What were the approximate start and end dates for the Khanate of Khiva?

The Khanate of Khiva existed as a state from 1511 to 1920, although it experienced a period of Afsharid occupation between 1740 and 1747.

What geographical region was the Khanate of Khiva centered in?

The Khanate of Khiva was centered in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya river, situated south of the Aral Sea.

What were the successive capitals of the Khanate of Khiva throughout its history?

The capital was initially Konye-Urgench from 1511 to 1598. Subsequently, the capital was moved to Khiva, which served as the political center from 1599 until the Khanate's dissolution in 1920.

What were the primary languages spoken within the Khanate of Khiva?

The common languages spoken in the Khanate of Khiva were Chagatai language, Persian, and Turkmen.

What was the official religion of the Khanate of Khiva?

Islam was the official religion of the Khanate of Khiva.

What form of government did the Khanate of Khiva primarily operate under?

The Khanate of Khiva was an absolute monarchy.

What was the political status of the Khanate of Khiva in relation to other powers during its existence?

The Khanate of Khiva was an independent khanate from 1511 to 1740 and again from 1747 to 1873. It was a vassal state of Afsharid Iran between 1740 and 1747, and later became a Russian protectorate from 1873 until its end in 1920.

Which dynasty was founded in 1511, marking the beginning of the Khanate of Khiva?

The Arabshahid dynasty, also known as the Yadigarid Shibanid dynasty, was founded in 1511 by Ilbars I.

What event led to the Khanate of Khiva becoming a Russian protectorate?

The Khanate of Khiva became a Russian protectorate following its conquest by the Russian Empire during the Khivan campaign of 1873.

When was the Khanate of Khiva officially replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic?

The Khanate of Khiva was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic on February 2, 1920, after a revolution occurred within the Khanate.

How did the name "Khanate of Khiva" originate?

The name "Khanate of Khiva" is a calque derived from the Russian exonym "Khivinskoe khanstvo." Locals, however, referred to their polity as "vilayet Khwārazm."

What was the original capital of the Khanate of Khiva before it was moved to Khiva itself?

The original capital was Konye-Urgench, which served as the seat of power until around 1598.

What environmental change around 1600 caused the capital to be moved from Konye-Urgench to Khiva?

The drying up of the Daryaliq, the western branch of the Oxus river, around 1600 led to the capital being moved south to Khiva.

What were the main population groups within the Khanate of Khiva?

The population consisted of agriculturalists, primarily the Turkic Sarts, and nomads or semi-nomads who lived away from the river.

What role did Turkmen nomads play in the Khanate of Khiva?

Turkmen nomads paid taxes to the Khan, formed a significant part of his army, and frequently revolted against his authority.

What was the primary route for military approach into the Khanate of Khiva, leading to frequent wars with Bukhara?

The primary military approach into the Khanate was along the Oxus river, which resulted in numerous wars with the Khanate of Bukhara located upstream.

Who founded the Arabshahid dynasty in 1511, and what was the context of its founding?

Ilbars I founded the Arabshahid dynasty in 1511 after a Persian garrison was expelled, establishing an independent khanate following conflicts with Shaybanids and Safavid Persia.

What significant event occurred in 1740 involving Nader Shah and the Khanate of Khiva?

Nader Shah conquered Khiva in 1740, beheaded the ruling Khan Ilbars II, and freed a substantial number of slaves.

Which tribe became increasingly powerful in Khiva after 1746 and eventually formalized their rule as a dynasty?

The Qungrat tribe gained increasing power after 1746, appointing puppet khans, and their rule was formalized as the Qungrat dynasty by Iltuzar Khan in 1804.

What impact did the Russian conquest of Khiva in 1873 have on the slave trade?

The Russian conquest in 1873 effectively ended the Khivan slave trade.

What role did Mennonites play in the modernization of the Khanate of Khiva in the late 19th century?

Mennonites who migrated to Khiva in 1882 introduced technological innovations such as photography, filmmaking, more efficient cotton harvesting methods, and electrical generators.

What happened to the Khanate of Khiva following the Russian Revolution of 1917?

Following the Russian Revolution, a revolution occurred within Khiva, leading to the deposition of the khan and the establishment of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic in 1920.

Who was the last ruling Khan of the Qungrat dynasty, and what was his fate?

Sayid Abdullah was the last ruling Khan of the Qungrat dynasty. He abdicated on February 2, 1920, leading to the Khanate's replacement by a Soviet republic.

What were the main reasons cited for the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873?

One of the primary reasons cited for the 1873 campaign was the significant number of Russian slaves held within Khiva, which served as a pretext for the Russian invasion.

How did British diplomatic efforts, specifically through Captain James Abbott and Lieutenant Richmond Shakespear, influence the Russian motive for conquering Khiva in the mid-19th century?

British diplomats Abbott and Shakespear successfully persuaded the Khan of Khiva to free Russian slaves and criminalize slave ownership, thereby diminishing Russia's primary justification for conquest at that time.

What was the population of the Khanate of Khiva around 1908?

The population of the Khanate of Khiva was approximately 800,000 in 1908.

What was the area of the Khanate of Khiva in 1911?

In 1911, the area of the Khanate of Khiva was recorded as 67,521 square kilometers (26,070 square miles).

Who was Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, and what is he known for besides being a Khan?

Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, who reigned from 1643 to 1663, is noted for his military campaigns against the Kalmyks and for authoring the "Genealogy of Turkmens" (Shajara-i Tarākima), an important historical text.

What happened to Muhammad Amin Khan in 1855 that led to a Turkmen rebellion?

Muhammad Amin Khan was killed in March 1855 while attempting to recapture Sarakhs, an event that triggered a prolonged Turkmen rebellion lasting from 1855 to 1867.

Who was Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II (Feruz Khan), and what was his relationship with Russia?

Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II (Feruz Khan) reigned from 1864 to 1910. During his rule, the Khanate of Khiva was conquered by Russia in 1873 and became a Russian protectorate.

What was the fate of Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur, the Khan of Khiva from 1910 to 1918?

Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur lost control of the country to Junaid Khan of the Turkmen Yomut tribe and was subsequently executed by him.

What were the main successor states or administrative divisions that emerged from the former Khanate of Khiva after its incorporation into the Soviet Union?

After the Khanate's incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1924, its territory was divided, primarily becoming part of the Turkmen SSR and the Uzbek SSR, which later evolved into the independent nations of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

What was the significance of the "Genealogy of Turkmens" mentioned in relation to Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur?

The "Genealogy of Turkmens" (Shajara-i Tarākima), written by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, is considered a significant historical source.

What does the article suggest about the reliability of historical data for the Khivan Khans?

The article indicates that historical data for the Khivan Khans is often sparse and contradictory, especially for less prominent rulers, with different scholarly sources sometimes presenting conflicting information.

Who was Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I, and what were some key aspects of his reign?

Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I reigned from 1806 to 1825. His rule is characterized as cruel but effective in restoring order, conquering the lower delta, subjugating tribes, and engaging in conflicts with Persia and Bukhara.

What happened to the city of Khiva during the Russian campaign of 1873?

The city of Khiva fell to Russian forces on June 10, 1873, during the Khivan campaign.

What was the approximate population of the Khanate of Khiva in 1911?

In 1911, the population of the Khanate of Khiva was estimated to be around 550,000.

What does the article state about the "Economy," "Culture," and "Military" sections of the Khanate of Khiva?

The article explicitly notes that the sections dedicated to the Economy, Culture, and Military of the Khanate of Khiva are currently empty and require additional content.

What was the relationship between the Khanate of Khiva and the Khanate of Bukhara?

The Khanate of Khiva and the Khanate of Bukhara were frequently in conflict, with documented wars occurring in various periods, including 1538–40, 1593, 1655, 1656, 1662, 1684, 1689, 1694, and 1806.

What was the significance of the "Great Game" in the context of the Khanate of Khiva?

The "Great Game" refers to the geopolitical rivalry between the British and Russian Empires for influence in Central Asia, and the Russian conquest of Khiva was a significant event within this larger strategic competition.

What was the approximate area of the Khanate of Khiva in 1911?

In 1911, the Khanate of Khiva covered an area of approximately 67,521 square kilometers (26,070 square miles).

Who was Ilbars I, and what were his key actions as the first Khan?

Ilbars I, the first Khan from 1511 to 1518, was enthroned by local support and successfully fought to expel Persian forces. He also encouraged Uzbeks to conduct raids into Khorasan.

What was the role of Junaid Khan in the final years of the Khanate of Khiva?

Junaid Khan, a leader of the Turkmen Yomut tribe, played a crucial role in the Khanate's demise by defeating the Khivan army in early 1920 and later executing the last Khan, Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur.

What happened to the territory of the Khanate of Khiva after its incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1924?

Following its incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1924, the territory of the former Khanate was divided between the Turkmen SSR and the Uzbek SSR, eventually forming parts of modern Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

What does a 1734 French map indicate about the Khanate of Khiva's location?

A 1734 French map labels the Khanate of Khiva as "Karasm" and depicts its territory as surrounding the Aral Sea.

What was the primary reason for the Russian military campaigns against Khiva mentioned in the text?

The text identifies the presence of Russian slaves held within Khiva as a primary motive for Russian military intervention and eventual conquest.

What was the status of Khiva after the Russian conquest in 1873?

Following the Russian conquest in 1873, Khiva was established as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate.

What historical region does the Khanate of Khiva correspond to in modern geography?

The territory historically encompassed by the Khanate of Khiva largely corresponds to parts of present-day western Uzbekistan, specifically Karakalpakstan and Xorazm Region, and the Daşoguz Region of Turkmenistan.

Who was Sayyid Muhammad, and what significant events occurred during his reign (1856–1864)?

Sayyid Muhammad was the Khan of Khiva from 1856 to 1864. His reign was marked by civil conflict, famine, plague, and diplomatic missions from figures like Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev and Ármin Vámbéry.

What was the population of the Khanate of Khiva in 1902?

The population of the Khanate of Khiva was approximately 700,000 in 1902.

What was the name used by the inhabitants of the polity that is commonly known as the Khanate of Khiva?

The inhabitants of the polity did not use the term "Khanate of Khiva" and instead referred to it as the "vilayet Khwārazm" (country of Khwārazm).

Khanate Of Khiva Wiki: The Khivan Khanate: A Central Asian Legacy

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The Name: Khiva's Identity

Naming Conventions

The term "Khanate of Khiva," commonly used in Western scholarship, is a linguistic adaptation derived from the Russian exonym, Khivinskoe khanstvo. This designation gained prominence in Russian sources from the 17th or 18th century onwards. Notably, inhabitants of the polity did not employ this specific term, preferring to refer to their land as vilayet Khwārazm ("country of Khwārazm"). Prior to the 17th/18th centuries, the polity was frequently identified as "Urgench," a name also recognized in Persian and Bukharan contexts, with "Urganji" sometimes serving as the collective identifier for its people.

Historical Trajectory

Early Period and Shifts

The region known as Khorezm, the historical heartland of the Khanate, was nominally under the influence of the Timurid Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara of Khorasan until 1505. Muhammad Shaybani's empire briefly encompassed Khorezm before its eventual expulsion by Shah Ismail I of Persia. Following this, Ilbars founded the Arabshahid dynasty in 1511, marking the establishment of the Khanate. The capital was eventually moved from Konye-Urgench to Khiva around 1600 due to shifts in the Amu Darya river's course. The population comprised agriculturalists, Turkic Sarts, and nomadic groups, with increasing infiltration by Uzbeks and the presence of Turkmen nomads who often served in the Khan's army but also engaged in revolts.

Nominal dependence on Timurids until 1505.
Brief control by Muhammad Shaybani, followed by Persian occupation.
Founding of the Arabshahid dynasty by Ilbars in 1511 after Persian expulsion.
Capital moved to Khiva around 1600.
Periods of conflict with the Khanate of Bukhara and raids by Kalmyks and Ural Cossacks.
Notable rulers like Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1643–1663) contributed historical writings.
Increasing power of the Qungrat tribe from the late 18th century onwards.

Russian Imperial Period

The Khanate faced multiple Russian military expeditions. After initial failed attempts, the Russian conquest culminated in 1873 with General Von Kaufman's campaign. Khiva was captured, and a treaty established it as a Russian protectorate, significantly reducing its territory and ending the Khivan slave trade. This conquest was part of the broader Russian expansion into Central Asia. Despite the loss of autonomy, the Khanate persisted as a vassal state, with Russian influence shaping its political landscape until the revolution.

Multiple Russian military campaigns, culminating in the 1873 conquest.
Establishment as a Russian protectorate following the 1873 treaty.
End of the Khivan slave trade.
Gradual encirclement by Russian territory after the conquest of Turkmenistan in 1884.
Introduction of Western technologies and practices by European settlers, particularly Mennonites, influencing photography and agriculture.

Revolution and Soviet Era

The Russian Revolution of 1917 triggered internal upheaval in Khiva. A revolution occurred, leading to the deposition of the Khan. In 1920, the Khanate was formally replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic. This entity was later incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924. The territory of the former Khanate was subsequently divided between the Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR, forming the basis of modern administrative divisions in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

Revolution following the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power.
Deposition of the Khan by allied forces of anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen.
Establishment of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic in 1920.
Final incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1924.
Territorial division between the Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR.

The Rulers: Khans of Khiva

Arabshahid Dynasty (1511–1804)

The Arabshahid dynasty, originating from Shaybanid lineage, ruled Khiva for centuries, navigating periods of internal strife, external threats, and shifting alliances. Their rule was marked by conflicts with neighboring states like Bukhara and Persia, as well as internal power struggles and the influence of tribal leaders.

Ilbars I (1511–1518)
Sultan Haji (1518–1519)
Hasan Quli (1519–1524)
Sufyan (1529–1535)
Bujugha (1524–1529)
Avniq (1535–1538)
Qal (1539–1549)
Aqatay (1549–1557)
Dust Muhammad (1557–1558)
Haji Muhammad I (1558–1602)
Arab Muhammad I (1602–1623)
Isfandiyar (1623–1643)
Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1643–1663)
Anusha (1663–1685)
Khudaydad (1685–1687)
Muhammad Awrang I (1687–1694)
Chuchaq (1694–1697)
Vali (1697–1698)
Ishaq Agha Shah Niyaz (1698–1701)
Awrang II (1701–1702)
Shakhbakht Khan (1702–1703)
Sayyid Ali Khan (1703)
Musa (1702–1712)
Yadigar I (1712–1713)
Awrang III (c. 1713–c. 1714)
Haji Muhammad II (c. 1714)
Shir Ghazi (1714–1727)
Sarigh Ayghir (1727)
Ilbars II (1728–1740)
Tahir (1740–1742)
Nurali I (1742)
Abu Muhammad (1742)
Abu al-Ghazi II Muhammad (1742–1747)
Ghaib (Kaip Khan) (1747–1758)
Abdullah Qara Beg (1758)
Timur Ghazi (1758–1764)
Tawke (1764–1766)
Shah Ghazi (1766–1768)
Abu al-Ghazi III (1768–1769)
Nurali II (1769)
Jahangir (1769–1770)
Bölekey (1770)
Aqim (1770–1771)
Abd al-Aziz (c. 1771)
Artuq Ghazi (c. 1772)
Abdullah (c. 1772)
Aqim (second time, c. 1772–c. 1773)
Yadigar II (1773–1775)
Abu'l Fayz (1775–1779)
Yadigar II (1779–1781)
Pulad Ghazi (1781–1783)
Yadigar II (1783–1790)
Abu al-Ghazi IV (1790–1802)
Abu al-Ghazi V ibn Gha'ib (1802–1804)

Qungrat Dynasty (1804–1920)

The Qungrat dynasty rose to prominence, initially as powerful prime ministers (Inaqs), before formally assuming the title of Khan in 1804. This period saw attempts at modernization and consolidation, but also increasing pressure from the Russian Empire, culminating in protectorate status and eventual absorption into the Soviet sphere.

Qungrat Inaqs

Ishmed bi
Muhammed Amin Biy (c. 1763–1790)
Avaz-Inak or Ivaz-Inak (1790–1804)
Eltuzar-Inak (1804)

Qungrat Khans

Eltuzar Muhammad Bahodir Khan (1804–1806)
Muhammad Rahim Bahadur I (1806–1825)
Allah Quli Bahadur (1825–1842)
Muhammad Rahim Quli (1842–1846)
Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur (1846–1855)
Abdullah (1855)
Kutlugh Muhammad Murad Bahadur (1855–1856)
Sayyid Muhammad (1856–1864)
Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II (Feruz Khan) (1864–1910)
Isfandiyar Khan (1910–1918)
Sayid Abdullah (1918–1920)

Economy

Section Under Development

Information regarding the specific economic activities, trade, agriculture, and resources of the Khanate of Khiva is not detailed in the provided source material for this section. Further research into primary sources would be necessary to elaborate on this aspect of the Khanate's history.

Culture

Section Under Development

The provided source material does not contain specific details regarding the cultural practices, arts, architecture, or social structures of the Khanate of Khiva. Information on these topics would require consulting additional historical resources.

Military Structure

Section Under Development

Details concerning the military organization, tactics, weaponry, and significant campaigns of the Khanate of Khiva are not elaborated upon in the provided source text. A comprehensive understanding of the Khanate's military history would necessitate further investigation.

References

Source Materials

The information presented on this page is derived from the following sources:

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References

Å ir-Moá¸¥ammad MirÄb Munes and Moá¸¥ammad-ReÅ¼Ä MirÄb Ägahi, Ferdaws al-eqbÄl, ed., tr., and annotated by Yuri Bregel as Firdaws al-iqbal: History of Khorezm, 2 vols., Leiden, 1988â99. p. 162,62,567â68

A full list of references for this article are available at the Khanate of Khiva Wikipedia page

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Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not historical or political advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional historical research or consultation. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified historians or regional experts for specific academic needs. Never disregard professional advice because of something you have read on this website.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Khivan Khanate: A Central Asian Legacy

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Name: Khiva's Identity 📜

🏷️ Naming Conventions

Historical Trajectory ⏳

🏛️ Early Period and Shifts

⚔️ Russian Imperial Period

💥 Revolution and Soviet Era

The Rulers: Khans of Khiva 👑

📜 Arabshahid Dynasty (1511–1804)

👑 Qungrat Dynasty (1804–1920)

Qungrat Inaqs

Qungrat Khans

Economy 💰

Section Under Development

Culture 🎨

Section Under Development

Military Structure ⚔️

Section Under Development

References 📚

Source Materials

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Name: Khiva's Identity

Naming Conventions

Historical Trajectory

Early Period and Shifts

Russian Imperial Period

Revolution and Soviet Era

The Rulers: Khans of Khiva

Arabshahid Dynasty (1511–1804)

Qungrat Dynasty (1804–1920)

Economy

Culture

Military Structure

References

Teacher's Corner

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References

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