, and base activities, the official Royal Navy website provides comprehensive resources.

Visit Royal Navy Portsmouth 🌐

Location Coordinates

The precise geographical location of HMNB Portsmouth is critical for navigation and operational planning.

Coordinates: 50°48′15″N 1°6′9″W

(Note: Maps and detailed location data are available via external services.)

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References

Portsmouth News, 6 July 2007.

A full list of references for this article are available at the HMNB Portsmouth Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page has been meticulously crafted by an Artificial Intelligence, drawing exclusively from the provided Source of Truth document. It is intended for educational and informational purposes, aiming to present complex historical and operational data in an accessible format suitable for advanced academic study.

This content is not official Royal Navy guidance and does not constitute professional advice. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and completeness based on the source material, users are strongly advised to consult official Royal Navy documentation and qualified maritime professionals for definitive information and operational requirements. The AI is not responsible for any interpretations or actions taken based on the information presented herein.

The inclusion of external links is limited to the primary source article as specified. All other information is derived solely from the provided text.

The Royal Navy's Maritime Heartbeat

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Base Overview ℹ️

⚓ Strategic Naval Hub

📍 Geographic Significance

🏢 Modern Role

A Legacy of Naval Excellence ⏳

👑 Medieval Origins

Tudor Era Tudor Innovations

⚙️ 17th Century Expansion

📈 Georgian and Victorian Transformation

⚔️ World Wars and Modernization

Key Vessels 🚢

🌟 Flagship and Carriers

🛡️ Destroyers and Frigates

🌊 Patrol and Support Vessels

Hunt-class Mine Countermeasures Vessels:

River-class Patrol Vessels:

Other Support Vessels:

⚓ Historic Vessels

Associated Establishments 🏛️

🎓 Naval Training

🏭 Historical and Support Facilities

Base Administration & Governance ⚙️

👑 Command Structure

🌐 Official Information

🗺️ Location Coordinates

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Base Overview

Strategic Naval Hub

Geographic Significance

Modern Role

A Legacy of Naval Excellence

Medieval Origins

Tudor Innovations

17th Century Expansion

Georgian and Victorian Transformation

World Wars and Modernization

Key Vessels

Flagship and Carriers

Destroyers and Frigates

Patrol and Support Vessels

Historic Vessels

Associated Establishments

Naval Training

Historical and Support Facilities

Base Administration & Governance

Command Structure

Official Information

Location Coordinates

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice