What is the fundamental definition of internet censorship as presented in the article?

Internet censorship is defined as the legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. This control can be applied to specific internet domains or, in exceptional cases, extend to all internet resources located outside the censoring state's jurisdiction.

Beyond state-mandated control, what other entities might implement internet access restrictions, and how do they view this action?

Organizations that provide internet access, such as schools and libraries, may choose to restrict access to material they deem undesirable, offensive, age-inappropriate, or illegal. They often consider these restrictions ethical behavior rather than censorship.

What is self-censorship, and what are some common motivations behind it?

Self-censorship occurs when individuals or organizations refrain from publishing or sharing certain material for various reasons. Motivations can include moral, religious, or business considerations, the desire to conform to societal norms or political views, or fear of legal repercussions or other consequences.

How does the extent of internet censorship vary globally, and what are some examples of its application?

The extent of internet censorship differs significantly from country to country. Some nations practice moderate censorship, while others severely limit access to information, suppress discussions, and silence citizens, particularly during events like elections or protests, as seen during the Arab Spring.

What are some of the legal or quasi-legal justifications used to deliberately suppress online content?

Governments and other entities may use claims related to copyrights, defamation, harassment, and obscenity as justifications to deliberately suppress or remove online content. These claims can be used to target specific information or viewpoints.

What was the general sentiment regarding internet censorship and freedom in a 2012 Internet Society survey?

A 2012 Internet Society survey indicated a complex view among respondents: 71% agreed that censorship should exist in some form on the internet. Simultaneously, a strong majority believed internet access should be a basic human right (83%) and that freedom of expression should be guaranteed online (86%).

How many people were estimated to use virtual private networks (VPNs) in 2014 to circumvent censorship or enhance privacy?

According to GlobalWebIndex data from around 2014, over 400 million people were using virtual private networks (VPNs). These users employed VPNs either to bypass internet censorship or to increase their online privacy.

What fundamental challenge do censors face due to the internet's distributed nature, and what technical solutions are required?

Censors face the challenge of controlling information hosted outside their physical or legal jurisdiction. This necessitates the use of technical methods like site blocking and content filtering, which are specific to the internet's architecture, to prevent access to external resources.

How has the perception of internet censorship feasibility evolved with technological advancements?

Early perceptions, like John Gilmore's 1993 quote that "The Net interprets censorship as damage and routes around it," suggested censorship was inherently difficult. However, later reports, like one from the Oxford Internet Institute for UNESCO in 2011, concluded that controlling information online is feasible, and technological progress does not automatically guarantee greater freedom of speech.

What are some technical methods used for blocking or filtering internet content?

Technical methods for blocking or filtering internet content include DNS spoofing, blocking access to specific IP addresses, filtering URLs based on keywords, inspecting packets for content, and resetting TCP connections.

At what levels can internet censorship enforcement be applied within a country's infrastructure?

Enforcement of censorship technologies can occur at multiple levels, including the internet backbone (like IXPs), Internet Service Providers (ISPs), individual institutions (schools, libraries), personal devices (via pre-installed software), application service providers (like social media companies), certificate authorities, and Content Delivery Networks (CDNs).

Explain the concept of IP address blocking as a censorship method.

IP address blocking involves denying access to a specific IP address. If a website is hosted on a shared server, this method can inadvertently block all websites on that server, affecting various IP-based protocols like HTTP and FTP. Geo-blocking is often implemented using this technique.

How does DNS filtering and redirection work as a censorship technique?

DNS filtering and redirection interfere with the Domain Name System (DNS) resolution process. Connections to blocked domain names are either not resolved, or an incorrect IP address is provided, often through DNS hijacking, thereby preventing access to the intended website.

What is URL filtering, and what are common methods used to circumvent it?

URL filtering involves scanning Uniform Resource Locator (URL) strings for specific keywords, regardless of the domain name. Circumvention methods include using escaped characters within the URL or employing encrypted protocols like VPNs and TLS/SSL to obscure the content.

Describe the mechanism of packet filtering in internet censorship.

Packet filtering works by inspecting data packets, specifically TCP packets, and terminating the transmission if certain keywords are detected. This can affect various TCP-based protocols, and users might attempt to bypass it by using encrypted connections or adjusting their network stack's Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) or Maximum Segment Size (MSS).

What is a 'connection reset' in the context of internet censorship, and how can it be circumvented?

A connection reset occurs when a firewall blocks a TCP connection and then sends reset packets to both ends, potentially blocking future attempts from other users routed through the same point. Users can attempt to circumvent this by ignoring the reset packets sent by the firewall.

What is network disconnection as a censorship method, and what is one circumvention technique?

Network disconnection is a simpler censorship method involving the complete shutdown of internet routers, either through software commands or physical means like turning off equipment or unplugging cables. Using a satellite ISP can be a way to circumvent such widespread disconnections.

How can portal censorship and search result removal impact a website's visibility?

Major portals and search engines can choose to exclude specific websites from their listings, rendering them invisible to users who are unaware of their existence. This practice, sometimes done to comply with legal requirements (like Google's compliance with German and French law regarding Neo-Nazi content), has a similar effect to direct censorship.

What are denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and how are they used in relation to internet censorship?

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are computer network attacks designed to disrupt services by overwhelming a target system. They can be used to prevent or limit access to websites or online services, similar to blocking techniques, although typically only for a limited duration, and are often employed by non-state actors.

What are the issues of 'over-blocking' and 'under-blocking' in internet censorship?

Over-blocking occurs when censorship techniques inadvertently block legitimate or permissible content along with the targeted material, while under-blocking happens when censorship methods fail to block all of the intended content. These issues arise because it's difficult to achieve precise targeting without collateral effects.

How is commercial filtering software utilized in internet censorship, and what are some examples of companies involved?

Companies in countries like the US, Finland, and Germany sell filtering software that, while marketed for personal use, is also adopted by governments for censorship. Examples of such software vendors include Secure Computing (SmartFilter), Websense, Netsweeper, Sandvine, and Procera Networks.

What concerns have been raised regarding the role of commercial filtering software vendors in censorship?

Concerns exist that commercial filtering software vendors may be complicit in censorship by selling products to repressive governments. Additionally, regulations and oversight for these vendors are often lacking, and they may protect their blocking categories as intellectual property, effectively outsourcing content decisions to them.

What are some non-technical methods of internet censorship that mirror traditional media censorship?

Non-technical censorship methods include enacting laws and regulations to prohibit content, issuing formal or informal requests for content removal, accepting bribes to slant information, arresting or prosecuting publishers and ISPs, confiscating equipment, closing businesses, boycotting, and even resorting to threats or violence against individuals involved in online content creation.

What is deplatforming, and how does it function as a form of internet censorship?

Deplatforming is a type of internet censorship where social media platforms or service providers suspend, ban, or remove controversial speakers or their content. This practice is often justified by platform policies against hate speech or the glorification of violence, as seen in the coordinated bans of Alex Jones in 2018.

What is 'financial deplatforming'?

Financial deplatforming refers to the practice where banking and financial service providers deny services to controversial activists or organizations, effectively cutting off their access to financial transactions.

What common phrases in Terms of Service agreements grant web service operators broad rights regarding content removal?

Common phrases found in Terms of Service agreements that grant broad rights include 'at our sole discretion,' 'without prior notice,' and 'for other reasons.' These allow companies like Facebook, Google, Twitter, and YouTube to remove content or terminate accounts with significant latitude.

How does Wikipedia handle content removal or modification?

Wikipedia allows any editor to modify or delete content as part of its normal editing process. Articles can be proposed for deletion if they violate site rules, and administrators can perform speedy deletions or revision deletions (RevDel) to sanitize or redact specific information.

What is internet censorship circumvention, and why is it a challenge for censors?

Internet censorship circumvention involves using various techniques and tools to bypass technical filtering and blocking measures, allowing users to access censored material. It poses a challenge for censors because blocking typically restricts access rather than removing content, meaning that as long as an uncensored system exists, access can often be regained.

What are some common tools and resources used for internet censorship circumvention?

Common methods for circumventing internet censorship include proxy websites, virtual private networks (VPNs), sneakernets (physical transfer of data), the dark web, and specialized circumvention software tools.

What risks are associated with using circumvention methods to bypass internet censorship?

Using circumvention methods can carry risks, as individuals in some countries may be violating laws by accessing restricted content. If caught, they could face consequences such as expulsion, job loss, imprisonment, or other punishments.

How has the increased use of HTTPS affected internet censorship capabilities?

The widespread adoption of HTTPS has limited censors' options, often forcing them into a binary choice of blocking all content or none of it, as the encryption obscures the specific content being accessed. However, the domain name itself often remains unencrypted in the TLS handshake, providing a potential point for filtering.

What are the primary motives or rationales behind internet filtering?

The primary motives for internet filtering are typically related to politics and power, social norms and morals, and security concerns. Additionally, protecting existing economic interests has emerged as another significant reason for implementing such filtering.

How is internet control related to a country's political system?

Internet controls and censorship, particularly when directed at political opposition, are often associated with higher levels of authoritarianism. Pervasive internet control and more subtle influence operations are common strategies in such regimes.

What types of websites or content are commonly targeted for censorship due to political reasons?

Politically targeted content includes opposition blogs and websites, sites related to minority or religious groups that challenge the ruling regime (like Falun Gong in China or Tibetan exile groups), sites commenting on LGBTQ+ issues, and content deemed offensive to a sovereign or state (lèse-majesté).

What is 'social filtering' in the context of internet censorship?

Social filtering refers to the censorship of topics considered antithetical to accepted societal norms. This often includes content related to hate speech, illegal drug use, pornography, gambling, and blasphemous material, particularly when it targets a state-supported religion.

What are common security-related justifications for internet filtering?

Security concerns often drive internet filtering, with governments aiming to block websites associated with insurgents, extremists, and terrorists to protect national security. Filtering is also used as part of a 'defense in depth' strategy to protect networks from malware and prevent reputational damage from misuse.

How are existing economic interests sometimes protected through internet censorship?

Existing economic interests can be protected by blocking new internet services that threaten established industries, such as low-cost Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services that compete with traditional telecommunications companies, especially those with government ties or monopoly positions.

What types of network tools and applications are frequently targeted for censorship?

Tools and applications that facilitate user access and sharing of sensitive material are often targeted. This includes media sharing sites (like Flickr and YouTube), social networks (Facebook, Instagram), translation services, email providers, web hosting sites, blog hosting sites, microblogging platforms (Twitter, Weibo), censorship circumvention sites, and search engines.

What is the 'right to be forgotten,' and how was it addressed by the European Court of Justice?

The 'right to be forgotten' is a concept, particularly discussed in the EU, that allows individuals to request the removal of links to personal information from search engine results. The European Court of Justice ruled in the Costeja case that search engines are responsible for the data they point to, requiring them to comply with EU data privacy laws.

What concerns were raised by Index on Censorship regarding the 'right to be forgotten' ruling?

Index on Censorship expressed concern that the 'Costeja' ruling could allow individuals to whitewash their personal history without legal oversight, comparing it to forcing libraries to pulp books. They viewed it as a retrograde step that misunderstands the role of search engines and threatens freedom of expression and information.

What factors contribute to an internet user's resilience against censorship attempts?

User resilience is influenced by awareness that information is being manipulated, which can lead to attempts to circumvent censorship and factor manipulation into belief systems. Other factors include the demand for concealed information and the ability to afford circumvention costs. Entertainment content is generally more resilient than political content.

Which regions of the world are most associated with state-mandated internet filtering?

Countries engaged in state-mandated internet filtering are primarily clustered in three regions: East Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East/North Africa region. However, filtering also occurs in other regions, including some democracies.

What specific types of content are commonly blocked in France and Germany due to legal requirements?

In France and Germany, content related to Nazism or Holocaust denial is typically blocked due to specific laws in those countries.

What is the 'splinternet' concept in relation to internet censorship?

The term 'splinternet' is sometimes used to describe the fragmentation of the global internet into separate national or regional networks, often due to the implementation of national firewalls and censorship measures.

What is the colloquial meaning of 'rivercrab' in the context of internet censorship?

'Rivercrab' is a colloquial term, particularly used in Asia, that refers to the act of censoring the internet.

What was the significance of the Telecommunications Business Act (TBA) passed by South Korea?

The Telecommunications Business Act (TBA), passed by South Korea between 1995 and 2002, is noted as the world's first internet censorship law.

What did the OpenNet Initiative report regarding internet filtering levels in various countries between 2007 and 2009?

The OpenNet Initiative reported that by 2009, internet filtering was documented in over forty countries. Their analysis classified filtering levels in political, social, and security areas, finding China to engage in pervasive filtering across all three, while countries like Egypt, France, Germany, India, Ukraine, the UK, and the US showed no evidence of filtering in those areas.

What is the purpose of the 'Freedom on the Net' reports published by Freedom House?

The 'Freedom on the Net' reports provide analytical assessments and numerical ratings on the state of internet freedom in countries worldwide. They evaluate obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights, categorizing countries as 'Free,' 'Partly Free,' or 'Not Free'.

What criteria does Reporters Without Borders (RSF) use to designate a country as an 'Enemy of the Internet'?

RSF designates a country as an 'Enemy of the Internet' if its government not only censors news and information online but also engages in almost systematic repression of internet users, leading to grave violations of freedom of information and human rights.

What were the five 'State Enemies of the Internet' identified by Reporters Without Borders in March 2013?

In March 2013, Reporters Without Borders identified Bahrain, China, Iran, Syria, and Vietnam as 'State Enemies of the Internet' due to their governments' active surveillance and repression of news providers.

What are the 'Corporate Enemies of the Internet' as identified by Reporters Without Borders?

Reporters Without Borders identified Amesys (France), Blue Coat Systems (U.S.), Gamma Group (UK and Germany), HackingTeam (Italy), and Trovicor (Germany) as 'Corporate Enemies of the Internet' for selling products that governments could use to violate human rights and freedom of information.

Internet Censorship Wiki: The Digital Gatekeepers: Understanding Internet Censorship

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Overview

Defining Digital Control

Internet censorship refers to the legal control or suppression of content accessible, published, or viewed on the internet. This control is typically applied to specific internet domains but can extend to all internet resources outside the jurisdiction of the censoring state. It also encompasses restrictions on making information internet-accessible.

Organizations like schools and libraries may implement access restrictions based on their own ethical guidelines, deeming certain content undesirable, offensive, or age-inappropriate, which they may view as responsible policy rather than censorship.

Scope and Impact

The extent of internet censorship varies significantly across nations. While some countries exercise moderate control, others impose severe limitations, restricting access to news and suppressing public discourse. Censorship can be triggered by events like elections or protests, as seen during the Arab Spring. Methods include leveraging copyright claims, defamation laws, harassment allegations, and obscenity charges to suppress content.

A 2012 Internet Society survey indicated that a majority of respondents believed some form of internet censorship should exist, yet simultaneously affirmed internet access as a basic human right and strongly supported freedom of expression online.

Self-Censorship and Ethical Boundaries

Individuals and organizations may engage in self-censorship for moral, religious, or business reasons, aiming to conform to societal norms, political viewpoints, or to avoid intimidation and potential legal repercussions. This voluntary restraint plays a significant role in shaping the information landscape.

The challenge for censors lies in the internet's borderless nature. Residents of countries with bans can often access information hosted elsewhere, necessitating technical censorship methods like site blocking and content filtering to manage access.

Methods of Control

Technical Censorship

Governments and entities employ various technical strategies to prevent access to specific online resources:

IP Address Blocking: Denying access to specific IP addresses, which can inadvertently block multiple websites hosted on shared servers.
DNS Filtering/Redirection: Manipulating the Domain Name System to resolve domain names to incorrect IP addresses or prevent resolution altogether.
URL Filtering: Scanning Uniform Resource Locators for keywords to block access, often circumvented via character encoding or encrypted protocols.
Packet Filtering: Inspecting network packets for specific keywords or patterns to terminate connections, affecting all TCP-based protocols.
Connection Reset: Intentionally resetting TCP connections to block access, sometimes extending to other users routed through the same point.
Network Disconnection: Complete shutdown of internet access, often implemented by disabling routers or physical infrastructure.
Portal Censorship & Search Result Removal: Major online portals and search engines may exclude or de-list specific websites, rendering them invisible to users who do not know their direct address.
Computer Network Attacks: Utilizing denial-of-service (DoS) attacks or website defacement to temporarily disrupt access.

Non-Technical Measures

Beyond technical means, censorship is enforced through legal and administrative actions:

Legal Frameworks: Laws prohibiting specific content types or mandating content removal, often enforced through formal requests or court orders.
Informal Pressure: Publishers, authors, and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) may face informal requests or coercion to alter, slant, or block content.
Legal & Financial Penalties: Individuals and entities can face arrest, prosecution, fines, imprisonment, confiscation of equipment, or revocation of operating licenses.
Economic Disincentives: Boycotts, threats to employment, and withholding of licenses can deter content creation or dissemination.
Information Manipulation: Paying individuals to publish favorable content or attack opposing viewpoints, often without disclosure.
Propaganda and State-Sponsored Content: Creating official online publications to guide public opinion and disseminate state-approved narratives.
Licensing and Infrastructure Control: Restrictive licensing policies, high costs, or deliberate lack of infrastructure can limit internet access.
Search Engine Agreements: Search engines operating in certain countries may agree to abide by government-mandated censorship standards in exchange for market access.

Over- and Under-Blocking

Technical censorship methods are inherently prone to inaccuracies. Over-blocking occurs when permissible content is inadvertently blocked alongside targeted material (e.g., blocking an entire server due to one offensive website). Conversely, under-blocking happens when censorship measures fail to block all targeted content, allowing some access.

Commercial filtering software, while often marketed for security and privacy, is frequently utilized by governments. Companies like Websense, Netsweeper, and Sandvine provide tools that categorize and block content based on predefined criteria, which can sometimes lead to errors in categorization and unintended censorship.

Bypassing Restrictions

Tools for Access

Internet censorship circumvention involves employing various techniques and tools to bypass filtering and blocking mechanisms. These methods aim to access censored material by routing traffic through uncensored systems, often located in different jurisdictions.

Commonly used tools and techniques include:

Proxy Websites: Intermediate servers that relay user requests, masking the user's origin.
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Encrypting internet traffic and routing it through a remote server, effectively bypassing local network restrictions.
Sneakernets: Physically transferring data via removable media, bypassing online restrictions entirely.
The Dark Web: Utilizing anonymized networks like Tor to access hidden services and content.
Circumvention Software: Specialized applications designed to overcome censorship barriers.

Evolving Landscape

The increasing adoption of encrypted protocols like HTTPS and TLS extensions like Encrypted Client Hello (ECH) presents challenges for censors, as it encrypts traffic content, limiting granular inspection. While HTTPS does not inherently prevent domain blocking, ECH further obscures connection details.

However, circumvention carries risks. In many countries, accessing restricted content can lead to legal consequences, including expulsion, job loss, imprisonment, or further loss of internet access.

Resilience Factors

User resilience to censorship is influenced by several factors:

Awareness: Understanding that information is being manipulated can motivate users to seek circumvention methods and critically evaluate content.
Demand for Information: Content with high demand, particularly entertainment, tends to be more resilient to censorship than political content.
User Characteristics: Individuals with higher education, greater technological access, and broader social networks often exhibit greater resilience.

Conversely, users lacking awareness or technical means are more susceptible to the effects of censorship.

Common Targets of Censorship

Politics and Power

Censorship aimed at political opposition is often associated with authoritarian regimes. This includes blocking websites critical of the government, political blogs, content related to minority groups perceived as threats, and sites discussing sensitive historical events or political figures (e.g., Falun Gong, Tiananmen Square protests in China).

Other targets include sites discussing religious conversion, LGBTQ+ issues, lese-majeste, corruption allegations, and symbols or imagery associated with banned political ideologies (e.g., communist symbols in Eastern Europe, neo-Nazi content in Germany).

Social Norms and Morals

Filtering based on societal norms aims to block content deemed inappropriate or offensive. This widely supported category includes child pornography, hate speech (racism, sexism, homophobia), promotion of illegal drug use, gambling, and content related to sexuality, fetishism, and pornography.

Blasphemous content, particularly when targeting state-supported religions, defamatory or libelous material, political satire, and information concerning social issues or online activism are also frequently targeted.

Security and Economic Interests

Security concerns drive the blocking of websites associated with insurgents, extremists, terrorists, and malware. Protecting national security and preventing domestic conflict are common justifications.

Economic interests motivate the blocking of new services that threaten established industries, such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services that compete with state-controlled telecommunications monopolies. Additionally, copyright protection efforts lead to the blocking of file-sharing and peer-to-peer (P2P) websites accused of facilitating piracy.

Network Tools and Platforms

The very tools and platforms that facilitate information sharing are often targets themselves, as they can be used to circumvent censorship or organize dissent.

This includes blocking or restricting access to:

Media sharing sites (e.g., YouTube, Flickr)
Social networks (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram)
Communication tools (e.g., Skype, email providers)
Content hosting platforms (e.g., web hosting, blog sites)
Search engines (e.g., Google, Bing)
Censorship circumvention sites (e.g., anonymizers, proxy avoidance sites)
Collaborative knowledge platforms (e.g., Wikipedia)

Global Landscape

Regional Patterns

State-mandated internet filtering is predominantly observed in East Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East/North Africa regions. However, censorship practices are not confined to these areas; countries worldwide, including democracies, engage in online censorship, often with public support, for reasons ranging from national security to social norms.

Examples include filtering of Nazism and Holocaust denial in France and Germany, and widespread blocking of child pornography and hate speech globally. China implements extensive censorship through its "Golden Shield" project, blocking numerous foreign websites and controlling domestic online discourse.

Internet Shutdowns

Governments increasingly resort to complete or partial internet shutdowns as a censorship tool, particularly during periods of political unrest, protests, or elections. These shutdowns can be nationwide or localized.

Notable instances include widespread shutdowns in Egypt (2011), Iran (2019), Sudan (2019), Ethiopia (2019), and numerous localized shutdowns in India to prevent exam cheating or quell protests. These actions represent a drastic measure to control information flow and suppress dissent.

International Law and Free Speech

The application of national laws to the global internet raises complex international legal questions. Court rulings, such as those involving Google and Facebook in the European Union, highlight the tension between the "right to be forgotten" and global freedom of expression. Concerns exist that the strictest national defamation laws could be applied universally, potentially chilling speech that is acceptable elsewhere.

International bodies and organizations actively challenge internet censorship, advocating for digital rights and freedom of information.

Monitoring and Analysis

Key Organizations

Several organizations provide critical data and analysis on internet censorship and freedom worldwide:

OpenNet Initiative (ONI): Documented government internet filtering in over forty countries, classifying levels of political, social, and security-related filtering.
Freedom House: Publishes the annual "Freedom on the Net" report, assessing internet freedom through scores and ratings (Free, Partly Free, Not Free) based on obstacles to access, content limits, and user rights violations.
Reporters Without Borders (RSF): Maintains lists of "Enemies of the Internet" and "Countries Under Surveillance," identifying states and corporations involved in suppressing online freedom.
V-Dem Institute: The Digital Societies Project measures indicators related to internet censorship, disinformation, and digital media freedom.
Access Now: The #KeepItOn project tracks internet shutdowns, throttling, and blockages globally, using remote sensing and civil society reports.
BBC World Service: Conducts global public opinion polls on internet access, regulation, and freedom of expression.

Trends and Findings

Reports consistently indicate a global trend towards increased internet censorship and surveillance. Freedom House reports have shown a decline in overall internet freedom in many countries, with significant negative trajectories observed in nations like Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine.

While some countries have relaxed controls, improvements often reflect less rigorous enforcement rather than proactive steps toward greater freedom. The data highlights the complex interplay between technological capabilities, political motivations, and societal norms in shaping the digital information environment.

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References

"First Nation in Cyberspace", Philip Elmer-Dewitt, Time, 6 December 1993, No.49

Provision of information in this fashion is in keeping with principles of freedom of expression, as long as it is done transparently and does not overwhelm alternative sources of information.

Roberts, H., Zuckerman, E., & Palfrey, J. (2009, March). 2007 Circumvention Landscape Report: Methods, Uses, and Tools (Rep.). Retrieved 18 March 2016, from The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.

List of the 13 Internet enemies Reporters Without Borders (Paris), 11 July 2006, .

"BBC Internet Poll: Detailed Findings" , BBC World Service, 8 March 2010

"Internet access is 'a fundamental right'" , BBC News, 8 March 2010

A full list of references for this article are available at the Internet censorship Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional legal consultation, policy analysis, or digital rights advocacy. Always refer to official documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific legal or policy needs. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Digital Gatekeepers

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

⚖️ Defining Digital Control

🌐 Scope and Impact

👤 Self-Censorship and Ethical Boundaries

Methods of Control ⚙️

💻 Technical Censorship

📜 Non-Technical Measures

⚠️ Over- and Under-Blocking

Bypassing Restrictions 🚀

🛠️ Tools for Access

📈 Evolving Landscape

💡 Resilience Factors

Common Targets of Censorship 🎯

🏛️ Politics and Power

societal_norms Social Norms and Morals

🛡️ Security and Economic Interests

🔗 Network Tools and Platforms

Global Landscape 🌍

🗺️ Regional Patterns

🔌 Internet Shutdowns

⚖️ International Law and Free Speech

Monitoring and Analysis 📊

🔍 Key Organizations

📈 Trends and Findings

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Defining Digital Control

Scope and Impact

Self-Censorship and Ethical Boundaries

Methods of Control

Technical Censorship

Non-Technical Measures

Over- and Under-Blocking

Bypassing Restrictions

Tools for Access

Evolving Landscape

Resilience Factors

Common Targets of Censorship

Politics and Power

Social Norms and Morals

Security and Economic Interests

Network Tools and Platforms

Global Landscape

Regional Patterns

Internet Shutdowns

International Law and Free Speech

Monitoring and Analysis

Key Organizations

Trends and Findings

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice