What is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup?

A human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a classification of paternal lineages defined by specific mutations, known as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), found in the non-recombining portions of the Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within the same haplogroup share a common ancestor who passed down these specific genetic markers.

How are Y-DNA haplogroups defined?

Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and characterized by patterns of short tandem repeats (STRs). Each major haplogroup represents a distinct branch on the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree, distinguished by hundreds or thousands of unique mutations accumulated over time.

What is the significance of the Y chromosome in determining haplogroups?

The Y chromosome is crucial because it is passed down exclusively from father to son, allowing researchers to trace paternal lineage. Mutations on the Y chromosome accumulate at a relatively predictable rate, providing markers that define distinct haplogroups and help map human migration patterns.

What is Y-chromosomal Adam?

Y-chromosomal Adam, also known as the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA), is the most recent ancestor from whom all living humans can trace their paternal lineage. This individual is estimated to have lived in Africa around 236,000 years ago.

What does the term 'kya' mean in the context of Y-DNA phylogeny?

In the context of Y-DNA phylogeny, 'kya' stands for 'thousand years ago'. It is used to indicate the estimated age of haplogroups or the time when specific mutations occurred.

How does the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) name major Y-DNA haplogroups?

The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a naming system for major Y-DNA haplogroups using capital letters from A through T. Further subdivisions, or subclades, are designated using numbers and lowercase letters, following a longhand nomenclature.

What is YCC shorthand nomenclature?

YCC shorthand nomenclature provides a simpler way to name Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades. It typically consists of the first letter of the major haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP, making it more concise than the longhand system.

Why has Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature been changing?

Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature changes over time to accommodate the discovery of new SNPs and the resulting expansion and refinement of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This ongoing discovery process leads to inconsistencies in naming across different sources.

What is the estimated age and origin of Haplogroup CT?

Haplogroup CT, which encompasses all haplogroups except A and B, is estimated to have originated in Africa around 88,000 to 100,000 years ago. It represents a significant early branch of the Y-chromosome tree, marking a major expansion out of Africa.

What is the geographical distribution of Haplogroup A?

Haplogroup A is the foundational macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups ultimately descend. It is found sparsely distributed across Africa, with concentrations among Khoisan populations in the southwest and Nilotic populations in the Nile Valley to the northeast.

Where is Haplogroup C (M130) predominantly found?

Haplogroup C, defined by the M130 mutation, is found across Asia, Oceania, and North America. Notable subclades include C1, which is found with low frequency in Japan and Europe, and C2, which is prevalent among various populations in Eurasia and North America, particularly Mongols and Tungusic peoples.

What are the primary geographical locations associated with Haplogroup D (CTS3946)?

Haplogroup D, defined by CTS3946, is primarily found in Japan, China (especially Tibet), and the Andaman Islands. Its distribution suggests ancient migration routes and population histories within these regions.

Which continent is Haplogroup E (M96) primarily associated with, and what are its major subclades?

Haplogroup E, defined by M96, is predominantly found in Africa, with some presence in the Middle East and Europe. Its major subclades include E1a (formerly E1), E1b1a (formerly E3a, found widely among Niger-Congo speakers), and E1b1b (formerly E3b, common in the Horn of Africa, North Africa, Middle East, and Mediterranean Europe).

What does the widespread distribution of Haplogroup F (M89) suggest about human migration?

Haplogroup F, defined by M89, is found in approximately 90% of the world's population, predominantly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Its broad distribution suggests it was carried by early human migrations out of Africa and subsequent expansions across Eurasia and beyond.

What is the estimated origin and spread of Haplogroup G (M201)?

Haplogroup G, defined by M201, is estimated to have originated in the Middle East around 48,000 years ago. It spread into Europe with the Neolithic Revolution and is commonly found in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia, the Levant, and various parts of Europe, particularly around the Mediterranean.

How did Haplogroup H (M69) likely spread, and where is its H1a1 subclade found?

Haplogroup H, defined by M69, likely emerged in Southern Central Asia, South Asia, or West Asia. Its subclade H1a1 is notably found spreading westward with the migration of the Roma people during the Medieval era.

Where is Haplogroup I (M170) primarily found, and what are its main European subclades?

Haplogroup I, defined by M170, is mainly found in Europe and the Caucasus region. Its primary European subclades are Haplogroup I1, common in Northern Europe, and Haplogroup I2, prevalent in the Balkans, Southeast Europe, and Sardinia.

What are the main geographical areas associated with Haplogroup J (M304)?

Haplogroup J, defined by M304, is primarily found in the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Southeast Europe. Haplogroup J1 is associated with Northeast Caucasian and Semitic-speaking peoples, while Haplogroup J2 is common among Semitic peoples, Anatolians, Greeks, and populations across the Balkans, Italy, Iran, and Central Asia.

What is the global distribution of Haplogroup K (M9)?

Haplogroup K, defined by M9, is widespread across Eurasia, Oceania, and among Native Americans. The paragroup K* (K-M9 excluding LT and K2 subclades) is primarily found in Melanesia, Aboriginal Australians, India, Polynesia, and Island Southeast Asia.

What are the geographical distributions of Haplogroups L and T?

Haplogroup L is found in South Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and the Mediterranean. Haplogroup T is prevalent in the Horn of Africa, parts of South Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean, notably among Cushitic-speaking peoples.

Where is the basal paragroup K2* found, and what are the main subclades of K2b1?

The basal paragroup K2* has been identified primarily among indigenous Australians. The main subclades of K2b1 are Haplogroup S (also known as K2b1a), found in Papua New Guinea, and Haplogroup M (also known as K2b1b), found in New Guinea and Melanesia.

What is the estimated origin and prevalence of Haplogroup N (M231)?

Haplogroup N, defined by M231, is found in Northern Eurasia, particularly among speakers of Uralic languages. It is believed to have possibly originated in East Asia and spread northward and westward into Siberia.

In which regions is Haplogroup O (M175) most common?

Haplogroup O, defined by M175, is most frequently found in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It also appears in lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, South Asia, and islands in the Indian Ocean.

What are the two primary branches of Haplogroup P (P295)?

Haplogroup P, defined by P295, has two main branches: P1 (P-M45) and the rare P2 (P-B253). P* and P1* are found together in the Philippines, particularly among the Aeta people.

What is the estimated origin of Haplogroup Q (M242), and where is it predominantly found?

Haplogroup Q, defined by M242, is estimated to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 32,000 years ago. It is found in Siberia and the Americas, with notable subclades like Q1a3a (M3) being typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas.

What are the main geographical distributions and associations of Haplogroup R (M207)?

Haplogroup R, defined by M207, is largely represented by its descendant R1 (M173), which originated in Siberia. R1a is associated with proto-Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic peoples and is found in Central Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe. R1b is dominant in Western Europe and associated with Italo-Celtic and Germanic peoples.

What is the estimated time of origin for Haplogroup BT?

Haplogroup BT, a subclade of Haplogroup A, is estimated to have originated approximately 130,700 years ago in Africa. It represents a significant divergence point leading to most non-African Y-DNA haplogroups.

According to the provided data, when did Haplogroup CT likely emerge?

Haplogroup CT, which represents the lineage leading to most non-African haplogroups, is estimated to have emerged around 88,000 to 100,000 years ago. Its origin is believed to be in Africa.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup G?

Haplogroup G (M201) is estimated to have originated in West Asia approximately 48,500 years ago. Its Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) is estimated to be around 26,200 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup IJ?

Haplogroup IJ, which is ancestral to Haplogroups I and J, is estimated to have originated in West Asia approximately 47,200 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 42,900 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup K?

Haplogroup K, defined by M9, is estimated to have originated in Asia approximately 47,200 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 45,400 years ago, making it a significant ancestor for many Eurasian and Oceanian populations.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup P?

Haplogroup P, defined by P295, is estimated to have originated in Asia approximately 45,400 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 31,900 years ago, and it is ancestral to Haplogroups Q and R.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup J?

Haplogroup J, defined by M304, is estimated to have originated in West Asia approximately 42,900 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 31,600 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup I?

Haplogroup I, defined by M170, is estimated to have originated in Europe approximately 42,900 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 27,500 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup E-M215 (E1b1b)?

Haplogroup E-M215, which corresponds to E1b1b, is estimated to have originated in East Africa approximately 42,300 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 34,800 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup E-V38 (E1b1a)?

Haplogroup E-V38, which corresponds to E1b1a, is estimated to have originated in East Africa approximately 42,300 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 40,100 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup N?

Haplogroup N, defined by M231, is estimated to have originated in Asia approximately 36,800 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 22,100 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup R1 (M173)?

Haplogroup R1, defined by M173, is estimated to have originated in Asia approximately 28,200 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 22,800 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup R1a (M420)?

Haplogroup R1a, defined by M420, is estimated to have originated in Eurasia approximately 22,800 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 18,300 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup R1b (M343)?

Haplogroup R1b, defined by M343, is estimated to have originated in Eurasia approximately 22,800 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 20,400 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup I1 (M253)?

Haplogroup I1, defined by M253, is estimated to have originated in Europe approximately 27,500 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 4,600 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup I2 (M438)?

Haplogroup I2, defined by M438, is estimated to have originated in Europe approximately 27,500 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 21,800 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup J1 (M267)?

Haplogroup J1, defined by M267, is estimated to have originated in West Asia approximately 31,600 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 18,500 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup J2 (M172)?

Haplogroup J2, defined by M172, is estimated to have originated in West Asia approximately 31,600 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 27,800 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup E1b1b-M78?

Haplogroup E1b1b-M78 is estimated to have originated in Northeast Africa approximately 19,800 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 13,400 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup R1a-M17?

Haplogroup R1a, specifically the M17 subclade, is estimated to have originated in Eastern Europe approximately 14,100 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 8,500 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup R1b-M269?

Haplogroup R1b, specifically the M269 subclade, is estimated to have originated in Eastern Europe approximately 13,300 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 6,400 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup E1b1b-V13?

Haplogroup E1b1b-V13 is estimated to have originated in Southern Europe approximately 8,100 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 4,800 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup R1b-L151?

Haplogroup R1b-L151 is estimated to have originated in Eastern Europe approximately 5,800 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 4,800 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup R1a-Z280?

Haplogroup R1a-Z280 is estimated to have originated in Eastern Europe approximately 5,000 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 4,600 years ago.

What is the estimated origin and TMRCA for Haplogroup R1a-M458?

Haplogroup R1a-M458 is estimated to have originated in Eastern Europe approximately 4,700 years ago. Its TMRCA is estimated to be around 4,700 years ago.

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Understanding Y-DNA Haplogroups

Defining Y-DNA Haplogroups

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is defined by specific mutations in the non-recombining portions of the Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The Y-chromosome accumulates mutations over generations, and Y-DNA haplogroups represent significant branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree, each characterized by unique mutations.

Y-Chromosomal Adam

The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA), often referred to as Y-chromosomal Adam, is the most recent common ancestor from whom all currently living humans are descended patrilineally. Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived approximately 236,000 years ago in Africa. Examining population bottlenecks, most Eurasian men trace their descent from an African ancestor who lived around 69,000 years ago (Haplogroup CT).

Migration and Bottlenecks

The Y-chromosome lineage reflects human migration patterns. Population bottlenecks, periods where genetic diversity significantly reduces, have shaped the distribution of haplogroups. For instance, a strong bottleneck around 7,000 years ago, potentially linked to cultural changes, drastically reduced Y-chromosome diversity globally.

The Phylogenetic Tree

The relationships between Y-DNA haplogroups are visualized through a phylogenetic tree. This tree illustrates the evolutionary descent, with major haplogroups branching off based on the accumulation of specific genetic markers (SNPs). Below is a representation of this complex structure:

Y-chromosomal Adam

Haplogroup A

BT

Haplogroup B

CT

DE

	Haplogroup D

	Haplogroup E

CF

Haplogroup C

F

Haplogroup G

HIJK

Haplogroup H

IJK

IJ

	Haplogroup I

	Haplogroup J

K

LT

	Haplogroup L

	Haplogroup T

K2

K2a

	Haplogroup N

	Haplogroup O

K2b

K2b1

	Haplogroup S

	Haplogroup M

P

	Haplogroup Q

	Haplogroup R

Haplogroup Naming Conventions

Standardized Nomenclature

Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic markers. The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system for naming major haplogroups using capital letters (A through T). Subclades are further designated using numbers and lowercase letters. This "longhand" nomenclature provides a detailed evolutionary path.

Evolving Terminology

The field of genetic genealogy is dynamic, with new SNPs constantly being discovered. This leads to changes and expansions in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree and nomenclature. Consequently, different sources may use varying or outdated naming conventions. The trend is towards adopting simpler "shorthand" nomenclature, which uses the first letter of the major haplogroup followed by a dash and the defining terminal SNP (e.g., R-M207).

Key Haplogroups and Distributions

&

Haplogroup A is the most basal macrohaplogroup, originating in Africa. It is sparsely distributed, concentrated among Khoisan populations in the southwest and Nilotic populations in the northeast. Haplogroup BT is a major branch originating from Haplogroup A.

&

Haplogroup C (M130) is found across Asia, Oceania, and North America. Haplogroup D (CTS3946) is prevalent in East Asia, particularly Japan and Tibet, and also found in the Andaman Islands.

&

Haplogroup E (M96) is predominantly found in Africa and parts of the Middle East and Europe, with significant branches like E1b1b common in North Africa and the Middle East. Haplogroup G (M201) originated in West Asia and spread into Europe with the Neolithic expansion, being common in the Caucasus, Iran, and Anatolia.

, ,

Haplogroup H likely emerged in Central or South Asia. Haplogroup I (M170) is primarily found in Europe and the Caucasus, with I1 common in Northern Europe and I2 in the Balkans. Haplogroup J (M304) is prevalent in the Middle East, Caucasus, and Southeast Europe.

, , , , , ,

Haplogroup K is widespread across Eurasia and Oceania. Its descendants include L (South Asia, Mediterranean), T (Horn of Africa, Middle East, Mediterranean), N (Northern Eurasia), O (East and Southeast Asia), P (Central Asia, Siberia), Q (Siberia, Americas), and R (Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia). R1a and R1b are particularly significant in Eurasian populations.

Chronological Development of Haplogroups

The estimated times of origin and TMRCA (Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor) for major Y-DNA haplogroups provide a timeline of human paternal lineage evolution and migration.

Haplogroup	Possible time of origin	Possible place of origin	Possible TMRCA
A00	235,900 or 275,000 years ago	Africa	235,900 years ago
BT	130,700 years ago	Africa	88,000 years ago
CT	88,000 or 101-100,000 years ago	Africa	68,500 years ago
E	65,200, 69,000, or 73,000 years ago	East Africa or Asia	53,100 years ago
F	65,900 years ago	Eurasia	48,800 years ago
G	48,500 years ago	West Asia	26,200 years ago
IJ	47,200 years ago	West Asia	42,900 years ago
K	47,200 years ago	Asia	45,400 years ago
P	45,400 years ago	Asia	31,900 years ago
J	42,900 years ago	West Asia	31,600 years ago
I	42,900 years ago	Europe	27,500 years ago
E-M215 (E1b1b)	42,300 years ago	East Africa	34,800 years ago
E-V38 (E1b1a)	42,300 years ago	East Africa	40,100 years ago
N	36,800 years ago	Asia	22,100 years ago
E1b1b-M35	34,800 years ago	East Africa	24,100 years ago
R	31,900 years ago	Asia	28,200 years ago
J-M267 (J1)	31,600 years ago	West Asia	18,500 years ago
J-M172 (J2)	31,600 years ago	West Asia	27,800 years ago
R-M173 (R1)	28,200 years ago	Asia	22,800 years ago
I-M253 (I1)	27,500 years ago	Europe	4,600 years ago
I-M438 (I2)	27,500 years ago	Europe	21,800 years ago
R-M420 (R1a)	22,800 years ago	Eurasia	18,300 years ago
R-M343 (R1b)	22,800 years ago	Eurasia	20,400 years ago
I2a-L460 (I2a)	21,800 years ago	Europe	21,100 years ago
I2a-P37	21,100 years ago	Europe	18,500 years ago
E1b1b-M78	19,800 years ago	Northeast Africa	13,400 years ago
I2a-M423	18,500 years ago	Europe	13,500 years ago
I2a-M223	17,400 years ago	Europe	12,100 years ago
N1c-M178	14,200 years ago	Asia	11,900 years ago
R1a-M17	14,100 years ago	Eastern Europe	8,500 years ago
R1b-M269	13,300 years ago	Eastern Europe	6,400 years ago
E1b1b-V12	11,800 years ago	North Africa	9,900 years ago
E-U175 (E1b1a8)	9,200 years ago	East Africa	8,500 years ago
E1b1b-V13	8,100 years ago	Southern Europe	4,800 years ago
E-M191 (E1b1a7)	7,400 years ago	East Africa	6,400 years ago
E-U174 (E1b1a-U174)	6,400 years ago	East Africa	5,300 years ago
R1b-L151	5,800 years ago	Eastern Europe	4,800 years ago
R1a-Z280	5,000 years ago	Eastern Europe	4,600 years ago
R1a-M458	4,700 years ago	Eastern Europe	4,700 years ago

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References

International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

ISOGG, 2016, Y-DNA Haplogroup P and its Subclades â 2016 (20 June 2016).

ftDNA

A full list of references for this article are available at the Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional genetic or genealogical advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional genetic counseling, ancestry analysis, or consultation with qualified genetic genealogists. Always consult with qualified professionals for specific genetic or genealogical inquiries.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Y-Chromosome Tapestry

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Understanding Y-DNA Haplogroups ℹ️

🧬 Defining Y-DNA Haplogroups

⏳ Y-Chromosomal Adam

🌍 Migration and Bottlenecks

The Phylogenetic Tree 🌳

Haplogroup Naming Conventions 🏷️

📜 Standardized Nomenclature

🔄 Evolving Terminology

Key Haplogroups and Distributions 🌍

A & B

C & D

E & G

H, I, J

K, L, N, O, P, Q, R

Chronological Development of Haplogroups 📊

Related Concepts 🔗

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👤 Haplogroup / Haplotype / Subclade

👴 Most Recent Common Ancestor

🧬 Genomics

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Understanding Y-DNA Haplogroups

Defining Y-DNA Haplogroups

Y-Chromosomal Adam

Migration and Bottlenecks

The Phylogenetic Tree

Haplogroup Naming Conventions

Standardized Nomenclature

Evolving Terminology

Key Haplogroups and Distributions

&

&

&

, ,

, , , , , ,

Chronological Development of Haplogroups

Related Concepts

Population Genetics

Haplogroup / Haplotype / Subclade

Most Recent Common Ancestor

Genomics

Population Haplogroups

DNA Testing

Surname Projects

ISOGG

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References

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