What is Makassar's current status and geographical location?

Makassar is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It is situated on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait, and is recognized as the largest city in Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center.

What historical significance does Makassar hold as a trading port?

Throughout its history, Makassar has been a vital trading port. It served as the center for the Gowa Sultanate and was a Portuguese naval base before being conquered by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th century. It continued to be an important port in the Dutch East Indies, facilitating trade for Eastern Indonesian regions.

What was Makassar's role in the formation of the State of East Indonesia?

Following the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945, Makassar briefly served as the capital of the State of East Indonesia, which was established as a Dutch puppet state. However, this state was integrated into the Republic of Indonesia in 1950 after an uprising.

What are the approximate population figures for Makassar city and its metropolitan area?

As of mid-2023, Makassar city had an estimated population of approximately 1.474 million people. The larger metropolitan area, known as Mamminasata, encompassed a wider region and had an estimated population of around 2.795 million.

How is Makassar ranked among Indonesia's major urban centers?

Makassar is considered one of the four main central cities of Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Surabaya, and Medan. It ranks as the country's fifth-largest urban center in terms of population.

What is the economic standing of Makassar compared to other Indonesian cities?

Makassar holds the second-highest commercial property values in Indonesia, surpassed only by Greater Jakarta, indicating its significant economic importance.

What is the origin of the name 'Makassar' and its historical spelling variations?

The name Makassar was historically spelled 'Macassar' in English and many European languages, while the Portuguese used 'Macáçar'. The Dutch used both 'Makasser' and 'Makassar'. Indonesians adopted the double 's' spelling, even though the Indonesian language itself does not typically feature geminate consonants.

When was the city renamed Ujung Pandang, and why?

The city was renamed Ujung Pandang on September 1, 1971. This change was made to honor a variant of the pre-colonial name associated with Fort Rotterdam and to de-emphasize the ethnic connotations of the name 'Makassar' as the city expanded its administrative boundaries.

When did the city revert to its original name, Makassar?

The city's name reverted to Makassar on October 13, 1999, during the presidency of B. J. Habibie, who hailed from South Sulawesi.

What is the Makassarese name for the city, and in what script is it written?

In the local Makassarese language, the city is known as 'Mangkasara''. This name is traditionally written using the Lontara script, which is also used for the Buginese language, which is widely spoken in the city.

What historical text mentions Makassar in the 14th century?

Makassar is mentioned in the 'Nagarakretagama', a Javanese eulogy composed during the reign of Majapahit king Hayam Wuruk. In this text, Makassar is listed as an island under Majapahit's dominance.

Which rulers were instrumental in Makassar's rise as an independent kingdom?

The 9th King of Gowa, Tumaparisi Kallonna (1512–1546), initiated an alliance with the neighboring polity of Tallo. This partnership was crucial for Makassar's development into a powerful, independent kingdom centered at Sombaopu.

What was the policy of Makassar's rulers regarding foreign trade and Dutch influence?

Makassar's rulers pursued a policy of free trade, allowing all traders to conduct business in the city. They actively resisted the Dutch East India Company's (VOC) attempts to establish a monopoly over the spice trade originating from the Maluku Islands.

Who was Karaeng Pattingalloang, and what was his significance?

Karaeng Pattingalloang (1600–1654) was the Chancellor of Gowa and Tallo and the son of Karaeng Matoaya. He was highly educated, fluent in Portuguese, and possessed a deep interest in mathematics and astronomy, contributing to Makassar's intellectual reputation.

What event led to the Dutch East India Company's conquest of Makassar?

Following the death of Pattingalloang and a subsequent period of internal conflict and Bugis rebellion, the Dutch VOC seized the opportunity to conquer Makassar with the assistance of the Bugis between 1667 and 1669.

What was the fate of Prince Diponegoro during the Dutch colonial period in Makassar?

After the Diponegoro War (1825–1830), Prince Diponegoro was exiled to Fort Rotterdam in Makassar, where he remained until his death in 1855.

How did Makassar's economy function during the colonial era beyond the spice trade?

During the colonial era, Makassar served as a collection point for various Indonesian produce, including copra, rattan, pearls, trepang, and sandalwood. It was also known for exporting 'Makassar oil,' derived from bado nuts, which was used in Europe for hair styling.

What was Joseph Conrad's description of Makassar in the early 20th century?

The writer Joseph Conrad described Makassar in the early 20th century as 'the prettiest and perhaps, cleanest looking of all the towns in the islands'.

What significant event occurred in Makassar during World War II?

During World War II, Japanese forces landed near Makassar on February 9, 1942. The defending Royal Netherlands East Indies Army troops were quickly overwhelmed and captured.

What was the Makassar uprising in 1950?

The Makassar uprising in 1950 involved fighting between pro-Federalist forces led by Captain Kahar Muzakkar and Republican forces under Colonel Sunkono, occurring shortly after the city's integration into the Republic of Indonesia.

Describe the geographical features of Makassar city.

Makassar City is located near the coast, stretching along the western and northern corridors, earning it the nickname 'Waterfront City.' It features several rivers, including the Tallo, Jeneberang, and Pampang rivers, and is situated in a lowland area at an altitude of 0 to 25 meters above sea level.

What type of climate does Makassar experience?

Makassar has a tropical monsoon climate, classified as 'Am' under the Köppen climate classification system. This means it experiences distinct wet and dry seasons, with high temperatures and humidity year-round.

What are the average temperature ranges in Makassar throughout the year?

The average temperature in Makassar remains relatively consistent, hovering around 27.5°C (81.5°F). Daily highs typically reach about 32.5°C (90.5°F), while lows average around 22.5°C (72.5°F) across all seasons.

How does rainfall vary across the months in Makassar?

Rainfall in Makassar varies significantly throughout the year due to the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. While the driest month, August, receives only about 15 mm of rain, the wet season months, particularly January, can see over 734 mm of rainfall.

What is the structure of Makassar's local government?

Makassar operates under a mayor-council system. The city is led by a mayor and a vice mayor, both elected officials serving five-year terms. A city regional house of representatives also exists, with members elected for the same term length.

How is Makassar administratively divided?

Makassar City is divided into 15 administrative districts, known as 'kecamatan.' These districts are further subdivided into a total of 153 urban villages, called 'kelurahan'.

What is the ethnic composition of Makassar's population?

Makassar is a multi-ethnic city, primarily populated by the native Makassarese and Buginese people. Other significant ethnic groups include Torajans, Mandarese, Butonese, Chinese (mainly from the Cantonese dialect group), and Javanese.

What is the dominant religion in Makassar?

According to the 2010 census, Islam is the dominant religion in Makassar, practiced by approximately 87.19% of the population. Other religions present include Protestantism, Buddhism, Catholicism, and Hinduism.

What role does Makassar play in Indonesia's economy beyond its port functions?

Makassar is recognized as one of Indonesia's four main central cities, contributing significantly to the national economy. Its economy is heavily reliant on the service sector, particularly restaurants, hotels, transportation, and finance, alongside industrial activities.

What is the historical connection between Makassar and Australia?

Makassar has a historical connection with Australia through the trepang (sea cucumber) trade. Makassan fishermen from Makassar frequented the northern Australian coast from around 1700, interacting with Indigenous Australian peoples long before European settlement.

What is the 'pete-pete' system in Makassar?

The 'pete-pete' is Makassar's unique public transportation system, consisting of modified share taxis, similar to 'angkot' found elsewhere in Indonesia. Their routes are identified by a letter displayed on the windshield.

What other forms of public transportation are available in Makassar?

Besides the 'pete-pete,' Makassar also features 'becak' (pedicabs, which are smaller than those on Java), a government-run bus system, traditional taxis, and modern ride-hailing services like Gojek.

What is the 'Trans Mamminasata' initiative?

Trans Mamminasata is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system launched in 2014 that operates routes within Makassar and connects to nearby regencies such as Maros, Takalar, and Gowa, aiming to improve regional public transportation.

What major transportation infrastructure serves Makassar?

Makassar is served by Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport, located in the nearby Maros Regency, and the Soekarno-Hatta Sea Port within the city, which has undergone expansion to increase its capacity.

What are some of the prominent local newspapers and television stations in Makassar?

The oldest newspaper in the Makassar region is 'Fajar.' Other local media include newspapers like 'Tribun Timur' and 'Ujungpandang Ekspres,' as well as the privately owned Fajar TV and the public broadcaster TVRI South Sulawesi.

What are the most famous traditional dishes from Makassar?

Makassar is renowned for its traditional cuisine, featuring dishes such as 'coto makassar' (a rich stew), 'konro' (a rib dish), and 'ayam goreng sulawesi' (marinated fried chicken). These are often enjoyed with rice cakes like 'burasa' or 'ketupat'.

What are 'pisang epe' and 'pisang ijo'?

'Pisang epe' is a popular Makassar dessert made from pressed and grilled bananas topped with palm sugar sauce, often sold near Losari Beach. 'Pisang ijo' consists of bananas coated in a green-colored flour mixture and served with coconut milk and syrup, frequently consumed during Ramadan.

Which universities are located in Makassar?

Makassar is home to several higher education institutions, including the State University of Makassar, Hasanuddin University, and Alauddin Islamic State University.

What international relations does Makassar maintain?

Makassar hosts several foreign consulates and general consulates, representing countries such as Australia, Germany, Japan, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and France. It also participates in international sister city programs with cities like Kuala Terengganu (Malaysia), Lismore (Australia), Peshawar (Pakistan), and Qingdao (China).

What is the significance of Makassar ebony?

Makassar ebony is a type of wood known for its deep black color, often streaked with tan or brown tones. It is highly valued for its use in creating fine cabinetry and decorative veneers.

What was the purpose of the city government's 2007 regulation regarding schoolgirls' attire?

In 2007, the Makassar city government implemented a rule requiring all schoolgirls to wear skirts that extended below the knee, reflecting a specific cultural or social policy.

What is the meaning of Makassar's motto, 'Sekali Layar Terkembang Pantang Biduk Surut ke Pantai'?

Makassar's motto, 'Sekali Layar Terkembang Pantang Biduk Surut ke Pantai,' translates to 'Once the sails are set, we shan't return to shore.' This phrase embodies a spirit of determination and commitment to moving forward.

What role did the Portuguese play in Makassar's early history?

The Portuguese were present in Makassar from at least the 1540s, using the city as a base for trading with the Spice Islands. They established a naval base there and contributed to the city's diverse cultural and economic landscape before being displaced by the Dutch.

How did the Dutch East India Company (VOC) eventually gain control of Makassar?

The VOC sought a monopoly on the spice trade and faced resistance from Makassar's rulers who favored free trade. The Dutch eventually conquered the city with the help of the Bugis between 1667 and 1669, after which they rebuilt the Ujung Pandang fort and renamed it Fort Rotterdam.

What is the significance of Fort Rotterdam in Makassar's history?

Fort Rotterdam, originally the northern Makassar fort of Ujung Pandang, was rebuilt and renamed by the Dutch VOC after their conquest in 1667. It served as a key Dutch base and later became a place of exile, notably for Prince Diponegoro.

What is the 'Mamminasata' region associated with Makassar?

Mamminasata is the official name for Makassar's metropolitan area, which includes the city itself and thirty-three additional districts from neighboring regencies, covering a total area of 2,666.63 square kilometers.

What is the average annual rainfall in Makassar?

Makassar receives an average of 3,086 mm (121.50 inches) of rain annually, distributed over approximately 163 rainy days.

What is the average daily sunshine duration in Makassar?

On average, Makassar experiences about 8.0 hours of sunshine per day throughout the year.

What is the primary source of economic activity in Makassar today?

The service sector is the dominant contributor to Makassar's economy, accounting for roughly 70% of its activity. This sector is led by restaurants and hotels, followed by transportation, communication, trading, and finance.

What is the significance of the pinisi ships in Makassar's maritime trade?

Makassar is a nationally recognized port of call for 'pinisi' ships, which are traditional wooden sailing vessels still used for regular long-distance trade, highlighting the city's enduring maritime heritage.

Makassar Wiki: Makassar: Crossroads of the East

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Overview

Strategic Location

Makassar, formerly known as Ujung Pandang, is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It stands as the largest city in Eastern Indonesia and ranks as the nation's fifth-largest urban center. Strategically situated on the southwest coast of Sulawesi, it overlooks the vital Makassar Strait.

Maritime Heritage

Historically, Makassar has been a crucial trading port, serving as the center for the Gowa Sultanate and a significant base for Portuguese traders before its eventual control by the Dutch East India Company. Its maritime legacy continues, being a key port for traditional pinisi sailing ships.

Administrative Hub

As the provincial capital, Makassar is a major administrative and economic center. Its metropolitan area, known as Mamminasata, encompasses surrounding districts, reflecting its significant regional influence and population density.

Historical Trajectory

Sultanate Era

Makassar's prominence began to rise in the 16th century under the Gowa and Tallo sultanates. The city developed into a vital international trading port, resisting Dutch attempts to establish a spice trade monopoly and maintaining a policy of open trade. The acceptance of Islam in 1603, marked by the first official Friday Prayer on November 9, 1607, is celebrated as the city's anniversary.

Colonial Period

Following internal conflicts and Bugis rebellions, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) conquered Makassar in 1667-1669, rebuilding the city around Fort Rotterdam. Despite Dutch control, Makassar remained a crucial collecting point for Indonesian produce and maintained its role as a vital port. It also served as the capital of the State of East Indonesia during the early years of Indonesian independence.

Australian Connections

From around 1700, Makassar was a center for the trepang (sea cucumber) trade, which led to significant contact between Makassan sailors and Indigenous Australian peoples of northern Australia, predating European settlement. This historical maritime connection highlights Makassar's extensive reach.

Geography & Climate

Location and Area

Makassar City covers 175.77 km² (67.87 sq mi) on the southwest coast of Sulawesi. It lies on low-lying land, with an elevation ranging from 0 to 25 meters above sea level. The city is bordered by several regencies and the Makassar Strait, contributing to its role as a coastal hub.

Location within South Sulawesi

Interactive map

Tropical Climate

Makassar experiences a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: Am), characterized by consistent temperatures year-round, averaging around 27.5°C (81.5°F). Rainfall varies significantly, with a distinct wet season from December to February, receiving substantial precipitation, while August is notably drier.

Makassar Climate Normals (1991–2020)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean Max °C (°F)	31.0 (87.8)	31.2 (88.2)	31.7 (89.1)	32.1 (89.8)	32.4 (90.3)	32.0 (89.6)	31.7 (89.1)	32.0 (89.6)	32.7 (90.9)	33.1 (91.6)	32.7 (90.9)	31.3 (88.3)	32.0 (89.6)
Daily Mean °C (°F)	27.7 (81.9)	27.7 (81.9)	27.9 (82.2)	28.2 (82.8)	28.4 (83.1)	27.9 (82.2)	27.6 (81.7)	27.8 (82.0)	28.2 (82.8)	28.7 (83.7)	28.5 (83.3)	27.9 (82.2)	28.0 (82.4)
Mean Min °C (°F)	25.0 (77.0)	24.9 (76.8)	25.1 (77.2)	25.3 (77.5)	25.4 (77.7)	24.8 (76.6)	24.1 (75.4)	24.0 (75.2)	24.3 (75.7)	24.9 (76.8)	25.4 (77.7)	25.2 (77.4)	24.9 (76.8)
Avg. Rainfall mm (in)	734 (28.9)	563 (22.2)	391 (15.4)	235 (9.3)	97 (3.8)	66 (2.6)	48 (1.9)	15 (0.6)	32 (1.3)	83 (3.3)	273 (10.7)	549 (21.6)	3,086 (121.6)
Avg. Rainy Days	27	26	23	18	8	6	4	1	2	7	17	24	163
Avg. Humidity (%)	86	86	85	83	81	79	74	68	66	71	80	85	79
Avg. Sunshine Hours	5.7	6.3	6.9	7.6	8.4	8.5	8.8	9.6	10.1	9.4	7.9	6.4	8.0
Sources: World Meteorological Organization, Weatherbase, Weather2travel, Climate-Data.org

Governance Structure

City Administration

Makassar operates under a mayor-council system. The executive leadership is vested in a mayor and vice mayor, elected directly for five-year terms. A city legislative assembly, also elected for five-year terms, provides oversight and legislative functions.

Administrative Divisions

The city is administratively divided into 15 districts (kecamatan), which are further subdivided into 153 urban villages (kelurahan). This structure facilitates local governance and service delivery across the urban landscape.

Makassar Administrative Divisions
Code	District Name	Area km²	Pop. 2010	Pop. 2020	Pop. Est. 2023	Villages
73.71.01	Mariso	1.82	56,313	57,426	58,730	9
73.71.02	Mamajang	2.25	59,133	56,049	58,293	13
73.71.10	Tamalate	20.21	169,890	180,824	188,432	11
73.71.13	Rappocini	9.23	151,357	144,587	150,613	11
73.71.03	Makassar	2.52	81,901	82,067	82,237	14
73.71.04	Ujung Pandang	2.63	27,206	24,526	24,851	10
73.71.05	Wajo	1.99	29,670	29,972	29,503	8
73.71.06	Bontoala	2.10	54,268	54,996	55,201	12
73.71.08	Ujung Tanah	4.40	46,771	35,789	36,745	9
73.71.15	Sangkarrang Islands	1.54	(a)	14,125	14,981	3
73.71.07	Tallo	5.83	133,815	144,977	148,055	15
73.71.09	Panakkukang	17.05	141,524	139,590	144,204	11
73.71.12	Manggala	24.14	117,303	146,724	160,466	9
73.71.11	Biringkanaya	48.22	167,843	209,048	215,820	11
73.71.14	Tamalanrea	31.84	101,669	103,770	106,262	8
Total		175.77	1,338,663	1,423,877	1,474,393	153

Note (a): 2010 population for Sangkarrang Islands District included in Ujung Tanah.

Economic Landscape

Port and Trade

Makassar serves as a primary port in Indonesia, facilitating significant domestic and international shipping. It is nationally recognized as a key stop for traditional pinisi wooden sailing ships, underscoring its enduring role in maritime trade.

Key Industries

Historically known for exporting Makassar oil (used in hair pomades) and fine ebony wood, the city's modern economy is heavily service-oriented. The service sector constitutes approximately 70% of economic activity, with significant contributions from restaurants, hotels, transportation, communication, and finance.

Industrial Base

Beyond services, industry plays a notable role, accounting for over 21% of the city's economic activity. The Makassar Industrial Estate (KIMA) spans 270.84 hectares, supporting manufacturing and production within the city's administrative boundaries.

Mobility and Connectivity

Urban Transit

Makassar's public transportation includes the distinctive pete-pete (minibuses), becak (pedicabs), and a city-run bus system. Ride-hailing services and taxis are also prevalent, ensuring diverse options for intra-city travel.

Regional Connectivity

The "Trans Mamminasata" bus rapid transit (BRT) system connects Makassar with neighboring areas like Maros, Takalar, and Gowa, enhancing regional mobility. While a proposed monorail project was abandoned due to feasibility concerns, the BRT remains a key public transport initiative.

Air and Sea Links

Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport, located in the adjacent Maros Regency, serves Makassar and the wider South Sulawesi province. The city's primary seaport, Soekarno-Hatta Sea Port, is undergoing expansion to accommodate increasing shipping demands.

Culinary Delights

Savory Specialties

Makassar is renowned for its distinctive cuisine. Coto Makassar, a rich stew made from offal and spices, and Konro, a flavorful rib dish, are iconic. Both are traditionally served with burasa or ketupat (rice cakes).

Unique Flavors

Ayam Goreng Sulawesi (Celebes Fried Chicken), marinated for extended periods, offers a unique taste. The city also boasts famous banana dishes: Pisang Epe (pressed, grilled banana with palm sugar sauce) and Pisang Ijo (green banana dessert), often enjoyed during Ramadan.

Academic Institutions

Higher Education

Makassar is a significant educational center in Eastern Indonesia, hosting several prominent universities. These include the State University of Makassar, Hasanuddin University (one of Indonesia's major public universities), and Alauddin Islamic State University.

Global Connections

Consulates

Makassar hosts several foreign consulates, reflecting its international importance. Countries with consular representation include Australia, Germany, Japan, Czech Republic, Switzerland, and France, facilitating diplomatic and trade relations.

Sister Cities

The city maintains sister city relationships with several international locations, fostering cultural exchange and cooperation. These include Kuala Terengganu (Malaysia), Lismore (Australia), Peshawar (Pakistan), and Qingdao (China).

Notable Figures

Historical Personalities

Makassar's history is shaped by influential figures such as Karaeng Pattingalloang, a learned 17th-century ruler known for his intellectual pursuits, and Sultan Hasanuddin, who led the Gowa Sultanate during a period of significant resistance against Dutch influence. These individuals played pivotal roles in the city's development and its interactions with regional and global powers.

References

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References

Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Makassar Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7371)

Anthony Reid, Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia, Singapore 1999, pp.113-19; Poelinggomang, 2002, pp.22-23

A full list of references for this article are available at the Makassar Wikipedia page

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Makassar: Crossroads of the East

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🏙️

📍 Strategic Location

⚓ Maritime Heritage

🏛️ Administrative Hub

Historical Trajectory 📜

👑 Sultanate Era

⚔️ Colonial Period

🇦🇺 Australian Connections

Geography & Climate 🌍

🗺️ Location and Area

☀️ Tropical Climate

Governance Structure 🏛️

⚖️ City Administration

🏘️ Administrative Divisions

Economic Landscape 💰

🚢 Port and Trade

🌿 Key Industries

🏭 Industrial Base

Mobility and Connectivity 🚢

🚕 Urban Transit

🚌 Regional Connectivity

✈️ Air and Sea Links

Culinary Delights 🍜

🍲 Savory Specialties

🍗 Unique Flavors

Academic Institutions 🎓

🏛️ Higher Education

Global Connections 🤝

consulate Consulates

twinning Sister Cities

Notable Figures 👤

📜 Historical Personalities

References 📚

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Strategic Location

Maritime Heritage

Administrative Hub

Historical Trajectory

Sultanate Era

Colonial Period

Australian Connections

Geography & Climate

Location and Area

Tropical Climate

Governance Structure

City Administration

Administrative Divisions

Economic Landscape

Port and Trade

Key Industries

Industrial Base

Mobility and Connectivity

Urban Transit

Regional Connectivity

Air and Sea Links

Culinary Delights

Savory Specialties

Unique Flavors

Academic Institutions

Higher Education

Global Connections

Consulates

Sister Cities

Notable Figures

Historical Personalities

References

Teacher's Corner

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Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice