Who was John Hyrcanus and during what period did he live and reign?

John Hyrcanus was a Hasmonean (Maccabean) leader and served as the Jewish High Priest of Israel in the 2nd century BCE. He was born in 164 BCE and reigned from 134 BCE until his death in 104 BCE.

How is John Hyrcanus commonly referred to in rabbinic literature?

In rabbinic literature, John Hyrcanus is often referred to as Yochanan Cohen Gadol, which translates to "John the High Priest."

What is known about the origin of the name "Hyrcanus" according to Josephus?

According to the historian Josephus, John was also known by the name "Hyrcanus," but Josephus did not provide an explanation for the reason behind this appellation.

Which historical texts do not use the name "Hyrcanus" for John?

The Books of the Maccabees, which detail the history of the Maccabean period, do not use the name "Hyrcanus" when referring to John.

What are some proposed theories for the origin of the name "Hyrcanus"?

Scholars propose several reasons for the name "Hyrcanus," including a familial origin from the region of Hyrcania near the Caspian Sea, or that it was a Greek regnal name indicating closer ties to Hellenistic culture.

What event involving a man named Hyrcanus is mentioned in 2 Maccabees?

The name Hyrcanus appears in 2 Maccabees 3:11 in reference to a man who owned some of the Temple's money during the visit of Heliodorus around 178 BCE.

Who was John Hyrcanus's father, and what were his familial connections to the Maccabean leaders?

John Hyrcanus was the son of Simon Thassi, making him the nephew of prominent Maccabean leaders such as Judas Maccabeus and Jonathan Apphus.

How did John Hyrcanus assume the roles of High Priest and ethnarch?

John Hyrcanus inherited the positions of High Priest and ethnarch from his father, Simon Thassi, after Simon and two of his brothers were assassinated by John's brother-in-law, Ptolemy son of Abubus.

How many sons did John Hyrcanus have, and who were the ones named by Josephus?

Josephus states that John Hyrcanus had five sons. He named four of them in his historical accounts: Judah Aristobulus I, Antigonus I, Alexander Jannaeus, and Absalom.

What significant challenge did John Hyrcanus face at the beginning of his reign?

In the first year of his reign, John Hyrcanus faced a major challenge to Judean independence from the Seleucid Empire, led by Antiochus VII Sidetes, who besieged Jerusalem.

What humanitarian crisis occurred during the Seleucid siege of Jerusalem?

During the prolonged siege, Hyrcanus expelled individuals from Jerusalem who could not contribute to its defense. However, these refugees were trapped between the city walls and Antiochus's lines, creating a severe humanitarian crisis.

What were the terms of the truce John Hyrcanus negotiated with Antiochus VII Sidetes?

The truce required Judea to pay 3,000 talents of silver to Antiochus, dismantle the walls of Jerusalem, provide troops for the Seleucid war against the Parthians, and formally recognize Seleucid suzerainty.

How did John Hyrcanus finance the payment demanded by Antiochus VII?

To meet the demand of 3,000 talents of silver, John Hyrcanus resorted to looting the tomb of King David.

What economic difficulties did Judea experience following the Seleucid siege?

Judea faced significant economic hardship due to the heavy taxes imposed by Antiochus VII. These difficulties were compounded by Hyrcanus's forced participation in Antiochus's military campaign.

What event led to Judea's increased autonomy and John Hyrcanus's subsequent conquests?

The death of Antiochus VII in battle against Parthia in 128 BCE created a power vacuum, allowing Hyrcanus to launch a series of conquests that significantly expanded Judea's territory and influence in the Levant.

How did John Hyrcanus fund his new mercenary army for expansion?

John Hyrcanus funded his new mercenary army by extracting additional treasure from the Tomb of David.

Which major city did John Hyrcanus besiege and conquer starting in 113 BCE?

Beginning in 113 BCE, John Hyrcanus initiated a lengthy military campaign against Samaria, ultimately conquering and devastating the city after a difficult year-long siege.

What policy did John Hyrcanus enforce on non-Jewish populations in conquered territories?

In the regions previously under Seleucid control that he conquered, Hyrcanus implemented a policy compelling the non-Jewish inhabitants to adopt Jewish customs and practices.

What significant action did John Hyrcanus take against the Samaritan Temple?

John Hyrcanus destroyed the Samaritan Temple located on Mount Gerizim. This act was viewed favorably by many Jews who opposed any worship of God outside of Jerusalem.

Which region did John Hyrcanus invade in 110 BCE, and what key city did he capture?

In 110 BCE, John Hyrcanus launched his first major conquest by invading the Transjordan, where he besieged and captured the city of Medeba after six months.

What unprecedented action did John Hyrcanus take against the Idumeans (Edomites)?

John Hyrcanus conquered several Idumean towns and then instituted forced conversions of the Idumean population to Judaism. This was the first known instance of Jews compelling others to adopt their religion.

How did Judea's economy recover after the Seleucid siege, and what did Hyrcanus do?

Judea's economic situation improved after Antiochus VII's death, freeing Hyrcanus from paying tribute. This allowed him to issue his own coinage and undertake significant building projects, including rebuilding Jerusalem's walls and constructing fortresses.

With which major world power did John Hyrcanus establish diplomatic relations?

John Hyrcanus actively sought and established good relations with the growing Roman Republic. The Roman Senate passed decrees confirming a treaty of friendship and Hasmonean independence.

What did the coinage issued by John Hyrcanus suggest about his rule?

Coins bearing inscriptions such as "Yohanan the High Priest" and "The Assembly of the Jews" suggest that John Hyrcanus ruled in conjunction with a Jewish assembly, indicating he was not an absolute monarch but shared power.

What religious observance did the design of Hyrcanus's coins reflect?

The coins minted by Hyrcanus did not feature any depictions of animals or humans, reflecting his strict adherence to the Jewish prohibition against creating graven images.

What religious conflict arose between John Hyrcanus and the Pharisees?

The Pharisees reportedly asked John Hyrcanus to give up his position as High Priest. Following this disagreement, Hyrcanus aligned himself with the Sadducees.

How did John Hyrcanus arrange for the separation of religious and secular authority in his will?

In his will, John Hyrcanus stipulated that the high priesthood and secular authority should be divided. His widow was to hold civil authority, while his son Judas Aristobulus was designated as the High Priest.

How is John Hyrcanus remembered in rabbinic literature for his enactments?

John Hyrcanus is remembered in rabbinic literature for several significant enactments, including the cancellation of the triennial avowal (Deuteronomy 26:12-15) and changes to the practices concerning tithes and temple rituals.

Why was the practice of saying the avowal mentioned in Deuteronomy 26:12-15 cancelled?

The avowal was cancelled because the proper separation of the First Tithe had ceased, making the statement of compliance dishonest before God. This was partly due to changes in tithe distribution, where the First Tithe was given to priests instead of Levites.

What change did John Hyrcanus implement regarding the practice of stunning sacrificial calves?

To prevent blemishes on sacrificial calves caused by improper stunning, John Hyrcanus instituted the use of rings in the Temple court to properly secure the animals before slaughter.

What edict did John Hyrcanus issue concerning the intermediate days of Jewish holidays?

He decreed that servile labor should not be performed on the intermediate days of Jewish holidays (Hol HaMoed) until after the main festival days (Yom Tov).

What custom related to God's name in contracts was abolished during Hyrcanus's time?

The practice of inscribing God's name in ordinary contracts, bills of sale, and promissory notes was abolished because these documents were often discarded, leading to disrespect for the divine name.

What did the Mishnah record about John Hyrcanus and the preparation of Red Heifer ashes?

The Mishnah states that during John Hyrcanus's tenure as High Priest, he prepared the ashes of two Red heifers, which were essential for the ritual purification of individuals who had contracted corpse uncleanness.

How did the handling of Demai-produce change during John Hyrcanus's era?

During Hyrcanus's time, commoners were considered trustworthy regarding Demai-produce (produce whose tithe status was uncertain) because they carefully separated the Terumah offering for priests, although buyers still had to ensure the First and Second Tithes were separated.

What is the rabbinic saying associated with John Hyrcanus's shift in religious affiliation?

The rabbinic saying linked to John Hyrcanus abandoning the Pharisees and joining the Sadducees is: "Do not believe in yourself until your dying day."

Where was John Hyrcanus's tomb located, according to Josephus?

According to Josephus, the tomb of John Hyrcanus was situated near the Towers' Pool, also known as Hezekiah's Pool, located northwest of the present-day Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem.

Who succeeded John Hyrcanus as Prince of Judaea and High Priest?

John Hyrcanus was succeeded by his son, Aristobulus I, who took over both the roles of Prince of Judaea and High Priest.

Who was the predecessor of John Hyrcanus in the roles of Prince of Judaea and High Priest?

John Hyrcanus's father, Simon Thassi, was his predecessor in the positions of Prince of Judaea and High Priest.

What was the region of Hyrcania known for?

Hyrcania is a region situated on the Caspian Sea.

Besides High Priest, what other significant title did John Hyrcanus hold?

John Hyrcanus also held the title of ethnarch, a ruler of a people or nation.

What festival prompted John Hyrcanus to allow refugees back into Jerusalem during the siege?

The festival of Sukkot (Tabernacles) arrived during the siege, leading John Hyrcanus to re-admit the Jerusalemites who had been expelled.

What fate befell the inhabitants of Samaria after its conquest by John Hyrcanus?

Following the conquest and devastation of Samaria, its inhabitants were enslaved.

What was the significance of John Hyrcanus destroying the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim?

The destruction of the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim was significant as it aligned Hyrcanus with the sentiments of many Jews who opposed any religious centers outside of Jerusalem, thereby improving his standing among them.

What was the impact of the Roman Senate's decrees on Judea under John Hyrcanus?

The decrees passed by the Roman Senate established a treaty of friendship with Judea and confirmed Hasmonean independence, indicating significant Roman support for Hyrcanus's rule.

What does the inscription on John Hyrcanus's coins suggest about his governance?

The inscriptions on his coins, mentioning "Yohanan the High Priest" and "The Assembly of the Jews," suggest that Hyrcanus shared power with a council or assembly, rather than ruling as an absolute monarch.

What Jewish prohibition is reflected in the design of John Hyrcanus's coins?

The absence of human or animal imagery on his coins indicates John Hyrcanus's strict observance of the Jewish prohibition against creating graven images.

What was the nature of the dispute between John Hyrcanus and the Pharisees?

The Pharisees reportedly requested that John Hyrcanus relinquish his position as High Priest, which led to a rift, after which Hyrcanus favored the Sadducees.

How did John Hyrcanus's will address the division of authority?

In his will, John Hyrcanus arranged for the separation of the high priesthood from secular authority, designating his widow to oversee civil matters and his son Judas Aristobulus to serve as High Priest.

What rabbinic decree by John Hyrcanus involved the cancellation of the triennial avowal?

John Hyrcanus cancelled the requirement to recite the avowal mentioned in Deuteronomy 26:12-15, as the proper separation of the First Tithe had lapsed, making the declaration dishonest.

What specific change did John Hyrcanus make regarding the practice of preparing sacrificial calves?

John Hyrcanus introduced rings in the Temple court to secure sacrificial calves before slaughter, preventing the risk of blemishes caused by improper stunning methods.

What was John Hyrcanus's ruling on labor during the intermediate days of Jewish holidays?

He issued an edict restricting servile labor on the intermediate days of Jewish holidays (Hol HaMoed), deeming it inappropriate until after the main festival period.

John Hyrcanus Wiki: John Hyrcanus: Architect of Hasmonean Dominion

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Overview

A Pivotal Hasmonean Leader

John Hyrcanus (born 164 BCE, reigned 134–104 BCE) was a pivotal Hasmonean leader and High Priest of Israel during a transformative period in ancient Judean history. In rabbinic tradition, he is revered as Yoḥanan Cohen Gadol, meaning 'John the High Priest', signifying his profound religious and political stature.

Consolidation of Power

Ascending to leadership after the assassination of his father, Simon Thassi, Hyrcanus inherited the roles of High Priest and ethnarch. He navigated complex political landscapes, solidified Hasmonean rule, and significantly expanded Judean territory, marking a high point for the dynasty's influence in the Levant.

Shaping Judea's Future

Hyrcanus's reign was characterized by military expansion, diplomatic maneuvering with major powers like Rome and Ptolemaic Egypt, and significant religious and social reforms. His actions profoundly influenced the trajectory of Judean identity and its place in the Hellenistic world.

Name and Epithet

The Enigma of "Hyrcanus"

The origin of the epithet 'Hyrcanus' remains a subject of scholarly debate, with no definitive explanation provided by contemporary sources like the Books of the Maccabees. The historian Josephus notes the name but does not elaborate on its source. The single occurrence of the name *Hyrcanus* in 2 Maccabees 3:11 refers to a different individual associated with Temple funds during the visit of Heliodorus circa 178 BCE.

Proposed Origins

Scholars have proposed several theories for the name's origin:

A familial connection to the region of Hyrcania, situated on the Caspian Sea.
Adoption of a Greek regnal name, potentially signifying alignment with Hellenistic culture, despite the Maccabean revolt against such influence. This theory is complicated by Parthia's conquest of Hyrcania during that period.
Bestowal by the Seleucids following his military service alongside Antiochus VII Sidetes against Phraates II of Parthia (130–129 BCE), a campaign that led to the liberation of Demetrius II Nicator from Hyrcanian captivity.

Life and Rule

Lineage and Succession

As the son of Simon Thassi, John Hyrcanus was the nephew of prominent Maccabean figures like Judas Maccabeus and Jonathan Apphus. His lineage and early life are documented in the deuterocanonical books of 1 and 2 Maccabees, as well as in rabbinic literature and the works of Josephus. He narrowly escaped the assassination of his father and two brothers, orchestrated by his brother-in-law, Ptolemy son of Abubus, by not being present at the fateful banquet. Upon succeeding his father, Hyrcanus assumed the critical roles of High Priest and ethnarch, consolidating significant religious and political authority, though he did not claim the title of king. Josephus records that Hyrcanus fathered five sons, naming four: Judah Aristobulus I, Antigonus I, Alexander Jannaeus, and Absalom. A fifth, unnamed son is mentioned in the *Antiquities of the Jews* as having unsuccessfully vied for the throne following Aristobulus I's demise.

The Siege of Jerusalem

Facing Seleucid Aggression

Early in his tenure, Hyrcanus confronted a formidable threat to Judean sovereignty from the Seleucid Empire. Antiochus VII Sidetes launched an invasion, devastating the Judean countryside and initiating a protracted, year-long siege of Jerusalem.

Humanitarian Crisis and Truce

The relentless siege compelled Hyrcanus to implement a drastic measure: the expulsion of non-combatants from Jerusalem to conserve resources (Josephus, *Antiquities* 13.240). These displaced individuals found themselves caught between the besieged city and Antiochus's lines, facing dire circumstances. As the humanitarian crisis intensified and food supplies dwindled, Hyrcanus negotiated a truce with Antiochus, notably readmitting the expelled populace during the festival of Sukkot.

Onerous Terms

The terms of this truce were onerous: Judea was obligated to pay 3,000 talents of silver, dismantle Jerusalem's fortifications, provide troops for the Seleucid campaign against Parthia, and formally reaffirm its allegiance to the Seleucid Empire (Josephus, *Antiquities* 13.245). This agreement represented a significant setback for Hyrcanus, necessitating the controversial act of plundering the Tomb of David to meet the substantial financial demand (Josephus, *The Wars of the Jews* I 2:5).

Era of Conquests

Territorial Expansion

Capitalizing on the internal instability within the Seleucid Empire following Antiochus VII's death, John Hyrcanus embarked on a strategic program to reassert Judean independence and significantly expand its territorial domain. He astutely recognized the power vacuum created by the fragmentation of Seleucid authority, which had led to the loss of control over regions inhabited by the Ituraeans, Ammonites, and Nabateans.

Military Campaigns

To achieve his expansionist goals, Hyrcanus assembled a new mercenary force, financed by further appropriations from the Tomb of David. Commencing in 113 BCE, he initiated a sustained military campaign against Samaria, entrusting the siege operations to his sons, Antigonus and Aristobulus. Despite a protracted and arduous year-long siege, Samaria was ultimately conquered and razed. Hyrcanus also launched an invasion of the Transjordan in 110 BCE, capturing Medeba after a six-month siege. Advancing northward, he reduced the city of Shechem to a village and critically, demolished the Samaritan Temple atop Mount Gerizim, a move that bolstered his standing among the Jewish populace.

Forced Assimilation

Hyrcanus subsequently directed military operations against the Idumeans (descendants of Edom), conquering key towns including Adora and Maresha. During this campaign, Hyrcanus implemented a policy of forced conversion, compelling the Idumean population to adopt Judaism. This marked an unprecedented departure for a Judean ruler, representing the first recorded instance of forced conversion undertaken by Jews. However, it is important to note that some scholarly interpretations challenge this narrative, suggesting a more peaceful assimilation of the Edomites into Judean society.

Economy, Diplomacy, and Construction

Reconstruction and Coinage

Following the economic hardships post-siege, Judea experienced recovery, partly due to lessened tribute demands after Antiochus VII's death. The improving economic climate enabled Hyrcanus to mint his own coinage, bearing inscriptions such as 'Yohanan the High Priest' and 'The Assembly of the Jews,' indicating a shared governance. He also oversaw significant construction projects, including the reconstruction of Jerusalem's walls and the commissioning of the Baris fortress.

Diplomatic Relations

In a strategic diplomatic maneuver, Hyrcanus sought to establish favorable relations with neighboring Gentile powers. He secured a treaty of friendship with the ascendant Roman Republic, receiving Roman affirmation of Hasmonean sovereignty. Stable relations were also maintained with Ptolemaic Egypt, likely facilitated by influential Jewish communities within Egypt. Even the Greek city-states of Athens and Pergamon extended honors to Hyrcanus, possibly as a gesture to curry favor with Rome.

Adherence to Law

The absence of figural imagery on Hyrcanus's coinage underscores his strict adherence to the Jewish prohibition against graven images. Numismatic evidence further implies that Hyrcanus prioritized his role as High Priest, viewing his governance of Judea as a shared responsibility with the Assembly, rather than absolute rule.

Religious Policy and Practice

Rabbinic Enactments

Rabbinic literature commemorates John Hyrcanus for several significant decrees. He cancelled the triennial avowal (Deuteronomy 26:12–15) due to observed declines in the proper separation of the First Tithe, rendering the required declaration potentially dishonest. This adjustment was partly necessitated by the redirection of the First Tithe from Levites to priests. Hyrcanus also discontinued the daily recitation of Psalm 44:23, deeming its verses potentially inappropriate.

Temple Practices

Hyrcanus addressed problematic practices concerning sacrificial animals, instituting the use of ground rings to secure calves before slaughter, thereby preventing accidental blemishes. He also restricted manual labor on the intermediate days of Jewish festivals (*Hol ha-Moed*), deeming it inappropriate to engage in servile work during this sacred period. Furthermore, the Mishnah records that during his tenure, he prepared the ashes of two Red heifers, essential for purification rituals.

Inter-sect Relations

In his later years, John Hyrcanus reportedly shifted his allegiance from the Pharisees to the Sadducees, a move that inspired the cautionary rabbinic aphorism: 'Do not place your trust [in your piety] until the day of your death.' This transition highlights the complex political and religious dynamics of the era, with potential tensions arising from his dual role as High Priest and secular leader.

Enduring Legacy

Monument and Memory

Upon his death, a monument was erected in his honor, housing his remains. According to Josephus, this tomb, initially outside the city walls, later lay between Jerusalem's second and third walls. It became a significant landmark during the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE, situated opposite the earthworks constructed by Titus for his assault on the upper city.

Rabbinic Recognition

Hyrcanus's reign is remembered for several key reforms and decisions documented in rabbinic literature. These include the abolition of inscribing God's name in secular contracts, which were often discarded, thereby preventing disrespect. The day of this abolition was declared a day of rejoicing. His era also saw increased trust in commoners regarding *Demai*-produce, with ordinary individuals diligently separating the *Terumah* offering for priests.

Division of Authority

In a final significant act, Hyrcanus sought to resolve potential conflicts over his dual roles. His will stipulated the separation of the High Priesthood from secular authority: his widow was to assume civil leadership, while his son Judas Aristobulus would hold the High Priesthood. This arrangement demonstrated Hyrcanus's willingness to compromise on the division of religious and secular power, though it proved unstable in the long term.

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References

This wall, according to Josephus, only encompassed the northern quarter of the city (Josephus, Wars v.iv.2)

According to Josephus, the person to begin the building of this wall was Agrippa I (Josephus, Wars v.iv.2)

H. Jagersma. A History of Israel from Alexander the Great to Bar Kochba. (Minneapolis.: Fortress Press, 1986), 83.

Joseph Sievers, and Jacob Neusner, ed. The Hasmoneans and Their Supporters: From Matthias to the Death of John Hyrcanus I. (Atlanta.: Scholars Press, 1990), 140.

Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. II, (Jewish Publication Society, 1893), ch. I, p. 5

Gaalyahu Cornfled. Daniel to Paul: Jews In Conflict with Graeco-Roman Civilization. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1962), 50

George W. E. Nickelsburg. Jewish Literature Between The Bible And The Mishnah, with CD-ROM, Second Edition. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005), 93

John Hyrcanus I, Encyclopedia Britannica.

W. D. Davies. The Cambridge History of Judaism, Vol. 2: The Hellenistic Age. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 331â332

David Noel Freedman. The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, HâJ: Volume 3. (New Haven: Yale University Press), 1992

Maimonides' Mishnah Commentary (Ma'aser Sheni 5:15), vol. 1, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963, p. 233

Jerusalem Talmud with a Commentary of Solomon Sirilio, Ma'aser Sheni 5:5

Babylonian Talmud (Rosh Hashanna 18b)

Maimonides' Mishnah Commentary (Ma'aser Sheni 5:15), vol. 3, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1967, p. 260

Babylonian Talmud (Sotah 48a)

Jerusalem Talmud, Ma'aser Sheni 5:5, Commentary of Solomon Sirilio.

Babylonian Talmud (Berakhot 29a)

Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) v.ix.2; ibid. v.xi.4

A full list of references for this article are available at the John Hyrcanus Wikipedia page

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John Hyrcanus: Architect of Hasmonean Dominion

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

👑 Overview

📜 A Pivotal Hasmonean Leader

🏛️ Consolidation of Power

🌍 Shaping Judea's Future

🏷️ Name and Epithet

❓ The Enigma of "Hyrcanus"

🤔 Proposed Origins

⏳ Life and Rule

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Lineage and Succession

🛡️ The Siege of Jerusalem

⚔️ Facing Seleucid Aggression

humanitarian crisis Humanitarian Crisis and Truce

💰 Onerous Terms

🚀 Era of Conquests

🗺️ Territorial Expansion

⚔️ Military Campaigns

🔄 Forced Assimilation

💰 Economy, Diplomacy, and Construction

🏗️ Reconstruction and Coinage

🤝 Diplomatic Relations

⚖️ Adherence to Law

🕊️ Religious Policy and Practice

📜 Rabbinic Enactments

🐄 Temple Practices

🤝 Inter-sect Relations

🌟 Enduring Legacy

🏛️ Monument and Memory

📜 Rabbinic Recognition

⚖️ Division of Authority

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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References

📜 References

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⚠️ Disclaimer

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

A Pivotal Hasmonean Leader

Consolidation of Power

Shaping Judea's Future

Name and Epithet

The Enigma of "Hyrcanus"

Proposed Origins

Life and Rule

Lineage and Succession

The Siege of Jerusalem

Facing Seleucid Aggression

Humanitarian Crisis and Truce

Onerous Terms

Era of Conquests

Territorial Expansion

Military Campaigns

Forced Assimilation

Economy, Diplomacy, and Construction

Reconstruction and Coinage

Diplomatic Relations

Adherence to Law

Religious Policy and Practice

Rabbinic Enactments

Temple Practices

Inter-sect Relations

Enduring Legacy

Monument and Memory

Rabbinic Recognition

Division of Authority

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice