Who was Isaac Hull, and what was his primary role in the United States Navy?

Isaac Hull was a Commodore in the United States Navy, born on March 9, 1773, and died on February 13, 1843. He is recognized for his service in the Quasi-War, Barbary Wars, and the War of 1812, notably commanding several warships including the USS Constitution.

What significant naval victory is Isaac Hull most famous for during the War of 1812?

During the War of 1812, Isaac Hull achieved national fame by commanding the USS Constitution in its capture of the British frigate HMS Guerriere. This victory was a significant morale boost for the young United States.

Where was Isaac Hull born, and what was his early exposure to maritime life?

Isaac Hull was born in Derby, Connecticut, on March 9, 1773, though some sources also mention Huntington (now Shelton, Connecticut). Early in his life, he joined his father, Joseph, a mariner, on voyages both locally and to the West Indies, gaining early experience at sea.

Who adopted Isaac Hull after his father's death, and what was his uncle's background?

After his father died at a young age, Isaac Hull was adopted by his uncle, William Hull. William Hull was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, which likely provided Isaac with a strong sense of patriotism and military tradition.

What was Isaac Hull's experience in the mid-1790s before joining the U.S. Navy?

In the mid-1790s, Isaac Hull commanded several merchant vessels. During this period, he experienced losses of some of his ships to privateers of the French Republic, which were privately owned ships authorized by a government to attack enemy shipping.

When did Isaac Hull begin his commissioned service in the United States Navy, and what was his first significant assignment?

Isaac Hull was commissioned as a lieutenant in the newly formed United States Navy on March 9, 1798. He distinguished himself during the Quasi-War with France while serving as first lieutenant and executive officer on board the heavy frigate USS Constitution under Captain Silas Talbot.

How did Captain Silas Talbot influence Isaac Hull's naval career?

Captain Silas Talbot, a hero of the American Revolutionary War and Hull's commander on the USS Constitution, was a formative influence on Hull's naval career. Hull admired Talbot and learned valuable lessons in naval leadership, moderation, and the importance of training junior officers and crew.

What roles did Isaac Hull hold during the First Barbary War?

During the First Barbary War, Isaac Hull served in the Mediterranean Sea as first lieutenant of the frigate USS Adams. He later commanded the schooner USS Enterprise and the brig USS Argus, earning a reputation as an effective and reliable commander.

What promotions did Isaac Hull receive during his early naval career, leading up to 1806?

Isaac Hull was promoted to the rank of master commandant on May 18, 1804, and subsequently to captain in 1806, demonstrating his rapid ascent and recognition within the United States Navy.

What was a notable incident during Hull's command of the USS Enterprise in August 1803?

On August 10, 1803, while commanding the USS Enterprise, Captain Hull gave chase to a Sardinian Galley, which initially signaled as a friend but did not heave to. Hull fired upon it, and upon closing, discovered it was a large galley with 25 oars on each side, carrying about 300 men and armed with 18-pounders and smaller guns.

Which frigates did Isaac Hull command between 1809 and 1810?

Between 1809 and 1810, Isaac Hull successively commanded the frigates USS Chesapeake, USS President, and USS Constitution, demonstrating his experience with some of the most important warships of the era.

What challenges did Isaac Hull face regarding crew recruitment and desertion while commanding the USS Chesapeake?

While commanding the USS Chesapeake in 1809, Hull faced significant challenges with crew recruitment and desertion. Due to voluntary recruitment, poor pay, and harsh conditions, he sometimes resorted to drastic measures like placing new recruits in irons to prevent them from deserting after receiving bounty money, as desertion rates were high in the pre-1815 U.S. Navy.

Why was Isaac Hull's command of the USS President brief?

Isaac Hull's command of the USS President was brief because Commodore John Rodgers, a ranking senior naval captain, preferred the USS President over the USS Constitution, which he found to be in poor condition. Secretary Hamilton agreed to Rodgers' request, leading to Hull swapping ships and assuming command of the USS Constitution on June 17, 1810.

How did Isaac Hull approach the training and discipline of his crew on the USS Constitution?

On the USS Constitution, Isaac Hull modeled his leadership after his mentor, Silas Talbot. He was popular among the enlisted men and took great care in training his young officers and enlisted men, especially in gunnery, exercising them up to two hours daily. He also discouraged flogging for trivial offenses, limiting it to three lashes with a small rope over the shirt, a much lighter penalty than the era's typical eight to ten lashes on the bare back.

What was Hull's assessment of the USS Constitution's readiness for sea in July 1812, just before the War of 1812?

In a letter to Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton on July 2, 1812, Hull stated that the USS Constitution would be in tolerable order for sea by the following Sunday. He acknowledged that many crew members were new and unacquainted with a ship of war but expressed confidence that with continued training, they would soon have nothing to fear from any single-deck ship and could give a good account of any enemy frigate.

How did Captain Hull evade the British Halifax Squadron in July 1812?

In July 1812, after leaving Chesapeake Bay, the USS Constitution was pursued by five ships of the British Halifax Squadron for two days. Captain Hull skillfully evaded the overwhelming British force by warping his ship ahead and using his long boats to tow the Constitution, a feat that established his reputation for courage, daring, and seamanship.

What were Captain Hull's instructions to his gunners before the battle with HMS Guerriere?

Before the engagement with HMS Guerriere on August 19, 1812, Captain Hull cautioned his gunners with specific instructions: 'No firing at random. Let every man look well to his aim.' He also kept his crew calm, telling them, 'I'll tell you when to fire, so stand steady and see that not a shot is thrown away.'

Describe the key moments of the battle between USS Constitution and HMS Guerriere on August 19, 1812.

On August 19, 1812, the USS Constitution encountered HMS Guerriere. After Captain Dacres of Guerriere failed to cripple Constitution at long range, the ships closed. At Hull's command, Constitution's starboard guns fired a 'double-shotted' broadside, causing significant damage. Within fifteen minutes, Guerriere's mizzen mast fell, and its main yard was injured. As the ships became entangled, Guerriere's foremast and mainmast also fell, leaving it a wreck. The Constitution then stood off to repair rigging before returning to find Guerriere signaling surrender.

What was the origin of the USS Constitution's nickname 'Old Ironsides'?

The nickname 'Old Ironsides' originated during the battle with HMS Guerriere. A seaman, Moses Smith, recalled that when a large shot from the enemy struck the Constitution's hull, the plank was so hard that the shot fell out and sank. This led to the cry, 'Huzza! Her sides are made of iron! See where the shot fell-out!', thus garnishing the ship with its famous title.

What were the casualties for both sides in the battle between USS Constitution and HMS Guerriere?

In the battle between USS Constitution and HMS Guerriere, the American side suffered seven sailors killed and seven wounded. The crew of HMS Guerriere sustained heavier casualties, with 15 killed, 78 wounded, and 257 captured.

How did Captain Hull treat the defeated Captain Dacres after the battle?

Captain Hull was a magnanimous victor, complementing Captain Dacres and his crew on their courage. After Dacres presented his sword as a sign of surrender, Hull graciously returned it, showing respect for his defeated adversary.

What happened to HMS Guerriere after its capture by the USS Constitution?

After its capture, HMS Guerriere was deemed a complete wreck. The prisoners and their baggage were removed, and a surgeon's mate was sent to assist the wounded. On August 20, 1812, the prize ship was set on fire and subsequently blew up.

What was the national impact of Hull's victory over HMS Guerriere?

Hull's victory over HMS Guerriere electrified the United States and made Captain Hull a national hero. It demonstrated that the relatively small U.S. Navy could effectively challenge British command of the sea, boosting national pride and confidence during the War of 1812.

What awards and recognition did Isaac Hull and his crew receive for the victory against HMS Guerriere?

For his achievement against HMS Guerriere, the U.S. Congress voted Captain Hull a gold medal, with silver copies awarded to his commissioned officers. Additionally, the entire crew of the USS Constitution shared $50,000 in prize money for the destruction of the British frigate.

What was Isaac Hull's role for the remainder of the War of 1812?

For the remainder of the War of 1812, Isaac Hull commanded the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, from April 9, 1813, until July 1, 1815.

What were the main activities at the Portsmouth Navy Yard during Hull's command?

During Isaac Hull's tenure as commandant of the Portsmouth Navy Yard, the primary focus was on fitting out the USS Congress, constructing the USS Washington, and improving the defense of the navy yard itself.

What significant innovation did Hull introduce at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, and why?

One of the most important innovations during Hull's command at Portsmouth was the construction of a shiphouse. Being a Connecticut native, Hull understood the need for cover during the long, cold New England winters to protect workers and vessels, believing it would save costs in labor and prevent damage to ship frames.

What was the Board of Navy Commissioners, and what authority did it have?

The Board of Navy Commissioners (BNC) was a body on which Hull served from 1815 to 1817. It had authority over the procurement of naval stores, supplies, and materials related to the construction and outfitting of naval vessels, armament, equipment, and oversight of naval shipyards, stations, and drydocks, as well as regulating civilian employment and pay.

What were the BNC's recommendations regarding U.S. Navy Yards, and which ones were deemed suitable for large ship construction?

The Board of Navy Commissioners found shortcomings in all existing navy yards. They recommended that only Portsmouth and Boston Navy Yards were suitable for building large ships in all seasons, while Baltimore, Norfolk, and Charleston navy yards were recommended for closure, though only Baltimore and Charleston were eventually phased out.

What specific criticisms did the BNC have about the Washington Navy Yard in 1815?

The Board of Navy Commissioners was highly critical of the Washington Navy Yard, noting that its shallow navigation and obstructions from the sea made it unsuitable for most purposes other than as a building yard. They also criticized its business practices, including the employment of 'characters unsuited for the public service' and 'unmanageable slaves' for the accommodation of various individuals, advocating for employment solely for public advantage and economy.

What challenges did Isaac Hull face during his command of the Charlestown Navy Yard?

Isaac Hull's command at the Charlestown Navy Yard (Boston Navy Yard) was hindered by his unfamiliarity with managing a large shore installation and its civilian workforce. He also faced public accusations from senior and junior naval officers, leading to a Naval Court of Inquiry.

What was the outcome of the Naval Court of Inquiry into Hull's conduct at Charlestown Navy Yard?

A Naval Court of Inquiry met in Charlestown in August 1822 and, on October 15, 1822, found that Hull had acted properly and within his authority, deeming his official duties 'correct and meritorious.' However, the court did caution him about placing personal property in public stores and using navy yard mechanics and laborers for private purposes.

What was Isaac Hull's next assignment after his command at Charlestown Navy Yard?

After his command at Charlestown Navy Yard, Isaac Hull commanded the Pacific Squadron, operating out of South America, from 1823 to 1827, aboard the USS United States.

When did Isaac Hull assume command of the Washington Navy Yard for his second tenure, and what was the state of shipbuilding there?

Commodore Hull assumed command of the Washington Navy Yard (WNY) on April 11, 1829, with a thirteen-gun salute. During his five-year tenure, shipbuilding dramatically declined, with only one naval vessel, the schooner USS Experiment, being built, as the yard shifted focus to ordnance production due to the shallow Anacostia River channel.

What issues did Hull discover regarding the workforce at the Washington Navy Yard during his second command?

Upon taking command of the Washington Navy Yard, Hull discovered a violation of navy regulations concerning the employment of slaves by naval yard officers. He also noted constant competition for jobs, with white workers fearing that competition from enslaved and free blacks would depress wage scales.

How did Isaac Hull demonstrate a conflicted stance on matters of race during his time at Washington Navy Yard?

Isaac Hull demonstrated a conflicted stance on race by purchasing an enslaved black man, John Ambler, as his 'servant' upon arriving in Washington D.C. However, he later manumitted Ambler upon leaving the navy yard and intervened to secure Ambler's discharge from a naval vessel, indicating a personal evolution or internal conflict regarding slavery.

How did Michael Shiner remember Commodore Hull's actions regarding his family?

African American diarist Michael Shiner remembered Commodore Hull fondly for his assistance in securing the release of Shiner's wife and children from a slave dealer. Shiner expressed great obligation to Hull for his kindness during this difficult time.

What factors led to the WNY Strike of 1835?

The WNY Strike of 1835 was triggered by Hull's orders limiting workers' lunch periods and what they could bring into the navy yard, following alleged thefts of government property. However, Hull also speculated that underlying causes included the ten-hour day movement, the Board of Navy Commissioners' resistance to reducing the workweek, and calls for a general strike by Philadelphia shipyard workers.

How did the Washington Navy Yard workers perceive Hull's management style, and what physical condition might have contributed to this perception?

The Washington Navy Yard workers felt Hull often treated them with 'silent contempt.' This perception was likely exacerbated by his deafness, which could have made him seem aloof or unresponsive to their concerns.

How did the WNY Strike of 1835 escalate beyond a labor dispute?

The WNY Strike of 1835 quickly escalated into the infamous Snow Riot. Angry white workers, now unemployed, directed their resentment towards the black community, fueled by a false rumor that free black restaurant owner Beverley Snow had disparaged their wives, leading to widespread unrest in the city.

What was President Andrew Jackson's involvement in the 1835 Washington Navy Yard strike?

The strikers sent a delegation to President Andrew Jackson, who was sympathetic to their cause. They pleaded for his intervention, referring to Commodore Hull's order as 'despotic,' indicating the high-level attention the labor dispute received.

How was the 1835 Washington Navy Yard strike resolved, and what were its immediate consequences for the workers?

The 1835 Washington Navy Yard strike was resolved after nearly two weeks through mediation by Dr. Alexander A. McWilliams, who arranged a compromise. The strikers withdrew their charges against Hull and were allowed to return to work, but they suffered financially and their precarious bargaining position was exposed.

What was the lasting legacy of the 1835 Washington Navy Yard strike and Snow Riot?

The strike and riot left a legacy of deep and abiding racial mistrust within the workforce. For the next century, this event was considered an embarrassment and was often glossed over or disassociated from the official history of the Washington Navy Yard.

What was Isaac Hull's final naval command?

Isaac Hull's final naval command was from 1839 to 1841, when he commanded the USS Ohio, which served as the flagship of the European Squadron. This squadron also included the frigate USS Brandywine and sloops-of-war USS Preble and USS Cyane.

Where and when did Commodore Isaac Hull die, and where was he buried?

Commodore Isaac Hull died at the age of 69 on February 13, 1843, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

What civil structures and locations are named in honor of Isaac Hull?

Several civil structures and locations are named in honor of Isaac Hull, including the Commodore Isaac Hull Memorial Bridge spanning the Housatonic River between Derby and Shelton, Hull Avenue in the Bronx, New York, Hull Street in Richmond, Virginia, Hull Street in Montgomery, Alabama, and Hull Street in Savannah, Georgia. Additionally, Fort Hull, built during the Creek War, was named after him.

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Overview

A Distinguished Naval Career

Commodore Isaac Hull (March 9, 1773 – February 13, 1843) was a prominent officer in the United States Navy, whose career spanned critical periods in American history, including the Quasi-War, the Barbary Wars, and the War of 1812. His leadership and strategic acumen were instrumental in shaping the nascent U.S. Navy.

Commander of Legendary Vessels

Throughout his service, Hull commanded several significant warships, including the USS Argus, USS Chesapeake, USS President, and most famously, the USS Constitution. His command of 'Old Ironsides' during the War of 1812 led to one of the most celebrated naval victories in American history.

The Triumph of the Constitution

Hull's most notable achievement was the capture of the British frigate HMS Guerriere during the War of 1812. This decisive victory not only elevated Hull to national hero status but also served as a powerful symbol of American naval capability against the formidable British fleet. His strategic brilliance and the superior training of his crew were key factors in this engagement.

Early Life

Formative Years in Connecticut

Born on March 9, 1773, in Derby, Connecticut (with some historical accounts suggesting Huntington, now Shelton, Connecticut), Isaac Hull's early life was deeply intertwined with maritime pursuits. He frequently accompanied his father, Joseph, a mariner, on voyages ranging from local trips to extensive journeys to the West Indies, gaining invaluable practical experience at sea from a young age.

Mentorship and Merchant Service

Following the untimely death of his father, Hull was adopted by his uncle, William Hull, a distinguished veteran of the American Revolutionary War. This familial connection likely instilled in him a sense of patriotic duty and military discipline. By the mid-1790s, Hull had ascended to command several merchant vessels, a period during which he also experienced the perils of the sea, losing some ships to French Republic privateers, which underscored the volatile geopolitical landscape of the era.

Naval Service

Early Naval Distinctions

Hull commenced his formal naval career on March 9, 1798, receiving a commission as a lieutenant in the newly established United States Navy. His initial years were marked by distinguished service aboard the heavy frigate USS Constitution during the undeclared Quasi-War with France. Serving as first lieutenant and executive officer under Captain Silas Talbot, Hull gained critical experience in managing a warship, a period his biographer Linda M. Maloney identifies as a "formative influence" on his career, shaping his approach to naval leadership, moderation, and crew training.

Barbary Wars and Rapid Ascent

The escalating conflicts with the Barbary states in 1802 saw Hull deployed to the Mediterranean Sea as first lieutenant of the frigate USS Adams. His command capabilities quickly became evident, leading him to command the schooner USS Enterprise and later the brig USS Argus. His effectiveness and reliability earned him rapid promotions, reaching the rank of master commandant on May 18, 1804, and full captain in 1806. Midshipman Henry Wadsworth's journal entry from August 10, 1803, highlights Hull's decisive action and keen judgment during a chase involving a Sardinian galley, underscoring his growing reputation.

Pre-War Commands and Challenges

In the years leading up to the War of 1812, Hull oversaw the construction of gunboats and, between 1809 and 1810, commanded the frigates USS Chesapeake, USS President, and eventually, his beloved USS Constitution. His command of USS Chesapeake was notable for his efforts to enforce trade embargoes and his constant struggle with crew recruitment and desertion, a pervasive issue in the voluntary U.S. Navy of the era. Despite implementing strict measures, including confinement and, on occasion, flogging for serious offenses, Hull generally discouraged harsh punishments for trivial infractions, reflecting the lessons learned from his mentor, Talbot.

The Constitution

Master of 'Old Ironsides'

Assuming command of the USS Constitution in June 1810, Captain Isaac Hull found his true calling. He meticulously trained his young officers and enlisted men, many of whom were new to naval service, with daily gunnery drills to instill confidence and competence. His leadership style, characterized by a balance of strict discipline and concern for his crew's welfare, made him one of the most popular captains in the service. Hull's exceptional seamanship and navigational skills were soon to be tested on the high seas.

The Great Escape of July 1812

As the War of 1812 erupted, Hull's strategic prowess was immediately evident. In July 1812, the Constitution found itself pursued by five ships of the formidable British Halifax Squadron for an arduous 64 hours. Through ingenious tactics, including warping his ship ahead and using longboats to tow the frigate, Hull skillfully evaded capture. This remarkable escape solidified his reputation for courage, daring, and unparalleled seamanship, demonstrating the capabilities of American naval strategy.

Victory over HMS Guerriere

On August 19, 1812, the USS Constitution engaged the British frigate HMS Guerriere in a legendary battle. Hull's calm command, instructing his gunners, "No firing at random. Let every man look well to his aim," proved decisive. The Constitution's "double-shotted" broadsides at close range inflicted catastrophic damage, dismasting the Guerriere and rendering her a wreck. The battle, which saw 7 American casualties against 93 British, earned the Constitution its famous nickname, "Old Ironsides," and propelled Hull to national heroism, signaling a new era for the U.S. Navy.

The engagement was a testament to American naval training and ship construction. Key moments included:

Initial Maneuvers: Captain James Richard Dacres of Guerriere initially attempted to cripple Constitution from a distance, but Hull's ship proved too resilient.
Close-Quarters Combat: Hull waited until the ships were "less than a pistol shot" apart before unleashing a devastating broadside.
Structural Damage: Within fifteen minutes, Guerriere lost her mizzen mast, main yard, foremast, main mast, and jib boom, leaving her a helpless hulk.
The "Iron Sides" Legend: A British shot reportedly struck the Constitution's hull and fell out, leading to the cry, "Huzza! Her sides are made of iron!"
Aftermath: Hull, a magnanimous victor, returned Captain Dacres' sword. The severely damaged Guerriere was deemed unsalvageable and was set ablaze and blown up the following day.

For this triumph, Congress awarded Hull a gold medal, his commissioned officers received silver copies, and the entire crew shared $50,000 in prize money.

Shore Duty

Portsmouth Navy Yard Command

Following his heroic victory, Hull was assigned command of the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, from April 1813 to July 1815. His tenure focused on critical wartime efforts, including the fitting out of USS Congress, the construction of USS Washington, and enhancing the yard's defenses. A significant innovation under his leadership was the construction of a shiphouse in December 1813, providing essential cover for shipbuilding during the harsh New England winters and demonstrating his practical approach to naval infrastructure.

Board of Navy Commissioners

From 1815 to 1817, Hull served on the Board of Navy Commissioners (BNC) in Washington D.C., alongside Commodores David Porter and John Rodgers. This board held significant authority over naval procurement, ship outfitting, armament, and oversight of naval shipyards. The BNC's critical report highlighted shortcomings in existing yards, recommending that only Portsmouth and Boston were suitable for large ship construction year-round. They also criticized the Washington Navy Yard for its shallow navigation and "unsuited" employment practices, issues Hull would later confront directly.

Charlestown & Washington Yards

Hull's command of the Charlestown Navy Yard (Boston Navy Yard) was challenging, marked by administrative unfamiliarity and public accusations from officers and civilians, leading to a Naval Court of Inquiry in 1822. While largely exonerated, the experience left him disillusioned. Later, as Commandant of the Washington Navy Yard (1829–1835), Hull faced a shift towards ordnance production and a complex workforce of white mechanics, laborers, and enslaved and free blacks. His efforts to reform employment practices and address alleged thefts led to significant labor unrest, culminating in the 1835 WNY Strike and the infamous Snow Riot, a period of racial discord and social upheaval that deeply affected Hull and ultimately led to his departure.

The 1835 Washington Navy Yard strike was a multifaceted event:

Immediate Cause: Hull's orders limiting lunch breaks and items brought into the yard, prompted by concerns over government property theft.
Underlying Tensions: The strike was fueled by the broader ten-hour day movement, the Board of Navy Commissioners' resistance to reducing the workweek, and the influence of other shipyard workers advocating for general strikes.
Racial Discord: The strike quickly escalated into the Snow Riot, as unemployed white workers, inflamed by false rumors, targeted the black community, highlighting deep-seated racial resentments and economic anxieties.
Presidential Intervention: President Andrew Jackson, sympathetic to the strikers, intervened, describing Hull's order as "despotic."
Resolution and Aftermath: A mediated compromise allowed workers to return, but they suffered financial losses, and the event exposed the fragility of their bargaining power and exacerbated racial mistrust. Hull, deeply offended by the conduct of the strikers and the pressure for compromise, requested a leave of absence and never returned to the Washington Navy Yard.

Later Life

European Squadron Command

From 1839 to 1841, Commodore Hull assumed command of the European Squadron, with USS Ohio serving as his flagship. This squadron also included the frigate USS Brandywine and the sloops-of-war USS Preble and USS Cyane. This final major command saw him overseeing American naval interests abroad, a testament to his enduring reputation and trust within the Navy despite the challenges faced in his shore assignments.

Retirement and Passing

After a distinguished career spanning over four decades, Commodore Isaac Hull was rendered unfit for further active service due to age and declining health. He spent his final two years on leave, eventually passing away at the age of 69 on February 13, 1843, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His remains were interred at the historic Laurel Hill Cemetery, marking the end of a life dedicated to the service and defense of the United States.

Legacy

Honored in Naval Tradition

Isaac Hull's profound impact on the United States Navy is commemorated through the naming of five naval vessels in his honor: USS Commodore Hull, USS Hull (DD-7), USS Hull (DD-330), USS Hull (DD-350), and USS Hull (DD-945). These ships serve as a continuous reminder of his contributions to American naval power and his iconic victory aboard the USS Constitution.

Enduring Public Recognition

Beyond naval vessels, Hull's legacy is etched into the American landscape. The Commodore Isaac Hull Memorial Bridge, spanning the Housatonic River between Derby and Shelton, Connecticut, stands as a testament to his local origins and national significance. Additionally, several streets across the United States, including Hull Avenue in The Bronx, New York, Hull Street in Richmond, Virginia, Hull Street in Montgomery, Alabama, and Hull Street in Savannah, Georgia, bear his name, often alongside other naval heroes of his era. Fort Hull, a fortification built during the Creek War, was also named in his honor, further cementing his place in American history.

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References

Toll, Ian W. Six Frigates The Epic History of the Founding of The U.S. Navy Norton: New York 2006 p. 337.

Maloney, Linda M. The Captain from Connecticut: The Life and Naval Times of Isaac Hull. Northeastern University Press: Boston, 1986 p. 60.

McKee, Christopher A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession The Creation of the U.S.Naval Officer Corps, 1794â1815 Naval Institute Press: Annapolis 1991, p. 471.

Naval Documents related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers, Volume II, Parts 2 of 3, United States Government Printing Office: Washington DC 1940, p. 509.

Brodine, Charles E., Crawford, Michael and Hughes, Christine (2007). Ironside! The Ship, the Men and the Wars of the USS Constitution, Fireship Press, p. 22.

Dudley, William S. The Naval War of 1812 Volume I, Naval Historical Center: Washington DC 1985, pp. 160â161.

The War of 1812 Writings from America's Second War of Independence editor Donald R. Hickey Library of America: New York, 2013, p. 125.

Logbooks and Journals 1798â1934 of the USS Constitution,, August 9, 1812, NARA Washington D.C Microfilm 1030, Reel 1 RG24.

Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, editor William S. Dudley, U.S. Naval Historical Center, Washington DC 1985, pp. 240â241.

Borneman, Walter R. 1812: The War That Forged a Nation. New York: Harper Perennial, 2004, p. 87.

Sonnebon, Liz The War of 1812: History of the American Second War of Independence A Primary Source, Rosen Publishing Group, 2004, p. 25.

McKee, Christopher A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession The Creation of the U.S.Naval Officer Corps, 1794â1815 Naval Institute Press: Annapolis 1991, pp. 468â471.

Henry, George (1892). A History of the United States Navy Yard Portsmouth N.H Preble, Government Printing Office: Washington DC. pp. 29â39.

The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Volume II, editor William S. Dudley U.S. Naval Historical Center, Washington DC 1992, p. 196.

Schroeder, John H. (2006). Commodore John Rodgers: Paragon of the Early American Navy. University of Florida Press: Gainesville, p. 151.

Peck, Taylor, Roundâshot to Rockets: A History of the Washington Navy Yard and U.S. Naval Gun Factory (Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1949), pp. 263â264.

Brown, Gordon S. The Captain Who Burned His Ships Captain Thomas Tingey, USN, 1750â1829 Naval Institute Press: Annapolis 2011, p. 147.

Sharp, John G. Washington Navy Yard Payroll April 1829 Genealogy Trails

Papers of Isaac Hull Commodore United States Navy, editor Allen, Gardner Weld The Boston Athenaeum 1929, pp. 80â81, 88â89.

Sharp, John G., The Diary of Michael Shiner Relating to the History of the Washington Navy Yard 1813â1869 Naval History and Heritage Command, 2015, p. 54.

Sharp, John G. History of the Washington Navy Yard Civilian Workforce 1799â1962 Vindolanda Press: Stockton, 2005, pp. 19â22.

Seaton, Josephine. William Winston Seaton of the National Intelligencer: A Biographical Sketch James R. Osgood: Boston, 1871, p. 217.

Sharp, John G. M., History of the Washington Navy Yard Civilian Workforce 1799â1962 Vindolanda Press: Stockton 2005, pp. 19â22.

Allen, Gardner Weld, Commodore Hull: Papers of Isaac Hull, Commodore United States Navy. The Boston Athenaeum: Boston, 1929, p. 98.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Isaac Hull Wikipedia page

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Navigating the Tides of Command

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 📜

🎖️ A Distinguished Naval Career

🚢 Commander of Legendary Vessels

🏆 The Triumph of the Constitution

Early Life upbringing

👶 Formative Years in Connecticut

👨‍👦 Mentorship and Merchant Service

Naval Service ⚓

commissioning Early Naval Distinctions

⚔️ Barbary Wars and Rapid Ascent

🛠️ Pre-War Commands and Challenges

The Constitution 🌟

⛵ Master of 'Old Ironsides'

💨 The Great Escape of July 1812

💥 Victory over HMS Guerriere

Shore Duty 🏛️

🏗️ Portsmouth Navy Yard Command

⚖️ Board of Navy Commissioners

turbulent Charlestown & Washington Yards

Later Life 🌅

🌍 European Squadron Command

🕊️ Retirement and Passing

Legacy 🌟

🚢 Honored in Naval Tradition

🌉 Enduring Public Recognition

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Overview

A Distinguished Naval Career

Commander of Legendary Vessels

The Triumph of the Constitution

Early Life

Formative Years in Connecticut

Mentorship and Merchant Service

Naval Service

Early Naval Distinctions

Barbary Wars and Rapid Ascent

Pre-War Commands and Challenges

The Constitution

Master of 'Old Ironsides'

The Great Escape of July 1812

Victory over HMS Guerriere

Shore Duty

Portsmouth Navy Yard Command

Board of Navy Commissioners

Charlestown & Washington Yards

Later Life

European Squadron Command

Retirement and Passing

Legacy

Honored in Naval Tradition

Enduring Public Recognition

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice