What is the primary function of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

The primary function of the IPCC is to provide governments at all levels with scientific information that can be utilized for the development of climate policies. It assesses the scientific, economic, and social impacts and risks associated with climate change, along with potential response options.

How many member states are currently part of the IPCC?

The IPCC comprises 195 member states, which are the governments that govern the panel's activities and decisions.

Where is the IPCC's secretariat located?

The IPCC's secretariat is situated in Geneva, Switzerland, and is hosted by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

What is the typical duration of an IPCC assessment cycle, during which its bureau of scientists serves?

The IPCC bureau, composed of elected scientists, typically serves through an assessment cycle that lasts for approximately six to seven years.

Does the IPCC conduct its own original research?

No, the IPCC does not conduct original research. Its work involves assessing existing scientific literature to provide comprehensive reviews of the state of knowledge on climate change.

How does the IPCC ensure the scientific rigor and diversity of its reports?

The IPCC selects experts for its reports through a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations. The selection criteria emphasize scientific excellence, diversity of viewpoints, geographical representation, and gender balance to ensure a comprehensive and balanced assessment.

What are the main structural components of the IPCC responsible for its scientific work?

The IPCC's scientific work is carried out by three Working Groups and a Task Force. These groups focus on the physical science basis of climate change, impacts and adaptation, mitigation of climate change, and national greenhouse gas inventories, respectively.

What is the specific focus of IPCC Working Group I?

Working Group I is responsible for assessing the scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change itself.

What area of climate change does IPCC Working Group II concentrate on?

Working Group II focuses on assessing the impacts of climate change on both human societies and natural systems, as well as evaluating potential adaptation options.

What is the mandate of IPCC Working Group III?

Working Group III assesses the various ways to limit or prevent climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, a process commonly referred to as mitigation.

What is the purpose of the IPCC's Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories?

The Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories develops methodologies and provides software tools to assist countries in accurately reporting their greenhouse gas emissions and removals.

What principle guides the IPCC's approach to policy recommendations in its reports?

IPCC reports are required to maintain neutrality regarding policy recommendations, although they are permitted to discuss the objective factors that are relevant for the implementation of policies.

How often does the IPCC Panel convene for plenary sessions?

The IPCC Panel convenes in plenary session approximately twice a year, with the possibility of additional meetings if necessary for the approval of reports. These sessions guide the organization's structure, procedures, work program, and budget.

Who currently holds the position of Chair of the IPCC?

The current Chair of the IPCC is Jim Skea, a British energy scientist.

Who have been the previous Chairs of the IPCC?

The IPCC has had several previous Chairs, including Hoesung Lee, Rajendra K. Pachauri, Robert Watson, and Bert Bolin.

How is the IPCC financially supported?

The IPCC is funded through a dedicated trust fund established in 1989, which receives voluntary annual financial contributions from its member governments. The WMO also covers the operating costs of the secretariat.

What was the approximate annual budget of the IPCC in 2021?

In 2021, the IPCC's annual budget was approximately six million euros, funded by voluntary contributions from its 195 member states.

Besides its comprehensive assessment reports, what other types of reports does the IPCC produce?

The IPCC also produces Special Reports that delve into specific topics related to climate change and Methodology Reports that provide guidance for national greenhouse gas inventories.

How many comprehensive assessment reports has the IPCC published to date?

As of 2023, the IPCC has published six comprehensive assessment reports, starting with the First Assessment Report in 1990.

What was a significant outcome of the IPCC's First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990?

The FAR in 1990 concluded with certainty that human activities were increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to Earth's surface warming. This report was crucial in prompting the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

What key finding did the IPCC's Second Assessment Report (SAR) present in 1995?

The SAR, released in 1995, strengthened previous findings by indicating that there was a discernible human influence on the global climate. It also provided essential information for the negotiations that led to the Kyoto Protocol.

What notable scientific representation was featured in the IPCC's Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001?

The TAR, completed in 2001, presented evidence linking human activity to most of the observed global warming over the preceding 50 years. It included a reconstruction of global temperatures since the year 1000, featuring a sharp recent increase often referred to as the 'hockey stick' graph.

What definitive statement did the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) make in 2007?

The AR4, published in 2007, significantly increased the certainty regarding climate change, stating unequivocally that 'Warming of the climate system is unequivocal.' This report played a major role in raising global awareness.

What were the three main conclusions highlighted in the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)?

The AR5, published in 2013 and 2014, concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, that increasing climate disruption heightens the risk of severe impacts, and that humanity possesses the means to limit climate change and foster a sustainable future.

What was the primary finding of the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Working Group I contribution in August 2021?

The AR6 Working Group I report confirmed that climate changes are already affecting every region, with many changes being unprecedented in millennia and some, like sea-level rise, being irreversible over vast timescales. It also noted that stabilizing the climate would require substantial greenhouse gas emission reductions, taking decades to manifest.

What did the IPCC's AR6 Working Group II report (February 2022) reveal about the current state of climate change impacts?

The AR6 Working Group II report indicated that human-caused climate change is already impacting billions of people and disrupting natural ecosystems. It warned that significant hazards are unavoidable within the next two decades, even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.

What crucial message did the IPCC's AR6 Working Group III report (April 2022) convey regarding emissions reduction?

The AR6 Working Group III report stressed that limiting global warming to 1.5°C is unattainable without immediate and substantial cuts in greenhouse gas emissions, while still acknowledging the possibility of halving emissions by 2050.

What is the function of the IPCC's Methodology Reports?

Methodology Reports, overseen by the Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, provide countries with standardized methods and software to report their greenhouse gas emissions and removals.

What was the significance of the IPCC's 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15)?

SR15 demonstrated the feasibility of limiting warming to 1.5°C, albeit requiring drastic emission cuts and societal changes. It significantly boosted public and media awareness, placing the 1.5°C target at the core of climate activism and highlighting the escalating impacts with each additional degree of warming.

What did the 2019 Special Report on Climate Change and Land examine?

This report investigated the interplay between land use, climate change, and emissions from sectors like agriculture and forestry. It concluded that climate change intensifies pressures on land resources and emphasized the necessity of reducing emissions across all sectors, including land and food, to meet climate goals.

What key points were raised in the 2019 Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate?

The report highlighted the profound and unprecedented changes occurring in the ocean and cryosphere (frozen regions) due to climate change, underscoring the critical need for adaptation strategies to ensure sustainable development.

What is the IPCC's policy regarding the use of non-peer-reviewed sources in its reports?

While prioritizing peer-reviewed literature, the IPCC allows authors to reference high-quality non-peer-reviewed sources, such as government agency reports and industry journals, to provide a comprehensive overview.

Approximately how many authors are typically involved in the creation of a single chapter within an IPCC report?

A typical IPCC report chapter involves around two coordinating lead authors, ten to fifteen lead authors, and numerous contributing authors, supported by review editors who manage feedback from experts and governments.

Do scientists receive financial compensation for their work as authors for the IPCC?

No, scientists contributing to IPCC reports do so on a voluntary basis and do not receive direct compensation for their work, relying instead on their institutional salaries.

What are the three main stages of the IPCC's review process for its assessment reports?

The review process typically includes an expert review of the initial draft, followed by a review by both governments and experts on the revised draft, and finally, a government review of the Summary for Policymakers.

What does the term 'Approval' signify in the context of IPCC document endorsement?

'Approval' signifies that the content has undergone detailed, line-by-line discussion and agreement among the relevant bodies, such as Working Groups or the Panel itself.

What is the meaning of 'Adoption' when referring to IPCC documents?

'Adoption' indicates that a document or its sections have been endorsed, though not necessarily through a line-by-line review process. This applies to full reports and overview chapters.

What does 'Acceptance' mean in the IPCC's endorsement process?

'Acceptance' means a document is considered a comprehensive, objective, and balanced representation of the subject matter, even if it hasn't undergone line-by-line agreement. This applies to full Working Group reports and their Summaries for Policymakers.

How did the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) influence the Paris Agreement?

The AR5 served as the primary scientific basis for the landmark Paris Agreement adopted in 2015 under the UNFCCC.

What prestigious award did the IPCC share in 2007?

In 2007, the IPCC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, sharing it with former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, for their efforts in disseminating knowledge about human-caused climate change and laying the groundwork for necessary counter-measures.

Which award did the IPCC share with IPBES in 2022?

In 2022, the IPCC shared the Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity with IPBES, recognizing their contributions to scientific knowledge and informing decision-makers on addressing climate change and biodiversity loss.

What is a common criticism regarding the perceived conservatism of IPCC reports?

A recurring criticism is that IPCC reports tend to be overly conservative in their risk assessments, potentially underestimating the speed and severity of global warming due to the consensus-driven nature of their preparation.

What concern has been raised about the focus of recent IPCC assessment reports concerning temperature targets?

Some analyses suggest that recent IPCC reports have increasingly concentrated on lower warming targets, like 1.5°C, potentially giving less attention to higher warming scenarios that might be more probable based on current emission trends.

What did Brooks Hanson of *Science* magazine observe about IPCC reports in 2010?

In a 2010 editorial, Brooks Hanson noted that IPCC reports had tended to underestimate the pace of climate change while simultaneously overestimating the capacity of societies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

What specific concern did climate scientist James E. Hansen express regarding the IPCC's assessment of sea-level rise?

James E. Hansen argued that the IPCC's conservative approach led to significant underestimations of potential sea-level rise, suggesting risks of meters of rise that could inundate coastal areas.

What was the 'Climatic Research Unit email controversy,' and how did it impact the IPCC?

The Climatic Research Unit email controversy involved leaked emails from climate scientists, many of whom were IPCC authors. This, coupled with an error identified in the AR4 report, led to increased scrutiny of the IPCC's processes and calls for procedural reviews.

What were the key recommendations from the 2010 InterAcademy Council (IAC) review of the IPCC?

The IAC recommended fundamental reforms, including strengthening management structures, improving conflict-of-interest policies, enhancing the review process, clarifying guidelines on gray literature, standardizing probability statements, and upgrading communication strategies for greater transparency and responsiveness.

According to Michael Oppenheimer, what is a potential limitation of the IPCC's consensus-based approach?

Michael Oppenheimer, a long-time IPCC participant, suggested that the consensus approach has limitations and advocated for more specialized, smaller-scale assessments on particular issues rather than the broad scope of previous IPCC assessments.

What criticism did John Christy, an IPCC contributing author, level against the IPCC's consensus-building process?

John Christy expressed that the consensus claimed by IPCC reports was not a true reflection of the process, as contributing authors and reviewers had limited influence over editing decisions, making genuine consensus difficult to achieve.

What was Christopher Landsea's reason for withdrawing his participation from the IPCC process?

Hurricane researcher Christopher Landsea stated he could no longer contribute to the IPCC in good faith, citing his perception of the process being driven by predetermined agendas and lacking scientific soundness, partly due to specific comments made by another scientist.

Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change Wiki: Climate Consensus: The IPCC's Global Climate Assessment

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About the IPCC

Intergovernmental Body

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body established by the United Nations.^[1] Its primary mandate is to provide governments at all levels with comprehensive scientific information that can inform the development of climate policies.^[1]

Collaborative Foundation

Founded in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the IPCC operates with a secretariat based in Geneva, Switzerland, hosted by the WMO.^[2] It comprises 195 member states, whose representatives govern the panel's activities.^[3]

Global Scientific Authority

The IPCC is recognized as a leading authority on climate change, with its findings widely cited by governments, organizations, and the media. Its reports are instrumental in international climate negotiations, such as those under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and have significantly influenced landmark agreements like the Paris Agreement.^[6]^[10]

Origins

Precursor and Need

The IPCC's origins trace back to the Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases (AGGG), established in 1986 by the International Council of Scientific Unions, UNEP, and WMO. The AGGG recognized the growing complexity and interdisciplinary nature of climate science, which exceeded its limited resources.^[18]

Intergovernmental Establishment

In response to calls for international conventions to limit greenhouse gas emissions, and influenced by concerns about independent scientific influence, the WMO and UNEP formally created the IPCC as an intergovernmental body in 1988. This structure allows scientists to participate both as experts and government representatives, ensuring reports are backed by scientific consensus and endorsed by member governments.^[19]^[20]

UN Endorsement

The United Nations General Assembly officially endorsed the IPCC's creation in 1988, acknowledging the potential for human activities to alter the climate and the severe consequences of rising greenhouse gas concentrations and sea levels if timely action was not taken.^[2]

Organization

The Panel

The IPCC Panel convenes in plenary sessions, typically twice a year, to oversee the organization's structure, procedures, work program, and budget. It is responsible for accepting and approving IPCC reports, acting as the ultimate corporate entity of the panel.^[4] Governments appoint representatives who participate in these plenary sessions and those of the Working Groups. Observer organizations also attend.^[31]

Leadership and Bureau

The Panel elects a Chair and a Bureau, comprising the Chair, three Vice-Chairs, and other members representing diverse geographic regions. This Bureau guides the IPCC's three Working Groups and its Task Force, providing leadership and direction on scientific and technical matters.^[23]^[24]

Working Groups

The IPCC's scientific work is carried out by three Working Groups and a Task Force. Each Working Group is co-chaired by representatives from developed and developing countries, supported by a technical support unit. They focus on distinct areas of climate change assessment:^[4]

Working Group I: Assesses the physical science basis of climate change.
Working Group II: Evaluates the impacts of climate change on natural and human systems and assesses adaptation options.
Working Group III: Addresses the mitigation of climate change by limiting greenhouse gas emissions.

Structure Details

Chair

The Chair of the IPCC is elected by the Panel and serves as the primary representative of the organization. The current Chair, Jim Skea, was elected in July 2023, succeeding Hoesung Lee. Previous chairs include Rajendra K. Pachauri and Robert Watson.^[29]^[30]

Task Force

The Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) is responsible for developing methodologies and software for countries to report their greenhouse gas emissions. It is supported by a Bureau and a Technical Support Unit, currently hosted by Japan's Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.^[26]

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee comprises the Chair, Vice-Chairs, and Co-Chairs of the Working Groups and Task Force. This committee convenes between Panel sessions to address urgent matters, ensuring continuity and responsiveness in the IPCC's operations.^[27]

Funding

Trust Fund Mechanism

The IPCC operates on a dedicated trust fund established by UNEP and WMO in 1989. This fund is sustained by voluntary annual financial contributions from member governments. The WMO manages the secretariat's operating costs and financial regulations, while the Panel determines the annual budget.^[32]

Budgetary Overview

In 2021, the IPCC's annual budget was approximately six million euros, financed by its 195 member states. Major contributors included the United States, Japan, France, Germany, and Norway. Other nations provide "in-kind contributions" by hosting IPCC meetings. The budget saw a slight increase to nearly eight million euros in 2022.^[33]^[34]

Assessment Reports

Evolution of Findings

Since 1990, the IPCC has published six comprehensive assessment reports (AR1-AR6) and numerous special reports. Each assessment report synthesizes the latest scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information on climate change, reflecting a growing body of evidence and increasing certainty regarding human influence on the climate system.^[51]

Key Assessment Reports

The assessment reports provide foundational knowledge for policymakers. Notable findings include the increasing certainty of human influence on warming (AR2, 1995), the clear evidence of human activity causing most observed warming (AR3, 2001), the unequivocal warming of the climate system (AR4, 2007), and the clear human influence and the availability of means to limit climate change (AR5, 2014). The AR6 (2021-2023) highlighted the urgency and irreversibility of many climate changes.^[66]^[68]^[70]^[71]^[72]^[12]

Special Reports

The IPCC also produces Special Reports on specific topics. These include landmark publications like the 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15), which underscored the critical difference between 1.5°C and 2°C warming. Other significant reports cover Climate Change and Land (2019) and the Ocean and Cryosphere (2019), providing detailed insights into specific aspects of the climate crisis.^[83]

Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (2000)
Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (2011)
Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) (2012)
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15) (2018)
Special Report on Climate Change & Land (2019)
Special Report on the Ocean & Cryosphere (2019)

Methodology Reports

The IPCC's National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme develops methodologies for countries to report emissions. Key methodology reports include the 1994 IPCC Guidelines, the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, which have been updated and refined over time to improve accuracy and consistency in national reporting.^[90]^[91]

Activities Beyond Reports

Communications and Outreach

The IPCC actively enhances its communications strategy to disseminate findings effectively. This includes providing early access to reports for media, expanding outreach activities, and integrating communication experts into technical support units. These efforts aim to increase public awareness and engagement with climate science.^[44]^[46]

Gender Policy

The IPCC maintains a "Gender Policy and Implementation Plan" to ensure inclusivity and respect in its work. It strives for balanced participation and equal opportunities for all individuals involved in its processes, promoting a diverse and equitable environment.^[43]

Data Archiving

The IPCC archives its reports, electronic files, and review comments on its official website. Additionally, the Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives at Harvard Library maintain a collection of IPCC materials, ensuring long-term accessibility and preservation of its scientific output.^[50]

Challenges and Controversies

Scientific Conservatism

Some critics argue that the IPCC's consensus-driven approach leads to conservative estimates, potentially understating the pace and impacts of climate change. This is attributed to the need for agreement among diverse governmental representatives and the inherent lag in incorporating the latest research into assessment cycles.^[96]^[103]

Political and Industry Influence

Concerns have been raised regarding potential political and industry influence on IPCC reports. Historical instances, such as lobbying efforts related to leadership changes or the exclusion of specific text recommendations (e.g., on dietary shifts), highlight the complexities of balancing scientific findings with governmental and economic interests.^[110]^[113]

Scrutiny and Review

The IPCC has faced scrutiny, particularly following controversies like the Climatic Research Unit email leak and the "Himalayan glacier" error. While scientific bodies have largely upheld the IPCC's core findings, these events prompted reviews of its processes, leading to strengthened procedures for error handling, conflict of interest policies, and communication strategies.^[114]^[119]

Endorsements and Awards

Scientific Community Support

IPCC reports are widely recognized as the benchmark for climate science, enjoying broad support within the scientific community. Numerous scientific bodies, including the International Council for Science and various national academies, have issued statements endorsing the IPCC's findings.^[130]^[136]

Nobel Peace Prize

In recognition of its contributions to understanding and addressing climate change, the IPCC was jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with former U.S. Vice President Al Gore. The prize acknowledged their efforts to disseminate knowledge about human-induced climate change and lay the groundwork for necessary counter-measures.^[138]

Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity

In 2022, the IPCC, alongside the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), received the Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity. This award recognized their critical role in generating scientific knowledge, raising societal awareness, and informing decision-makers on crucial issues like climate change and biodiversity loss.^[139]

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References

IPCC 2014, 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands, Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G. (eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland.

IPCC 2014, 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol, Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G. (eds) Published: IPCC, Switzerland.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not policy or scientific advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional consultation with climate scientists, policy experts, or relevant authorities. Always refer to official IPCC documentation and consult qualified professionals for specific needs. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

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Climate Consensus

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About the IPCC ℹ️

🏛️ Intergovernmental Body

🤝 Collaborative Foundation

🌍 Global Scientific Authority

Origins 📜

🌱 Precursor and Need

⚖️ Intergovernmental Establishment

📢 UN Endorsement

Organization ⚙️

👥 The Panel

🧑‍💼 Leadership and Bureau

🌐 Working Groups

Structure Details 🏗️

👑 Chair

🗂️ Task Force

📅 Executive Committee

Funding 💰

🏦 Trust Fund Mechanism

📊 Budgetary Overview

Assessment Reports 📄

📈 Evolution of Findings

📚 Key Assessment Reports

💡 Special Reports

📏 Methodology Reports

Activities Beyond Reports 🛠️

📢 Communications and Outreach

⚖️ Gender Policy

💾 Data Archiving

Challenges and Controversies 🤔

🔬 Scientific Conservatism

🏛️ Political and Industry Influence

⚠️ Scrutiny and Review

Endorsements and Awards ⭐

🔬 Scientific Community Support

🏆 Nobel Peace Prize

🌍 Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity

See Also 🔗

🌳 Related Organizations

📜 Key Climate Frameworks

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About the IPCC

Intergovernmental Body

Collaborative Foundation

Global Scientific Authority

Origins

Precursor and Need

Intergovernmental Establishment

UN Endorsement

Organization

The Panel

Leadership and Bureau

Working Groups

Structure Details

Chair

Task Force

Executive Committee

Funding

Trust Fund Mechanism

Budgetary Overview

Assessment Reports

Evolution of Findings

Key Assessment Reports

Special Reports

Methodology Reports

Activities Beyond Reports

Communications and Outreach

Gender Policy

Data Archiving

Challenges and Controversies

Scientific Conservatism

Political and Industry Influence

Scrutiny and Review

Endorsements and Awards

Scientific Community Support

Nobel Peace Prize

Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity

See Also

Related Organizations

Key Climate Frameworks

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice