What are the Synoptic Gospels, and what do they collectively describe concerning Jesus?

The Synoptic Gospels, which include the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, collectively describe several instances where Jesus predicted his own death. The article notes that the first two occasions build up to a final prediction of his crucifixion.

What specific event does Matthew's Gospel add regarding Jesus' predictions before entering Jerusalem?

Matthew's Gospel includes an additional prediction, occurring before Jesus and his disciples entered Jerusalem, stating that he would be crucified there.

What is the estimated timeframe for the writing of the Gospel of Mark, and why is it considered significant in this context?

The Gospel of Mark is generally agreed by scholars to be the earliest Gospel, written around the year 70 AD. Its early dating makes its accounts of Jesus' predictions significant for understanding the traditions available to the early Church.

How many times does the Gospel of Mark record Jesus predicting his own death?

The Gospel of Mark records Jesus predicting his death three times. These predictions are found in Mark 8:31-33, Mark 9:30-32, and Mark 10:32-34.

What scholarly debate exists regarding the authenticity or formulation of Jesus' death predictions in Mark's Gospel?

Some scholars, like Walter Schmithals, suggest that certain predictions might be redactional formulations by the author, though he acknowledges "vexing questions" related to these sayings. However, other scholars analyze these arguments and believe the sayings are historical, with no definitive consensus reached among scholars.

Describe the context and content of the first prediction of Jesus' death in the Gospel of Mark.

The first prediction occurs near Caesarea Philippi, immediately after Peter proclaimed Jesus as the Messiah. Jesus told his followers that the "Son of Man" must suffer many things, be rejected by the elders, chief priests, and teachers of the law, be killed, and rise again after three days.

How did Peter react to Jesus' first prediction of his death, and what was Jesus' response?

Peter objected to Jesus' prediction, saying, "Far be it from you, Lord; this shall not happen to you!" Jesus responded by rebuking Peter, saying, "Get behind me, Satan! You do not have in mind the things of God, but the things of men."

What is the significance of the location, Caesarea Philippi, in relation to Jesus' first prediction of his death in Mark's Gospel?

The first prediction in Mark's Gospel occurs near Caesarea Philippi, immediately following Peter's confession of Jesus as the Messiah. This timing suggests a connection between Jesus' identity and his foretold suffering.

What specific phrase does Jesus use in Mark 8:31-33 to describe the suffering the Son of Man must endure?

In Mark 8:31-33, Jesus states that the Son of Man "must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests and teachers of the law, and that he must be killed and after three days rise again."

How does Matthew 16:21-23 describe Jesus beginning to inform his disciples about his impending suffering and death?

Matthew 16:21-23 states that "from that time" Jesus began to show his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem, suffer many things from the elders, chief priests, and scribes, be killed, and be raised on the third day. This passage also includes Peter's objection and Jesus' rebuke.

In what ways does Luke's account of Jesus' predictions differ from Matthew's and Mark's?

Luke's Gospel tends to shorten the accounts of these predictions. For instance, Luke 9:22 shortens the first prediction by dropping the dialogue between Jesus and Peter, and Luke 9:43-45 notes that the disciples did not understand the second prediction and were afraid to ask.

What details are provided in the second prediction of Jesus' death as found in Matthew 17:22-23 and Mark 9:30-32?

Both passages state that the Son of Man is about to be betrayed into the hands of men, that they will kill him, and that he will rise on the third day. Matthew notes the disciples were exceedingly sorrowful, while Mark mentions they did not understand and were afraid to ask.

What does the table show about the disciples' reaction to the second prediction of Jesus' death in Matthew 17:22-23?

Following the second prediction in Matthew 17:22-23, the text states that the disciples "were exceedingly sorrowful."

How does the Gospel of Luke's account of the second prediction (Luke 9:43-45) describe the disciples' state of mind?

According to Luke 9:43-45, after Jesus' second prediction, the disciples did not understand the saying, and it was hidden from them, causing them to be afraid to ask him about it.

What specific elements of Jesus' suffering are mentioned in the third prediction recorded in Matthew 20:17-19?

In this third prediction, Jesus states that he will be betrayed to the chief priests and scribes, condemned to death, delivered to the Gentiles, mocked, flogged, and crucified, with a resurrection on the third day.

What is the significance of the fourth prediction in Matthew 26:1-2 concerning the timing and context of Jesus' impending crucifixion?

The fourth prediction, found in Matthew 26:1-2, occurs immediately before the plot against Jesus by the religious leaders. It states, "As you know, the Passover is two days away — and the Son of Man will be handed over to be crucified."

What is the scholarly consensus regarding the presence of Jesus' death predictions in the Q source?

The Q source, a hypothetical collection of Jesus' sayings believed to have been used by the authors of Matthew and Luke alongside Mark, is not considered by scholars to contain any predictions of Jesus' death.

In John's Gospel, what analogy does Jesus use when speaking with Nicodemus about his future "lifting up"?

In his conversation with Nicodemus, Jesus points Nicodemus towards his death by saying, "Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness, so the Son of Man must be lifted up."

What Old Testament event is referenced by Jesus' statement about being "lifted up" in John's Gospel?

Jesus' statement refers to the event in Numbers 21:4-9, where Moses raised a bronze statue of a serpent on a pole in the wilderness to heal the Israelites who looked upon it. This analogy connects Jesus' impending death to a means of salvation.

How does the Gospel of John describe Jesus preparing his disciples for his departure in chapters 12-17?

In chapters 12 to 17, the Gospel of John mentions several occasions where Jesus prepared his disciples for his departure, referring to it as his "glorification."

What analogy does Jesus use in John 12:23-24 to explain the necessity of his death for future fruitfulness?

Jesus uses the analogy of a grain of wheat, stating, "Unless a grain of wheat falls into the ground and dies, it remains alone; but if it dies, it produces much grain." This illustrates that his death is necessary for spiritual fruitfulness.

What common element is consistently present in the predictions of Jesus' death across the Synoptic Gospels?

A common element across the Synoptic Gospels is Jesus foretelling his own death and resurrection after three days.

Summarize the key details of Jesus' first prediction of his death as recorded in Matthew 16:21-23.

Matthew 16:21-23 states that Jesus began to show his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem, suffer many things from the elders, chief priests, and scribes, be killed, and be raised the third day. It also includes Peter's rebuke and Jesus' response.

How does the table compare the disciples' understanding of Jesus' predictions across the Synoptic Gospels?

The table indicates that in Matthew 17:22-23 and Mark 9:30-32, the disciples did not understand the sayings about Jesus' death and resurrection, with Mark noting they were afraid to ask. Luke 9:43-45 similarly states they did not understand and were afraid to ask, while Luke 18:31-34 explicitly says they understood none of these things and the saying was hidden from them.

What specific details about the manner of Jesus' death are mentioned in the third prediction as recorded in Matthew, Mark, and Luke?

The third prediction, found in Matthew 20:17-19, Mark 10:32-34, and Luke 18:31-34, consistently mentions that Jesus will be delivered to the Gentiles, mocked, insulted, spat upon, scourged, and killed. Matthew specifically includes crucifixion.

What is the significance of Matthew 26:32 in relation to Jesus' predictions?

Matthew 26:32 is cited in the table as a statement by Jesus, "But after I have risen, I will go ahead of you into Galilee," which follows his predictions of death and resurrection.

What are the various meanings attributed to the term "Son of Man" in different contexts?

The term "Son of Man" can refer to all mankind or humanity as a whole, a human being (as opposed to God), a personal pronoun (like "I" or "myself"), a sinner or unjust person (contrasted with a just person), and the Messiah or awaited king.

Who constituted the "elders," "chief priests," and "scribes" Jesus predicted would reject the Son of Man during the Second Temple period?

During the Second Temple period, "elders" referred to members of the Sanhedrin, "chief priests" were the high priests, and "scribes" were the successors of Ezra who served as teachers of the Law.

Which specific Jewish leaders are identified in John 18 as having tried Jesus?

According to John 18, Jesus was tried by the two chief priests of that time, Annas and Caiaphas.

Why is the prediction of the Son of Man being crucified by Gentiles historically significant?

The prediction is significant because Judaism did not permit crucifixion as a punishment, whereas ancient Roman law did allow for the crucifixion of certain individuals, such as slaves and pirates. This indicates the prediction aligns with Roman practices of capital punishment.

What does the text state about the Jewish legal stance on crucifixion?

The text explicitly states that Judaism does not allow crucifixion as a means of punishment.

What Old Testament passage is referenced in relation to Jesus' prediction in Mark 9:32, as noted in the article?

The article notes that the prediction given by Jesus in Mark 9:32 has one of its main references in the Book of Wisdom, specifically citing verses 2:12 and 2:17-20 (KJV translation).

What specific groups in Jewish society during the Second Temple period are identified as the recipients of Jesus' predicted betrayal?

Jesus predicted that the Son of Man would be handed over to the elders, the chief priests, and the scribes, who were key religious and political authorities in Jewish society during the Second Temple period.

What does the article state about the Roman legal context for crucifixion?

Ancient Roman law permitted crucifixion as a form of capital punishment for certain individuals, such as slaves and pirates, which is relevant to Jesus' prediction of being crucified by the Gentiles.

What is the primary focus of the article "Jesus predicts his death"?

The primary focus of the article is to detail the instances recorded in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) where Jesus predicted his own death, including the context, specific wording, and scholarly interpretations.

What scholarly perspective exists regarding the "Passion" predictions in Mark's Gospel?

Some scholars analyze the verses where Jesus appears to predict his Passion, suggesting they might represent earlier traditions available to the author, while others, like Walter Schmithals, propose redactional formulation by the author, though noting complexities.

What is the difference in the disciples' comprehension of Jesus' predictions between the first and third instances as presented in the table?

While the disciples generally did not understand Jesus' predictions of his death, the table shows that after the first prediction (Matthew 16, Mark 8), Peter objected, and Jesus rebuked him. After the third prediction (Matthew 20, Mark 10, Luke 18), the text explicitly states they understood none of these things, and the saying was hidden from them.

What does the term "gentile" mean in the context of Jesus' predictions?

In the context of Jesus' predictions, the Hebrew word "gentile" refers to non-Jewish people.

What is the significance of the comparison table in the article regarding Jesus' predictions?

The comparison table provides a structured overview of the predictions of Jesus' death and resurrection as recorded in Matthew, Mark, and Luke, highlighting similarities and differences in their accounts, such as the details of the suffering and the disciples' reactions.

What does the article state about the potential use of the "Son of Man" title by Jesus himself?

The article explains that the term "Son of Man" had multiple meanings, including a personal pronoun, and was used by Jesus to refer to himself, often in the context of his suffering and resurrection.

How did the disciples' reaction to Jesus' predictions evolve across the different instances mentioned?

The disciples' reaction consistently involved a lack of understanding and fear. In the first instance, Peter objected and was rebuked; in subsequent instances, they were sorrowful, afraid, or simply did not comprehend Jesus' words, with the saying often being hidden from them.

What is the relationship between Jesus' prediction of being "lifted up" in John's Gospel and the Old Testament serpent incident?

Jesus' statement in John's Gospel that the "Son of Man must be lifted up" directly parallels the Old Testament account in Numbers 21:4-9, where Moses lifted a bronze serpent on a pole to heal the Israelites. This analogy links Jesus' death on the cross to a means of salvation for humanity.

What does the article suggest about the timing of Jesus' predictions of his death relative to his entry into Jerusalem?

The article notes that Matthew's Gospel includes a prediction of crucifixion before Jesus and his disciples enter Jerusalem, indicating that some predictions occurred as Jesus approached the city for his final Passover.

What specific groups within the Jewish leadership are mentioned as being involved in the condemnation and betrayal of Jesus according to the predictions?

The predictions consistently mention that Jesus would be betrayed to and condemned by the elders, chief priests, and scribes, who represented the established religious authorities of Judaism during that period.

Echoes of the Cross

An academic exploration of the Gospel accounts detailing Jesus' foreknowledge of his crucifixion, examining the Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John.

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Article Context

Information Gap

This article is noted as missing specific information regarding Luke's treatment of the topic. Further details or scholarly discussion may be available on the associated talk page.

Theological Essence

Predictive Prophecy

Across the Synoptic Gospels—Matthew, Mark, and Luke—there are multiple accounts where Jesus explicitly predicts his own impending death. These prophecies serve as foundational elements in understanding the narrative arc of his ministry, culminating in his crucifixion. The Gospel of Matthew additionally records a prediction made as Jesus and his disciples approached Jerusalem, foretelling his crucifixion there.^[2]

Temporal Significance

The predictions are often situated within specific moments of Jesus' journey and teaching. The initial predictions build towards the ultimate foretelling of his crucifixion, highlighting a deliberate and conscious movement towards his fate. This foreknowledge is central to Christian theological interpretations of sacrifice and redemption.

Ancient Depiction

Early Christian art, such as catacomb paintings dating from before the third century, offers visual context for the period, depicting Jesus and his disciples.

Gospel of Mark

Early Traditions

The Gospel of Mark, widely considered the earliest Gospel written around 70 CE, records Jesus predicting his death on three distinct occasions. These are found in Mark 8:31-33, 9:30-32, and 10:32-34. Scholars suggest these passages reflect early traditions available to the author, though debates persist regarding redactional elements versus historical accuracy.^[3]^[4]^[5]

First Prediction & Rebuke

Following Peter's confession near Caesarea Philippi, Jesus first states that the "Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, the chief priests and the teachers of the law, and that he must be killed and after three days rise again." When Peter objects, Jesus rebukes him, saying, "Get behind me, Satan! You do not have in mind the things of God, but the things of men." (Mark 8:31-33).^[7]

Subsequent Warnings

The second prediction occurs as Jesus and his disciples travel through Galilee (Mark 9:30-32), where he again states the Son of Man will be betrayed, killed, and resurrected on the third day. The disciples' lack of understanding and fear is noted.^[11] The third prediction, in Mark 10:32-34, explicitly details the betrayal, condemnation, mocking, flogging, and crucifixion by the Gentiles, followed by resurrection.^[12]

Gospel of Matthew

Parallel Accounts

The Gospel of Matthew presents similar accounts to Mark, often elaborating on the disciples' reactions. Matthew 16:21-28 includes the first prediction and Peter's rebuke, mirroring Mark's narrative.^[8]

Specificity of Crucifixion

Matthew's account in 20:17-19 is particularly explicit, stating that Jesus, on the way to Jerusalem, foretold his betrayal to the chief priests and scribes, who would condemn him to death and deliver him to the Gentiles for mocking, flogging, and crucifixion, with resurrection on the third day.^[12] A further prediction before the Passover feast (Matthew 26:1-2) reiterates the impending betrayal and crucifixion.

Disciples' Comprehension

The disciples' lack of full comprehension is a recurring theme. For instance, after the second prediction (Matthew 17:22-23), they are described as "exceedingly sorrowful."^[9] This highlights the difficulty they had in reconciling Jesus' suffering with their expectations of a triumphant Messiah.

Gospel of John

Symbolic Language

The Gospel of John employs more symbolic language to convey Jesus' foreknowledge. In his conversation with Nicodemus, Jesus speaks of the "Son of Man must be lifted up," drawing a parallel to Moses lifting the bronze serpent in the wilderness (Numbers 21:4-9), intimating his own future exaltation through death.^[14]^[15]

The Grain of Wheat Analogy

In John chapters 12-17, Jesus prepares his disciples for his departure, referring to it as his "glorification." He uses the analogy of a grain of wheat: "Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains a single grain; but if it dies, it bears much fruit." (John 12:23-24).^[16]^[17] This metaphor links his death to future fruitfulness and the expansion of his message.

Synoptic Comparison

Predictive Patterns

The Synoptic Gospels consistently report Jesus predicting his death and resurrection. While the specific wording and context vary slightly, the core message remains the same: suffering, death, and a third-day resurrection. The disciples' reactions—ranging from objection to incomprehension—are also a common thread.

Matthew	Mark	Luke
Matthew 16:21-23: Jesus begins to show disciples He must go to Jerusalem, suffer, be killed, and rise. Peter rebukes Him; Jesus calls him Satan. (Matthew 16:21–23)	Mark 8:31-33: Jesus teaches Son of Man must suffer, be rejected, killed, and rise. Peter rebukes Him; Jesus calls him Satan. (Mark 8:31–33)	Luke 9:21-22: Jesus strictly warns disciples to tell no one He must suffer, be rejected, killed, and rise. (Luke 9:21–22)
Matthew 17:22-23: While in Galilee, Jesus states Son of Man will be betrayed, killed, and resurrected on the third day. Disciples are sorrowful. (Matthew 17:22–23)	Mark 9:30-32: Jesus teaches Son of Man is being betrayed, killed, and will rise. Disciples do not understand and are afraid to ask. (Mark 9:30–32)	Luke 9:43-45: Jesus says these words should sink in: Son of Man is about to be betrayed. Disciples do not understand; the saying is hidden from them. (Luke 9:43–45)
Matthew 20:17-19: Jesus going to Jerusalem tells disciples He will be betrayed to chief priests/scribes, condemned, delivered to Gentiles, mocked, flogged, crucified, and rise on third day. (Matthew 20:17–19)	Mark 10:32-34: Jesus going before them, they are amazed and afraid. He tells disciples He will be betrayed to chief priests/scribes, condemned, delivered to Gentiles, mocked, scourged, spat upon, killed, and rise on third day. (Mark 10:32–34)	Luke 18:31-34: Jesus takes twelve aside, states all written by prophets concerning Son of Man will be accomplished. He will be delivered to Gentiles, mocked, insulted, spit upon, scourged, killed, and rise on third day. They understood none of it. (Luke 18:31–34)
Matthew 26:32: After resurrection, He will go ahead into Galilee. (Matthew 26:32)

Historical Context

The "Son of Man"

The term "Son of Man" is a Hebrew phrase with multifaceted meanings. It can refer to humanity in general, a specific human being, a personal pronoun ("I"), a sinner, or the Messiah, depending on the context.^[21]^[22] In the New Testament, its application to Jesus carries significant theological weight, linking him to prophetic visions of divine authority and suffering.

Jewish and Roman Authorities

Jesus predicted betrayal and condemnation by the "elders, chief priests, and scribes"—key figures within the Jewish religious leadership of the Second Temple period.^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] He also foresaw delivery to the "Gentiles" (non-Jews), who would carry out the crucifixion. Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution, not a Jewish one, typically reserved for slaves, pirates, and rebels.^[29]^[30]^[31]

Scholarly Notes

Scholarly Debate

Scholarly consensus on the precise historicity and redactional layers of Jesus' death predictions remains varied. While some scholars suggest certain formulations might be theologically shaped by the author, others argue for the authenticity of these sayings based on available traditions.^[5]^[6]

Wisdom Literature Connection

The Gospel of Mark's prediction in 9:32 is noted to have a parallel in the Book of Wisdom (2:12, 17-20), which describes the wicked plotting against the righteous, suggesting a potential literary or thematic link.^[19]^[20]

Primary Sources

Gospel Accounts

The primary textual basis for these predictions are the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke) and the Gospel of John. Specific chapter and verse references are provided throughout this document.

Supporting Texts

References are drawn from scholarly works analyzing these biblical texts, providing historical context, linguistic insights, and theological interpretations.

Scholarly References

Keene, Michael (2002). St Mark's Gospel and the Christian faith. ISBN 0-7487-6775-4. pages 24-25
Garrett, Susan R. (1996). The Temptations of Jesus in Mark's Gospel. ISBN 978-0-8028-4259-6. pages 74-75
Witherington, Ben (2001). The Gospel of Mark: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802845030.
Hooker, Morna (1991). The Gospel According to Saint Mark. Continuum. ISBN 9780826460394.
Schmithals, Walter (1997). The Theology of the First Christians. Westminster John Knox Press. page 22.
Licona, Michael (2021). "Did Jesus Predict his Death and Vindication/Resurrection?". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 8: 47–66. doi:10.1163/174551909X12607965419595.
Martin, G. (2005). The Gospel according to Mark: meaning and message. ISBN 0-8294-1970-5. pages 200-202
Wright, Tom (2004). Matthew for Everyone: Chapters 16-28. ISBN 0-664-22787-2. page 9
Matthew 17:22-23
Mills, Watson E., Bullard, Roger Aubrey (1998). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. ISBN 0-86554-373-9. page 550
Bible Gateway passage: Mark 9:30-32 - New Revised Standard Version
Matthew 20:17–19
Kloppenborg, John S. (2008). Q, the Earliest Gospel. Westminster John Knox Press. page 75.
John 3:14
Numbers 21:4–9
Ryken, Leland, et al. (1998). Dictionary of biblical imagery. ISBN 0-8308-1451-5. page 269
John 12:23–24
Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 26:32 - New International Version
Ewtn.com. "Daily Mass Readings - 23 September 2018 – Sunday". Archived from the original on November 21, 2018.
Kingjamesbibleonline.org. "The 1611 King James Bible. Book of Wisdom, chapter, vv. 12, and 17 to 20". Archived from the original on June 28, 2012.
Jewish Encyclopedia: Son of Man
Jewish Encyclopedia: Messiah
Jewish Encyclopedia: Sanhedrin
Jewish Encyclopedia: Priest
Jewish Encyclopedia: Scribe
Jewish Encyclopedia: Education
USCCB John 18:19-24
Cambridge University Press (1989). The Cambridge history of Judaism, Volume 2. ISBN 978-0-521-24377-3
Jewish Encyclopedia: Crucifixion
Robison, John C. (June 2002). "Crucifixion in the Roman World: The Use of Nails at the Time of Christ". Studia Antiqua. 2.

Zias, Joseph (1998). "Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Evidence". www.mercaba.org.

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References

References

Witherington (2001), p. 31: 'from 66 to 70, and probably closer to the latter'
Hooker (1991), p. 8: 'the Gospel is usually dated between AD 65 and 75.'
Walter Schmithals, The Theology of the First Christians (Westminster John Knox Press, 1997) page 22.
Matthew 20:17â19
Numbers 21:4â9
John 12:23â24
USCCB John 18:19-24 The high priest questioned Jesus...Then Annas sent him bound to Caiaphas the high priest.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Jesus predicts his death Wikipedia page

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This document has been generated by an AI, synthesizing information from publicly available academic sources, primarily Wikipedia. It is intended for educational and scholarly purposes, providing an overview of the historical and theological discussions surrounding Jesus' prophecies of his death.

This is not theological or historical doctrine. The content presented here is an interpretation of textual data and does not constitute authoritative religious teaching, historical pronouncement, or scholarly consensus. Readers are encouraged to consult primary texts, engage with peer-reviewed scholarship, and seek guidance from qualified theologians and historians for deeper understanding.

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Echoes of the Cross

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Article Context ⚠️

❗ Information Gap

Theological Essence 🕊️

🗣️ Predictive Prophecy

⏳ Temporal Significance

📜 Ancient Depiction

Gospel of Mark 📖

➡️ Early Traditions

🗣️ First Prediction & Rebuke

❓ Subsequent Warnings

Gospel of Matthew 📖

➡️ Parallel Accounts

📍 Specificity of Crucifixion

❓ Disciples' Comprehension

Gospel of John 📖

💡 Symbolic Language

🌾 The Grain of Wheat Analogy

Synoptic Comparison ⚖️

📊 Predictive Patterns

Historical Context ⚖️

👤 The "Son of Man"

🏛️ Jewish and Roman Authorities

Related Topics 🔗

📅 Chronology

🤝 Betrayal

📜 Life Narrative

Scholarly Notes 📝

🤔 Scholarly Debate

📖 Wisdom Literature Connection

Primary Sources 📚

📖 Gospel Accounts

📜 Supporting Texts

Scholarly References 📚

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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