What are the alternative names for the French Revolution of 1830?

The French Revolution of 1830 is also known by several other names, including the July Revolution, the Second French Revolution, and the Trois Glorieuses, which translates from French to "Three Glorious Days."

When did the July Revolution take place?

The July Revolution occurred over three days, from July 26 to July 29, 1830.

In which city did the July Revolution primarily occur?

The July Revolution primarily took place in Paris, the capital of the Kingdom of France.

Who was the monarch overthrown during the July Revolution?

King Charles X, a member of the French Bourbon monarchy, was overthrown during the July Revolution.

Who succeeded Charles X on the French throne after the July Revolution?

Following the July Revolution, Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, a cousin of Charles X, ascended to the French throne.

What fundamental political principle shifted in France as a result of the July Revolution?

The July Revolution marked a significant shift in French political thought, replacing the principle of hereditary right with the concept of popular sovereignty.

What type of government was established following the July Revolution?

The July Revolution led to the establishment of the July Monarchy, which was a constitutional monarchy.

How did the ruling dynasty change in France due to the July Revolution?

The July Revolution caused a change in the ruling dynasty, moving power from the senior House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans.

What were the primary grievances that led to the July Revolution?

Public discontent with Charles X's reign stemmed mainly from the imposition of the death penalty for profaning the Eucharist via the Anti-Sacrilege Act, and the provision of financial indemnities for property confiscated during the French Revolution and the First Empire.

What was the significance of the "Address of the 221"?

The "Address of the 221" was a motion of no confidence passed by the Chamber of Deputies on March 17, 1830, against King Charles X and his minister Polignac's government, signaling strong legislative opposition.

What were the July Ordinances, and what did they decree?

The July Ordinances were decrees issued by Charles X on July 25, 1830. They stipulated the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, the suspension of press liberty, the exclusion of the commercial middle class from future elections, and the calling of new elections.

How did the French press respond to the July Ordinances?

In protest against the July Ordinances, several newspapers ceased publication, while journalists from various papers met to issue a collective protest and vowed to continue their publications despite the ban on press freedom.

What events transpired on Monday, July 26, 1830, the first day of the revolution?

On July 26, 1830, the July Ordinances were published, leading to business protests, factory closures, and increased unemployment. In the evening, police actions against newspapers ignited public anger and the beginning of unrest.

Describe the key events of Tuesday, July 27, 1830, the first day of fighting.

On July 27, 1830, fighting erupted in Paris as crowds attacked soldiers with debris from buildings. Civilians were killed, and their bodies were paraded through the streets. Shops closed, streets darkened, and street lamps were destroyed, creating an atmosphere of chaos and rebellion.

What role did Marshal Auguste Marmont play during the revolution?

Marshal Auguste Marmont, the commander of the Garde Royale, was ordered to suppress the uprising. Despite his efforts to organize troops, he faced insufficient resources and wavering loyalty from some units, ultimately awaiting orders from the King rather than taking decisive action.

What happened to the Tuileries Palace and the Louvre on Wednesday, July 28, 1830?

On July 28, 1830, the Tuileries Palace was looted, with individuals engaging in symbolic acts and consuming palace provisions. The Louvre was also taken, and its Swiss Guard troops withdrew, fearing a repeat of past massacres.

What was the state of the revolutionaries' organization and armament by Thursday, July 29, 1830?

By July 29, 1830, the revolutionaries had become well-organized and heavily armed, erecting approximately 4,000 barricades across Paris. The tricolor flag, symbolizing the revolution, was prominently displayed on many significant buildings.

What was the ultimate fate of King Charles X and his son after the revolution?

King Charles X and his son, the Dauphin, abdicated their claims to the throne on August 2, 1830, and subsequently departed for Great Britain.

Who was ultimately placed on the French throne, and under what conditions?

Instead of Charles X's grandson, the provisional government installed Louis Philippe of the House of Orléans as the new King of the French, requiring him to rule as a constitutional monarch.

What monument commemorates the July Revolution?

The July Column, situated on the Place de la Bastille in Paris, stands as a monument to commemorate the events of the July Revolution of 1830.

How did the July Revolution influence events in other European countries?

The July Revolution served as an inspiration for other European nations, sparking an uprising in Belgium that led to the formation of the Kingdom of Belgium, and also inspiring revolutions in Italy and the November Uprising in Poland.

What was the long-term stability of the July Monarchy?

The July Monarchy proved to be unstable, lasting only 18 years before it was overthrown by the French Revolution of 1848, largely due to dissatisfaction from both liberal and radical political factions.

What role did the Congress of Vienna play in the lead-up to the July Revolution?

The Congress of Vienna, convened after Napoleon's defeat, played a role by restoring the Bourbon monarchy to France with the Charter of 1814, establishing a constitutional framework that would later be challenged by Charles X's policies.

What was the Charter of 1814, and why was it important?

The Charter of 1814 was a constitution established during the Bourbon Restoration, which balanced royal authority with certain civil liberties. Its perceived violation by Charles X's actions was a key factor contributing to the July Revolution.

What was the Anti-Sacrilege Act, and how did it contribute to public unrest?

The Anti-Sacrilege Act made the profanation of the Eucharist a capital offense. Critics viewed this law as an excessive concession to the Catholic Church and a violation of the Charter of 1814's principle of religious equality, fueling public discontent.

How did the Chamber of Deputies express its opposition to Charles X's policies prior to the revolution?

The Chamber of Deputies demonstrated opposition by rejecting the government's proposed changes to inheritance laws in April 1827 and by passing the "Address of the 221" in March 1830, a motion of no confidence against the Polignac ministry.

What was the outcome of the legislative elections held in July 1830?

The legislative elections held from July 5 to 19, 1830, resulted in a significant victory for the liberal opposition, which secured a majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies.

What specific electoral and press restrictions were imposed by the July Ordinances?

The July Ordinances suspended the liberty of the press and excluded the commercial middle class from participating in future elections, aiming to reduce opposition and consolidate royal power.

What was the sentiment expressed by journalist Armand Carrel regarding the government's actions?

Armand Carrel, writing for *Le National*, declared that the government's actions had interrupted the legal regime and initiated a reign of force, suggesting that obedience was no longer required and that France had the right to resist.

How did the public react to the police seizure of newspapers on July 26, 1830?

The public reacted with anger to the police seizure of newspapers, with crowds shouting slogans like "Down with the Bourbons!" and "Long live the Charter!"

What was Marshal Marmont's assessment of the situation on the evening of July 28, 1830?

Marshal Marmont informed the King that the situation had escalated from a riot to a revolution and urgently advised that measures for pacification were needed immediately to preserve the honor of the crown, warning that delay could be critical.

What was the condition of the line units supporting the Garde Royale during the revolution?

The line units supporting the Garde Royale showed signs of wavering loyalty, with an increasing number of soldiers deserting or leaving their posts, indicating a lack of full commitment to the royal cause.

What requests did the opposition committee make to Marshal Marmont and Minister Polignac?

The opposition committee requested that Marshal Marmont mediate between Paris and the King and urged Minister Polignac to resign. Marmont stated that the people must first lay down their arms, while Polignac refused to meet with the committee, deeming discussions unproductive.

What was the symbolic meaning of the tricolor flag flying over Parisian buildings?

The tricolor flag, referred to as the "people's flag," flying over buildings, including important government structures, symbolized the growing success and popular support for the revolutionary movement.

What happened to the July Monarchy in 1848?

The July Monarchy, which had governed France for 18 years, was overthrown in the French Revolution of 1848.

What famous painting is associated with the July Revolution?

Eugène Delacroix's allegorical painting, "Liberty Leading the People," is famously associated with and depicts the July Revolution of 1830.

What were the main factions that supported the revolutionaries?

The revolutionaries were supported by various factions, including Liberals, Republicans, Bonapartists, and certain groups within the Doctrinaires.

Which military units were loyal to the Kingdom of France during the revolution?

The military units loyal to the Kingdom of France during the revolution included the Royal Guard and the French Royal Army.

Who were the key leaders associated with the revolutionary factions?

Key leaders associated with the revolutionary factions included Adolphe Thiers, Jacques Laffitte, and the Marquis de Lafayette.

Who were the principal figures leading the royalist side?

The principal figures on the royalist side were King Charles X, his chief minister Jules de Polignac, and Marshal Auguste de Marmont.

What immediate impact did the July Revolution have on Belgium and Poland?

The July Revolution triggered an uprising in Belgium, leading to its secession and the establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium, and also inspired the November Uprising in Poland.

What was the June Rebellion of 1832, and how did it relate to the July Revolution?

The June Rebellion of 1832 was an uprising by Parisian republicans who were dissatisfied with the results and motivations behind the July Revolution. Although suppressed quickly, it highlighted the ongoing political tensions and the precariousness of the July Monarchy.

How did Charles X's actions alienate the middle class?

Charles X alienated the middle class through the July Ordinances, which barred them from participating in elections, thereby removing their political influence and opportunities for social prestige.

How did public perception of the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies evolve during Charles X's reign?

The public's perception of the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies improved, as these legislative bodies were seen as opposing the king's reactionary policies, while the king's and his ministers' popularity declined.

What was the public's reaction to Charles X's review of the Garde Royale in April 1827?

During the review of the Garde Royale in the Champ de Mars on April 16, 1827, Charles X was met with indifference, as many spectators refused to show customary signs of respect, indicating a significant loss of public favor.

What was the outcome of the government's attempt to strengthen censorship laws in early 1827?

The government's attempt to introduce stricter censorship laws faced strong opposition from the Chamber of Deputies, compelling the government to withdraw the proposals.

What was the significance of the seizure of newspaper presses on July 27, 1830?

The seizure of newspaper presses by police on July 27, 1830, acted as a catalyst, intensifying public anger and directly contributing to the outbreak of armed conflict in Paris.

What slogans were chanted by revolutionaries during the July 27th events?

During the events of July 27th, revolutionaries chanted "Down with the Bourbons!" and "Long live the Charter!" Later, cries of "Death to the ministers! Down with the aristocrats!" were also heard.

On what grounds was the National Guard of Paris dissolved in April 1827?

The National Guard of Paris was dissolved on April 30, 1827, because the government deemed its behavior towards the crown to be offensive.

What was the general attitude of royalists during the three days of the revolution?

Royalists were notably absent during the three days of the revolution, possibly due to a lack of organization or a strategic decision to avoid direct confrontation with the revolutionaries.

July Revolution Wiki: The July Revolution of 1830: A Pivotal Shift in French Governance

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Revolutionary Overview

A Second French Revolution

The July Revolution, also known as the Second French Revolution or the Trois Glorieuses ("Three Glorious Days"), marked a significant upheaval in France. It led to the deposition of King Charles X, the Bourbon monarch, and the ascension of his cousin, Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans.

Shift in Governance

This pivotal event restored a constitutional monarchy, transitioning power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans. It fundamentally replaced the principle of hereditary right with that of popular sovereignty, ushering in the July Monarchy.

Wider European Impact

The revolution's success reverberated across Europe, inspiring subsequent uprisings in Belgium and Poland, and contributing to broader movements for political change throughout the continent.

Context: The Bourbon Restoration

Charles X's Reign

Following Napoleon's defeat, the Bourbon monarchy was restored with Louis XVIII, who was succeeded by his more reactionary brother, Charles X, in 1824. Charles X's reign was marked by policies perceived as favoring the aristocracy and the Catholic Church, alienating segments of the populace and political elite.

Charter of 1814 and Growing Discontent

The Charter of 1814, a constitutional document, guaranteed certain liberties but was increasingly seen as insufficient by liberal and republican factions. Measures such as the Anti-Sacrilege Act and financial indemnities for émigré nobles fueled public resentment and distrust towards the crown.

The imposition of the death penalty for desecrating the Eucharist was viewed as a concession to the Catholic Church, undermining religious equality.
Financial indemnities for property confiscated during the Revolution and Empire were controversial, perceived by some as opportunistic and potentially aimed at shaming political opponents.

Press and Public Opinion

The government's attempts to tighten press censorship were met with strong opposition from journalists and the public. Newspapers like Le National became vocal critics, framing the government's actions as a violation of the Charter and a precursor to revolution.

The Three Glorious Days

Monday, 26 July 1830

The promulgation of the July Ordinances—dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, suspending press freedom, and altering electoral laws—ignited widespread protest. Journalists defied the censorship, and clashes began between demonstrators and royal troops, marking the start of the uprising.

The day began with the publication of the ordinances, leading to business closures and factory shutdowns. Journalists met to protest, vowing to continue publication. Police raids on printing presses escalated tensions, drawing angry crowds. Initial clashes resulted in civilian casualties, fueling cries against the monarchy and aristocracy.

Tuesday, 27 July 1830

Fighting intensified across Paris. Barricades were erected, and revolutionary forces gained control of key areas. Despite orders to repress the uprising, royal troops faced disorganization and wavering loyalty, while the Bourbon opposition sought mediation.

The city became a battleground. Royal troops were deployed to strategic locations, but faced insufficient numbers and provisions. The revolutionaries, increasingly organized and armed, captured significant buildings like the Tuileries Palace and the Louvre. The effectiveness of the royal response was hampered by indecision and a lack of decisive action from King Charles X.

Wednesday, 28 July 1830

The revolutionaries achieved decisive control, capturing the Hôtel de Ville. The royal army's position collapsed, with many troops deserting. The tricolor flag became a prominent symbol of the revolution, flying over captured government buildings.

The capture of the Hôtel de Ville marked a turning point. Despite pockets of fighting, the revolutionary momentum was undeniable. The provisional government began to form, signaling the effective end of Charles X's rule. Notably, looting was minimal, with revolutionary crowds often protecting cultural sites.

The Outcome: A New Monarchy

Abdication and Exile

On August 2, Charles X and his son, the Dauphin, formally abdicated their claims to the throne. They subsequently departed for Great Britain, ending the direct line of Bourbon rule.

Louis Philippe Ascends

Instead of recognizing Charles X's intended successor, the Duke of Bordeaux (Henry V), the provisional government installed Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, as the new King of the French. This established the July Monarchy, a constitutional monarchy.

Constitutional Shift

The July Monarchy represented a significant shift, emphasizing popular sovereignty over hereditary right. Supporters of the exiled Bourbons became known as Legitimists, while adherents of Louis Philippe were called Orléanists.

Wider Consequences

Belgian Independence

The success of the July Revolution directly inspired the Belgian Revolution, which began in August 1830. This led to the secession of the Southern Netherlands from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of the independent Kingdom of Belgium.

Polish Uprising

The revolution also emboldened Polish nationalists, contributing to the outbreak of the November Uprising against Russian rule in Congress Poland. Though ultimately suppressed, it demonstrated the revolutionary spirit ignited by events in France.

Italian and Other Movements

Similar revolutionary sentiments were stirred in various Italian states and other parts of Europe, highlighting the interconnectedness of political movements during this period.

Artistic Depictions

Liberty Leading the People

Eugène Delacroix's iconic painting, Liberty Leading the People, allegorically captures the spirit of the July Revolution. It depicts Liberty, personified as a woman, leading revolutionaries over barricades and fallen figures, symbolizing the struggle for freedom.

Scenes of the Revolution

Artists like Léon Cogniet, Jean-Victor Schnetz, and Hippolyte Lecomte documented the events through various paintings. These works often focus on specific moments such as street fighting, the capture of key buildings like the Hôtel de Ville, and the symbolic presence of revolutionary figures.

Daily Life During the Uprising

Other depictions, such as those by Eugène Lepoittevin and Jean-Baptiste Goyet, offer glimpses into the broader societal impact, showing scenes of citizens participating in the revolution, soldiers in action, and the general atmosphere of upheaval in Paris.

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The July Revolution of 1830

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Revolutionary Overview ℹ️

🇫🇷 A Second French Revolution

⚖️ Shift in Governance

🌍 Wider European Impact

Context: The Bourbon Restoration 📜

👑 Charles X's Reign

🏛️ Charter of 1814 and Growing Discontent

📰 Press and Public Opinion

The Three Glorious Days 💥

📅 Monday, 26 July 1830

⚔️ Tuesday, 27 July 1830

🚩 Wednesday, 28 July 1830

The Outcome: A New Monarchy 👑➡️🏛️

👑 Abdication and Exile

🏛️ Louis Philippe Ascends

⚖️ Constitutional Shift

Wider Consequences 🌍

🇧🇪 Belgian Independence

🇵🇱 Polish Uprising

🇮🇹 Italian and Other Movements

Artistic Depictions 🎨

🖼️ Liberty Leading the People

🖼️ Scenes of the Revolution

🖼️ Daily Life During the Uprising

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Academic Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Considerations

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Revolutionary Overview

A Second French Revolution

Shift in Governance

Wider European Impact

Context: The Bourbon Restoration

Charles X's Reign

Charter of 1814 and Growing Discontent

Press and Public Opinion

The Three Glorious Days

Monday, 26 July 1830

Tuesday, 27 July 1830

Wednesday, 28 July 1830

The Outcome: A New Monarchy

Abdication and Exile

Louis Philippe Ascends

Constitutional Shift

Wider Consequences

Belgian Independence

Polish Uprising

Italian and Other Movements

Artistic Depictions

Liberty Leading the People

Scenes of the Revolution

Daily Life During the Uprising

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Considerations