Who was Jonathan Myrick Daniels?

Jonathan Myrick Daniels (March 20, 1939 – August 20, 1965) was an American Episcopal seminarian and a dedicated civil rights activist. He is primarily remembered for his courageous act of sacrificing his life to save another during the tumultuous civil rights era in Alabama. His actions and death significantly galvanized support for the movement.

When and where did Jonathan Daniels die?

Jonathan Daniels died on August 20, 1965, at the age of 26, in Hayneville, Alabama, United States.

What was Jonathan Daniels' primary occupation or role during his life?

Jonathan Daniels was an Episcopal seminarian and a civil rights activist. He was studying to become an ordained minister in the Episcopal Church.

How is Jonathan Daniels recognized within the Anglican Communion?

Jonathan Daniels is venerated in the Anglican Communion as a martyr. His feast day is observed annually on August 14 in the Episcopal Church's calendar.

What significant act did Jonathan Daniels perform that led to his death?

Jonathan Daniels was killed while shielding 17-year-old Ruby Sales, a young Black civil rights activist, from a shotgun blast. He pushed her out of the line of fire, absorbing the fatal shot himself. This act of self-sacrifice occurred on August 20, 1965, in Hayneville, Alabama.

Who was Ruby Sales, and what was her connection to Jonathan Daniels' death?

Ruby Sales is a 17-year-old Black civil rights activist who was present at Varner's Cash Store in Hayneville, Alabama, on August 20, 1965. Jonathan Daniels sacrificed his life by shielding her from a shotgun blast fired by Tom Coleman, thereby saving her life.

What was the broader context of Daniels' and Sales' activities in Lowndes County, Alabama?

In the summer of 1965, following the passage of the Voting Rights Act, Daniels and Sales were actively involved in the civil rights movement in Lowndes County, Alabama. Their work focused on integrating public spaces and registering Black voters, aiming to dismantle systemic racial discrimination and ensure equitable participation in democracy.

What was the impact of Jonathan Daniels' death on the civil rights movement?

Daniels' death generated further support for the civil rights movement. The murder of an educated, white seminarian defending a Black teenager shocked many, particularly within the Episcopal Church and among white allies, prompting them to confront the violent reality of racial injustice and inequality in the South.

What was Jonathan Daniels' family background, including his parents' professions and religious affiliation?

Jonathan Myrick Daniels was born in Keene, New Hampshire, to Phillip Brock Daniels, a physician, and Constance Weaver Daniels. His father was a Congregationalist. Jonathan himself joined the Episcopal Church as a young man, indicating a family background that was religious and engaged in community service through his father's profession.

What were Jonathan Daniels' educational institutions before entering seminary?

Jonathan Daniels attended local schools before graduating as valedictorian from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI). He then pursued higher education at Harvard University, studying English literature, before entering seminary.

When did Jonathan Daniels decide to pursue ordination, and what prompted this decision?

Jonathan Daniels felt a renewed spiritual calling during an Easter service at the Church of the Advent in Boston in the spring of 1962, leading him to decide to pursue ordination as an Episcopal priest. This decision followed a period of questioning his faith during his sophomore year at VMI, possibly influenced by personal losses such as his father's death and his sister's illness.

What was the significance of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in relation to Daniels' work?

The Voting Rights Act of 1965, passed on August 2, 1965, was a landmark piece of federal legislation that outlawed discriminatory voting practices, particularly those that had disenfranchised Black citizens in the South for decades. Daniels' work in Lowndes County, which included registering Black voters, directly supported the goals of this act, aiming to ensure that all citizens could exercise their fundamental right to vote.

Describe Jonathan Daniels' involvement in Selma, Alabama, and his initial participation in the voting rights march.

In March 1965, Jonathan Daniels responded to Martin Luther King Jr.'s call for support in Selma, Alabama, for the voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery. He and other seminary students initially planned to stay only for the weekend but decided to extend their stay to work in Selma after missing their bus home.

How did Daniels continue his civil rights work after his initial participation in Selma?

After returning to the seminary to take exams and passing them, Daniels went back to Alabama in July 1965 to continue his civil rights work. He assisted in compiling lists of agencies for aid, tutored children, helped locals apply for assistance, and worked on voter registration efforts in Lowndes County.

What specific actions did Daniels take to integrate the local Episcopal church in Selma?

While working in Selma, Daniels made efforts to integrate the local Episcopal church. He did this by bringing groups of young African Americans to attend services there, although the church members were not welcoming of these efforts.

What was the event on August 14, 1965, that led to the arrest of Jonathan Daniels and other protesters?

On August 14, 1965, Jonathan Daniels was among a group of 29 civil rights protesters who traveled to Fort Deposit, Alabama, to picket stores that practiced segregation. The demonstration aimed to challenge racial discrimination in public accommodations. All 29 protesters were subsequently arrested for their actions.

Where were the protesters, including Daniels, transported after their arrest in Fort Deposit?

Following their arrest in Fort Deposit, Alabama, the 29 protesters, including Jonathan Daniels, were transported in a garbage truck to a jail in the nearby town of Hayneville, Alabama.

What were the conditions like for the protesters held in the Hayneville jail?

The protesters, including Jonathan Daniels, were held for six days in a facility in Hayneville, Alabama, that lacked air conditioning. Authorities also refused to accept bail for any individual unless the entire group was bailed out, prolonging their detention.

Describe the circumstances immediately preceding Jonathan Daniels' shooting at Varner's Cash Store.

After being held for six days in the Hayneville jail, Daniels and three other protesters were released without transport. While waiting for transportation, they decided to walk to Varner's Cash Store, a local establishment that served non-whites, to purchase cold soft drinks. It was as they approached the store that Tom Coleman confronted them, leveling his shotgun at Ruby Sales.

What was Tom Coleman's role and affiliation when he shot Jonathan Daniels?

At the time of the shooting, Tom Coleman was serving as an unpaid special deputy. He was armed with a shotgun and a pistol when he confronted Jonathan Daniels and the other activists outside Varner's Cash Store.

What was Martin Luther King Jr.'s reaction to Jonathan Daniels' murder?

Upon learning of Jonathan Daniels' murder, Martin Luther King Jr. issued a statement calling it "one of the most heroic Christian deeds of which I have heard in my entire ministry." He recognized the profound sacrifice Daniels made in the context of the civil rights struggle.

What charges were brought against Tom Coleman, and what was the outcome of the legal proceedings?

Tom Coleman was indicted for manslaughter following the shooting death of Jonathan Daniels. However, despite efforts by Alabama Attorney General Richmond Flowers Sr. to pursue a murder charge, the case proceeded as manslaughter. Coleman claimed self-defense and was ultimately acquitted by an all-white jury, meaning he faced no legal consequences for Daniels' death.

What role did Alabama Attorney General Richmond Flowers Sr. play in the prosecution of Tom Coleman?

Alabama Attorney General Richmond Flowers Sr. believed that Tom Coleman should have been charged with murder, not manslaughter. He intervened in the prosecution but was thwarted by the trial judge, T. Werth Thagard, who refused to wait for a key witness to recover and removed Flowers from the case.

What was the basis for Tom Coleman's acquittal, and who comprised the jury?

Tom Coleman claimed self-defense as his justification for shooting Jonathan Daniels. The trial was conducted with an all-white jury, which, given the racial climate and the exclusion of Black citizens from jury duty at the time, contributed to the verdict. The jury acquitted Coleman of the manslaughter charges.

How did the murder of Jonathan Daniels affect the Episcopal Church and white awareness of racial inequality?

The killing of Jonathan Daniels, an educated white seminarian who died defending a Black teenager, had a profound impact. It served as a stark wake-up call for many within the Episcopal Church and among white allies, forcing them to confront the brutal reality of racial injustice and violence prevalent in the American South. This event helped galvanize further support and action for the civil rights cause.

What path did Ruby Sales take after the events in Hayneville?

Following the events in Hayneville, Ruby Sales continued her education and went on to attend the Episcopal Theological School. She later became a prominent human rights advocate and founded an inner-city mission dedicated to Jonathan Daniels, continuing his legacy of service.

How has Jonathan Daniels been commemorated by the Episcopal Church?

In 1991, the Episcopal Church officially designated Jonathan Myrick Daniels as a martyr. The church annually observes August 14 as a day of remembrance for him and other martyrs of the civil rights movement, recognizing his sacrifice within its liturgical calendar.

What is the significance of August 14 in relation to Jonathan Daniels and other civil rights martyrs within the Episcopal Church?

August 14 is designated by the Episcopal Church as a day of remembrance for Jonathan Daniels and all martyrs of the civil rights movement. This date honors their sacrifices made in the pursuit of justice and equality, recognizing their witness within the Christian tradition.

What artistic tributes have been made to Jonathan Daniels?

Several artistic tributes honor Jonathan Daniels. These include a sculpture group titled "The Garden of Gethsemani" by Walker Hancock, dedicated to him and installed at the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani. More recently, Washington National Cathedral unveiled and dedicated a sculpture of Daniels within its Human Rights Porch in 2015.

What academic work has been done on Jonathan Daniels' life and impact?

Jonathan Daniels' life and his role in the civil rights movement have been the subject of historical study. Notably, historian Charles Eagles wrote the book *Outside Agitator: Jon Daniels and the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama* (1993), which received the Lillian Smith Award, highlighting the scholarly recognition of Daniels' significance.

How do the Episcopal Dioceses of Alabama and the Central Gulf Coast honor Daniels?

The Episcopal Dioceses of Alabama and the Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast jointly sponsor an annual pilgrimage in Hayneville, Alabama, held on August 14. This pilgrimage serves to commemorate Jonathan Daniels and all other martyrs of the civil rights movement.

What recognition has Jonathan Daniels received from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI)?

The Virginia Military Institute (VMI), Daniels' alma mater, has honored his legacy by creating the Jonathan Daniels Humanitarian Award in 1998. This award has been presented to notable figures, including former President Jimmy Carter. VMI also erected a memorial quote in his honor within its barracks.

In what ways is Jonathan Daniels memorialized in his hometown of Keene, New Hampshire?

In his hometown of Keene, New Hampshire, Jonathan Daniels is memorialized in several ways. One of the five elementary schools in the city is named after him, and a New Hampshire historical marker (number 226) dedicated to him was erected in Keene in 2011.

How is Jonathan Daniels honored at the Southern Poverty Law Center's Civil Rights Memorial?

Jonathan Daniels is memorialized at the Southern Poverty Law Center's Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama. He is listed among the 40 martyrs whose sacrifices are recognized at this significant site dedicated to those who died in the struggle for civil rights.

What other religious denominations or organizations have recognized Jonathan Daniels?

Beyond the Episcopal Church, the Order of Saint Luke, a religious order within the United Methodist Church, added Daniels to their calendar of saints in 2013 and recommended his commemoration to all United Methodists. He is also honored by a stained glass window at All Saints' Episcopal Church in Austin, Texas.

What memorial was unveiled at Washington National Cathedral in honor of Jonathan Daniels?

In 2015, Washington National Cathedral unveiled and dedicated a sculpture of Jonathan Daniels within its Human Rights Porch. The dedication ceremony was attended by Ruby Sales, the woman Daniels saved.

Where is Jonathan Daniels depicted in stained glass alongside another significant historical figure?

Jonathan Daniels is honored with a stained glass window at All Saints' Episcopal Church in Austin, Texas. In this depiction, he stands alongside Absalom Jones, who was the first African-American to be ordained as an Episcopal priest in the United States, symbolizing a connection between different eras of struggle and faith.

What play chronicles events related to Jonathan Daniels' activism and murder?

The play *Six Nights in the Black Belt* by Lowell Williams chronicles the events surrounding the arrests in Fort Deposit, the six nights spent in jail, and Jonathan Daniels' murder. It also explores the relationship Daniels had with Stokely Carmichael, who was a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and shared a jail cell with Daniels.

In which television film was Jonathan Daniels portrayed, and who played him?

Jonathan Daniels and his murder were referenced in the 1999 television film *Selma, Lord, Selma*. The role of Jonathan Daniels in this film was played by actor Mackenzie Astin.

What notable memoir includes an account of Jonathan Daniels' murder?

The memoir *Brother to a Dragonfly* by Will Campbell includes a detailed account of Jonathan Daniels' murder. This personal narrative offers insight into the events and the broader context of the civil rights era.

What documentary film focuses on Jonathan Daniels' life and murder?

The documentary film *Here Am I, Send Me: The Story of Jonathan Daniels* (2000) provides an in-depth look at his life and the circumstances surrounding his tragic murder.

What was the role of Tom Coleman after the events of 1965?

After being acquitted of manslaughter charges in connection with Jonathan Daniels' death, Tom Coleman continued his employment as an engineer for the state highway department. He lived without further prosecution and passed away in 1997 at the age of 86.

What was the significance of Varner's Cash Store in the context of the events?

Varner's Cash Store was a local establishment in Hayneville, Alabama, that served non-white customers. It was the location where Jonathan Daniels and his companions were attempting to purchase soft drinks after their release from jail, and it became the site of the fatal confrontation with Tom Coleman.

What was the purpose of the protest in Fort Deposit on August 14, 1965?

The protest in Fort Deposit, Alabama, on August 14, 1965, was organized to picket stores that maintained whites-only policies. The demonstrators aimed to challenge racial segregation in public accommodations and assert their rights in the face of discriminatory practices.

How did Daniels' decision to pursue ordination evolve from his time at Harvard?

While studying English literature at Harvard University, Jonathan Daniels experienced a profound spiritual renewal during an Easter service in 1962. This event solidified his belief that he was called to serve God, leading him to decide to pursue ordination within the Episcopal Church. He subsequently enrolled in the Episcopal Theological School.

What does the designation of Jonathan Daniels as a "martyr" in the Episcopal Church signify?

The designation of Jonathan Daniels as a "martyr" by the Episcopal Church signifies that he is recognized as someone who died for their faith and its principles, particularly in the context of Christian witness and the pursuit of justice. This honor is bestowed upon individuals whose sacrifice is seen as a testament to their deeply held beliefs and commitment to Christian values, such as love and equality.

What was the nature of the civil rights work undertaken in Lowndes County after the passage of the Voting Rights Act?

Following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, civil rights work in Lowndes County, Alabama, intensified. Efforts focused on registering Black voters, who had been systematically disenfranchised for decades, and integrating public spaces. This work aimed to translate the legal protections of the new act into tangible changes in daily life and political participation.

What was the immediate cause of Jonathan Daniels' death?

The immediate cause of Jonathan Daniels' death was a shotgun wound sustained on August 20, 1965, in Hayneville, Alabama. He was shot by Tom Coleman, a special deputy, while shielding Ruby Sales from the gunfire.

What was the broader impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on the South?

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 had a transformative impact on the South by dismantling legal barriers that had prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote. It led to a significant increase in Black voter registration and participation, fundamentally altering the political landscape and challenging the long-standing system of racial segregation and disenfranchisement.

What was the context of the protest in Fort Deposit, Alabama, on August 14, 1965?

On August 14, 1965, Jonathan Daniels and 28 other civil rights activists participated in a protest by picketing stores in Fort Deposit, Alabama, that enforced whites-only policies. This action was part of the broader struggle to desegregate public accommodations and challenge racial discrimination in the South.

Jonathan Daniels Wiki: Jonathan Daniels: A Beacon of Courage in the Civil Rights Struggle

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Background

Early Life and Faith

Jonathan Myrick Daniels was born on March 20, 1939, in Keene, New Hampshire. The son of Phillip Brock Daniels, a physician, and Constance Weaver, Daniels felt a calling to ministry from a young age. He attended local schools before graduating as valedictorian from the Virginia Military Institute. A period of questioning his faith, possibly influenced by the death of his father and his sister's illness, gave way to a profound spiritual renewal during an Easter service at Boston's Church of the Advent in 1962. This experience solidified his decision to pursue ordination within the Episcopal Church.

Academic Pursuits

Daniels pursued English literature at Harvard University starting in the fall of 1961. Following his spiritual recommitment, he applied to and was accepted into the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, commencing his studies in 1963 with the expectation of graduating in 1966. His academic journey was marked by a deep commitment to his faith and a growing awareness of the social injustices prevalent in the United States.

Activism

Answering the Call

In March 1965, Daniels responded to Martin Luther King Jr.'s call for support in Selma, Alabama, joining the pivotal voting rights marches from Selma to Montgomery. Initially planning a brief weekend visit, Daniels and a friend, Judith Upham, decided to stay for the remainder of the semester to actively participate in the civil rights movement. He lodged with an African-American family in Selma and worked to integrate the local Episcopal church, facing resistance from some congregants.

Voter Registration and Aid

Daniels returned to Alabama in July 1965 to continue his dedicated work. He meticulously compiled lists of agencies offering assistance to those in need, tutored children, helped local residents apply for aid, and actively engaged in voter registration efforts. His commitment intensified following the passage of the Voting Rights Act on August 2, 1965, which aimed to dismantle discriminatory voting practices that had disenfranchised Black citizens across the South for decades.

Murder

Arrest and Imprisonment

On August 14, 1965, Daniels was among 29 protesters, including members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), who demonstrated against segregation at stores in Fort Deposit, Alabama. They were arrested and transported in a garbage truck to the Hayneville jail, where they were held for six days without adequate facilities. Authorities refused to grant bail unless all prisoners were released simultaneously.

The Tragic Sacrifice

Upon their release on August 20, 1965, the group gathered near the jail awaiting transportation. Daniels, along with a Catholic priest and two Black female activists, went to Varner's Cash Store for refreshments. Tom L. Coleman, an unpaid special deputy armed with a shotgun, confronted them. When Coleman leveled his weapon at 17-year-old Ruby Sales, Daniels pushed her to safety, absorbing the fatal blast of the shotgun. Coleman then wounded the priest, Father Richard F. Morrisroe, before ceasing fire.

Impact and Justice

A Martyr's Legacy

Martin Luther King Jr. eulogized Daniels' death as "one of the most heroic Christian deeds." The murder of a white seminarian defending a Black activist profoundly impacted many, including members of the Episcopal Church, highlighting the violent realities of racial inequality. Daniels' sacrifice galvanized support for the civil rights movement and underscored the moral imperative for change.

Unfulfilled Justice

Tom Coleman was indicted for manslaughter but acquitted by an all-white jury. Alabama Attorney General Richmond Flowers Sr. attempted to intervene, believing the charge should have been murder, but was blocked by the trial judge. Coleman faced no further prosecution and died at age 86. The lack of accountability for Daniels' death was seen by many as a stark example of the systemic injustice prevalent in the South at the time.

Commemorations

Religious Recognition

In 1991, the Episcopal Church officially designated Jonathan Myrick Daniels as a martyr. August 14 is now recognized annually as a day of remembrance for his sacrifice and that of other civil rights martyrs. He is among a select group of Episcopal martyrs recognized since the 20th century. The Order of Saint Luke, part of the United Methodist Church, also added Daniels to their calendar of saints.

Designated a martyr by the Episcopal Church in 1991.
August 14 recognized as a day of remembrance for civil rights martyrs.
Added to the calendar of saints by the Order of Saint Luke (United Methodist Church).

Public and Academic Recognition

Daniels' life and sacrifice have been honored through various public and academic initiatives. His story is preserved in historical markers, academic works, and memorials, ensuring his legacy continues to inspire future generations committed to justice and equality.

A sculpture, The Garden of Gethsemani by Walker Hancock, dedicated to Daniels at the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani.
Charles Eagles' book Outside Agitator: Jon Daniels and the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama won the Lillian Smith Award.
The Episcopal Diocese of Alabama and the Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast sponsor annual pilgrimages in Hayneville.
The Virginia Military Institute established the Jonathan Daniels Humanitarian Award and erected a memorial quote.
An elementary school in Keene, New Hampshire, is named in his honor.
A New Hampshire historical marker was erected in Keene in 2011.
The Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island planned the Jonathan Daniels House, an intentional community.
Washington National Cathedral unveiled a sculpture of Daniels in 2015.
A stained glass window at All Saints' Episcopal Church in Austin, Texas, depicts Daniels alongside Absalom Jones.
A 2025 icon donation to his home church, St. James Episcopal Church, Keene, NH.
Daniels is memorialized at the Southern Poverty Law Center's Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama.

Representation in Media

Dramatic and Literary Portrayals

Jonathan Daniels' compelling story has been chronicled in various forms of media, bringing his sacrifice and the broader context of the Civil Rights Movement to wider audiences. These portrayals aim to preserve his memory and educate about the struggles for justice.

The play Six Nights in the Black Belt by Lowell Williams details events surrounding his arrest and murder.
He was portrayed by Mackenzie Astin in the TV film Selma, Lord, Selma (1999).
His murder is recounted in Will Campbell's memoir Brother to a Dragonfly.
The film Here Am I, Send Me: The Story of Jonathan Daniels (2000) documents his life and death.

External Links

Related Resources

Explore these external resources for additional information on Jonathan Daniels and his enduring legacy:

Jonathan Myrick Daniels Profile
Jonathan Myrick Daniels at Find a Grave
Virginia Military Institute's Page on Daniels

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References

His image is included in the webpage of St Andrew's Episcopal Church of Birmingham, Alabama, see http://www.standrews-birmingham.org/

"Leadership Gallery: Jonathan Daniels, 1939â1965", The Archives of the Episcopal Church.

The Garden of Gethsemani from Flickr.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Jonathan Daniels Wikipedia page

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This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not historical advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for in-depth historical research or consultation with qualified historians. Always refer to primary sources and scholarly works for a comprehensive understanding of historical events and figures.

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Jonathan Daniels

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Background

Early Life and Faith

Academic Pursuits

Activism

Answering the Call

Voter Registration and Aid

Murder

Arrest and Imprisonment

The Tragic Sacrifice

Impact and Justice

A Martyr's Legacy

Unfulfilled Justice

Commemorations

Religious Recognition

Public and Academic Recognition

Representation in Media

Dramatic and Literary Portrayals

Further Reading

Recommended Resources

External Links

Related Resources

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Jonathan Daniels

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Background 📜

🏠 Early Life and Faith

🎓 Academic Pursuits

Activism ✊

📢 Answering the Call

🗳️ Voter Registration and Aid

Murder 💔

⛓️ Arrest and Imprisonment

💥 The Tragic Sacrifice

Impact and Justice ⚖️

🕊️ A Martyr's Legacy

🚫 Unfulfilled Justice

Commemorations 🌟

⛪ Religious Recognition

🏛️ Public and Academic Recognition

Representation in Media 🎬

🎭 Dramatic and Literary Portrayals

Further Reading 📚

📖 Recommended Resources

External Links 🔗

🌐 Related Resources

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Background

Early Life and Faith

Academic Pursuits

Activism

Answering the Call

Voter Registration and Aid

Murder

Arrest and Imprisonment

The Tragic Sacrifice

Impact and Justice

A Martyr's Legacy

Unfulfilled Justice

Commemorations

Religious Recognition

Public and Academic Recognition

Representation in Media

Dramatic and Literary Portrayals

Further Reading

Recommended Resources

External Links

Related Resources

Teacher's Corner

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Discover other topics to study!

References

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