What is the general definition of 'Martial law in Taiwan' as described in the source?

Martial law in Taiwan refers to the periods of military rule in the history of Taiwan after World War II, specifically under the control of the Republic of China Armed Forces led by the Kuomintang regime. Martial law is the temporary imposition of military rule over a civilian population, usually during an emergency or conflict.

What was the duration of the longest consecutive martial law period in Taiwan, and how was it characterized internationally at the time?

The longest consecutive martial law period in Taiwan lasted over 38 years, from May 20, 1949, to July 14, 1987. At that time, it was recognized as 'the longest imposition of martial law by a regime anywhere in the world,' though it has since been surpassed by Brunei.

Who initially enacted the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province,' and on what date did it become effective?

The 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' was enacted by Chen Cheng, who held positions as both the chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Government and the commander of the Taiwan Garrison Command. This order was ratified on May 19, 1949, and became effective the following day, May 20, 1949.

What specific geographical areas were covered by the initial provincial martial law order in Taiwan?

The initial provincial martial law order was effective within the territory of Taiwan Province, which included the Island of Taiwan and Penghu. These are key islands forming part of the Republic of China's territory.

How was the provincial martial law order eventually superseded by a broader declaration?

The provincial martial law order was superseded by an amendment to the 'Declaration of Nationwide Martial Law.' This amendment was enacted by the central government and received retroactive consent from the Legislative Yuan on March 14, 1950, extending martial law to a wider area.

When was martial law in the Taiwan Area officially lifted, and by which President?

Martial law in the Taiwan Area, encompassing the Island of Taiwan and Penghu, was officially lifted by a Presidential order promulgated by President Chiang Ching-kuo on July 15, 1987. This marked a significant step towards democratization.

What historical precedents for martial law existed in the Republic of China prior to the 1949 declaration?

The history of martial law in the Republic of China dates back to the final year of the Qing dynasty, with a 1908 draft constitution including provisions for it. The Provisional Constitution of March 1911 also authorized the President to declare martial law during emergencies, and the 'Martial Law Declaration Act' was issued by the Nationalist Government in the 1920s and amended in the 1940s.

What events led to the declaration of martial law in Taiwan twice in 1947?

Martial law was declared twice in Taiwan in 1947 due to the February 28 incident, which was a widespread protest against the economic collapse under the Kuomintang's occupation administration. This incident highlighted severe public discontent.

Who enacted the first period of martial law in Taiwan in February 1947, and what led to its swift lifting?

Chen Yi, the Chief Executive of Taiwan Province, enacted the first period of martial law on February 28, 1947. It was lifted shortly thereafter on March 2, 1947, at the request of members from the Taiwan Representative Council and the National Assembly, who hoped to de-escalate the tensions arising from the February 28 incident.

What was the primary cause of the widespread protest that triggered the February 28 incident?

The primary cause of the widespread protest that triggered the February 28 incident was the economic collapse that occurred under the Kuomintang's occupation administration. This economic hardship fueled public discontent and led to significant unrest.

Who enacted the second period of martial law in Taiwan in March 1947, and when was it ultimately lifted?

Chen Yi enacted the second period of martial law on March 9, 1947, following the February 28 incident. This martial law was eventually lifted on May 16, 1947, by Wei Tao-ming, who was the first Chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Government.

What constitutional amendment provided the factual legal basis for martial law in the Republic of China between 1948 and 1987?

The 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion,' passed by the newly elected National Assembly in April 1948 as a constitutional amendment, became the factual legal basis for the martial law that remained in effect between 1948 and 1987. These provisions granted extraordinary powers during the civil war.

Who declared the first nationwide martial law in the Republic of China, and what were its initial geographical exclusions and designated zones?

President Chiang Kai-shek declared the first nationwide martial law on December 10, 1948. This declaration excluded Sinkiang, Xikang, Qinghai, Tibet Area, and Taiwan. The territory north of the Yangtze River was designated as the 'War Zone,' while the south was declared the 'Alert Zone.'

Why did Chiang Kai-shek resign as president in January 1949?

Chiang Kai-shek resigned as president on January 21, 1949, because Kuomintang forces were suffering severe losses and defections to the Chinese Communist Party during the ongoing Chinese Civil War. His resignation was an attempt to ease the political and military crisis.

How did Acting President Li Zongren initially respond to the nationwide martial law and the possibility of negotiations with the Chinese Communist Party?

Acting President Li Zongren, who was sworn in after Chiang Kai-shek's resignation, decided to lift the nationwide martial law on January 24, 1949. His intention was to ease the tense situation and facilitate negotiations with the Chinese Communist Party.

What specific circumstances prompted Chen Cheng to enact the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' in May 1949?

Chen Cheng enacted the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' on May 19, 1949, as an increasing number of refugees from the Chinese Civil War fled to Taiwan. This declaration was a response to the escalating instability and the need to maintain order in Taiwan Province.

When did Acting President Li Zongren enact the second declaration of nationwide martial law, and what areas were included as the 'War Zone' under this declaration?

Acting President Li Zongren enacted the second declaration of nationwide martial law on July 7, 1949. This declaration also excluded the five divisions (Sinkiang, Xikang, Qinghai, Tibet Area, and Taiwan) as the first declaration, but all provinces south of the Yangtze River, including Fukien Province (which covered Kinmen and Matsu), were designated as the 'War Zone.'

What was Chen Cheng's proposal regarding the nationwide martial law in September 1949, and why was it not immediately ratified?

In September 1949, Chen Cheng submitted a request to Premier Yan Xishan, proposing to amend the second 'Declaration of Nationwide Martial Law' to include Hainan and Taiwan into the 'War Zone.' However, Acting President Li Zongren fled to Hong Kong in November 1949 and did not ratify this amendment.

When did the Kuomintang-led Government of the Republic of China retreat to Taiwan?

The Kuomintang-led Government of the Republic of China was forced to retreat to Taiwan on December 7, 1949, due to the outcome of the Chinese Civil War. This marked a pivotal moment in Taiwan's modern history.

How did the Legislative Yuan's endorsement in March 1950 impact the martial law declarations in Taiwan?

On March 14, 1950, the restored session of the Legislative Yuan endorsed the second 'Declaration of Nationwide Martial Law,' along with Premier Yan Xishan's amendment to add Hainan and Taiwan into the 'War Zone.' This endorsement made the nationwide declaration supersede the provincial martial law declaration, solidifying its legal basis over Taiwan.

What was the primary purpose of martial law in Taiwan after the Kuomintang government retreated there?

After the Kuomintang government retreated to Taiwan, the primary purpose of martial law became to 'suppress Communist and Taiwan Independent activities in Taiwan.' This was part of the broader confrontation between the Republic of China, which claimed sovereignty over all of China, and the Communist People's Republic of China.

What specific regulations were promulgated by the Republic of China government in 1949 under martial law to control public life?

In 1949, the ROC government promulgated several regulations under martial law, including the 'Regulations to prevent unlawful assembly, association, procession, petition, strike under martial law,' the 'Measures to regulate newspapers, magazines and book publication under the martial law,' and the 'Regulations for the punishment of rebellions.' These laws severely restricted civil liberties.

What restrictions were placed on the formation of political parties during the martial law period in Taiwan?

Under martial law, the formation of new political parties was prohibited. Only the ruling Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Youth Party, and the China Democratic Socialist Party were permitted to exist. This effectively created a one-party dominant system.

Explain the 'lianzuo' or collective responsibility system that was implemented under martial law in Taiwan.

The 'lianzuo' or collective responsibility system was adopted from July 9, 1949, initially for civil servants and later extended to all enterprises and institutions. This system meant that no one could be employed without a guarantor, effectively creating a network of mutual surveillance and accountability where individuals could be held responsible for the actions of others.

What were the restrictions on language and media under martial law in Taiwan?

Under martial law, the government denied the right of assembly, free speech, and publication in Taiwanese Hokkien. Newspapers were compelled to publish propaganda articles or make last-minute editorial changes to align with government directives, and their page counts were strictly limited.

How did the page limits for newspapers evolve during the martial law era in Taiwan?

At the beginning of the martial law era, newspapers were restricted to a maximum of six pages. This limit was gradually increased to eight pages in 1958, ten pages in 1967, and twelve pages in 1974. Despite these increases, the number of newspapers remained low, with many being government or military-owned.

What extensive powers did the Taiwan Garrison Command possess under martial law?

The Taiwan Garrison Command held sweeping powers under martial law, including the authority to arrest anyone who voiced criticism of government policy and to screen all publications before their distribution. This allowed for strict control over dissent and information.

What was the human rights impact of martial law in Taiwan, according to a report by the Executive Yuan?

According to a report by the Executive Yuan of Taiwan, approximately 140,000 Taiwanese individuals were arrested, tortured, imprisoned, or executed for their real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang during the martial law period. Between 3,000 and 4,000 people were executed, leading to the decimation of an entire generation of political and social leaders, a period often referred to as the White Terror.

What is the 'White Terror' in Taiwan, and how is it related to martial law?

The 'White Terror' in Taiwan refers to the period of political repression and persecution by the Kuomintang-led government during the martial law era. It involved widespread arrests, imprisonment, torture, and executions of those perceived as dissidents or communists, severely curtailing human rights and civil liberties.

When did the enforcement of martial law begin to relax, and what event contributed to its eventual lifting?

The enforcement of martial law began to slowly relax after Chiang Kai-shek's death in 1975. Its eventual lifting was significantly contributed to by the exposure of the Donggang Incident through international media reportage and subsequent questioning by newly elected Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) members in June 1987.

Who officially proclaimed the lifting of martial law in Taiwan, and on what date?

President Chiang Ching-kuo officially proclaimed the lifting of martial law in Taiwan on July 14, 1987. This proclamation was a crucial step towards the liberalization and democratization of Taiwan.

What was the immediate political impact of the lifting of martial law on Taiwan?

The lifting of martial law permitted opposition political parties to be formed legally for the first time, providing Taiwan's fragmented but increasingly vocal opposition with a new opportunity to organize and participate in the political process. This was a key step in Taiwan's transition to democracy.

How did the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) emerge and perform politically before the official lifting of martial law?

The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was illegally established in September 1986, prior to the official lifting of martial law. Despite its illegal status, it managed to win 22.2% of the vote in the Legislative Yuan election and 18.9% of the vote in the National Assembly that same year, demonstrating significant public support for opposition.

What new law was passed that maintained restrictions on freedoms even after martial law was lifted in 1987?

Even after martial law was lifted in 1987, tight restrictions on freedom of assembly, speech, and the press remained in place. These restrictions had been incorporated into a new National Security Law, which was passed just a few days before the official lifting of martial law.

When were all declarations of martial law based on the 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion' finally lifted?

All declarations of martial law based on the 'Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion' were finally lifted when the Temporary Provisions themselves were repealed on May 1, 1991. This marked the end of a long-standing legal framework for emergency rule.

What temporary martial law was issued after the repeal of the 'Temporary Provisions,' and for what specific regions?

After the repeal of the 'Temporary Provisions,' the Ministry of National Defense issued a temporary declaration of martial law. This temporary measure was effective in the frontier regions, specifically Fukien Province (including Kinmen and Matsu) and the South China Sea Islands (Tungsha and Taiping Island in Nansha).

When was the temporary martial law in the frontier regions of the Republic of China formally lifted?

The temporary martial law in the frontier regions of the Republic of China, which included Fukien Province and the South China Sea Islands, was formally lifted on November 7, 1992. This event signified a complete turn towards constitutional democracy for the entire Free Area of the Republic of China.

Until when did statutory restrictions on civilians traveling to Kinmen or Matsu remain effective?

Statutory restrictions on civilians traveling to Kinmen or Matsu remained effective until May 13, 1994, even after the formal lifting of temporary martial law in those frontier regions. These restrictions were gradually eased as the political situation stabilized.

What special day did the Executive Yuan designate in 2007, and what does it commemorate?

In 2007, the Executive Yuan designated July 15 as 'Commemoration Day of the Lifting of Martial Law.' This day serves to remember and honor the end of the long period of military rule in Taiwan.

What official apology was made regarding the White Terror era, and by whom?

An official apology regarding the White Terror era was made by President Ma Ying-jeou in 2008. He expressed hope that a tragedy similar to the White Terror would never occur again in Taiwan.

What is the traditional Chinese name for 'Martial law in Taiwan'?

The traditional Chinese name for 'Martial law in Taiwan' is 戒嚴時期 (Jièyán Shíqí in Hanyu Pinyin, or Kài-giâm sî-kî in Pe̍h-ōe-jī).

What was the original title of the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' in Traditional Chinese?

The original title of the 'Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province' in Traditional Chinese was 臺灣省政府、臺灣省警備總司令部佈告戒字第壹號, which translates to 'Taiwan Provincial Government, Taiwan Garrison Command Bulletin No. 1 of Martial Law'.

Who were the key signatories of the Presidential Order on Lifting of Martial Law in Taiwan?

The key signatories of the Presidential Order on Lifting of Martial Law in Taiwan were Chiang Ching-kuo, who was the President; Yu Kuo-hwa, the Premier; and Cheng Wei-yuan, the Minister of National Defense.

What was the original title of the Presidential Order on Lifting of Martial Law in Taiwan?

The original title of the Presidential Order on Lifting of Martial Law in Taiwan was 總統令, which simply means 'Presidential Order'.

How did the Chinese Civil War influence the martial law declarations in Taiwan?

The Chinese Civil War profoundly influenced the martial law declarations in Taiwan, as the Kuomintang-led government, facing defeat on the mainland, retreated to Taiwan. This ongoing conflict was cited as the primary reason for imposing and maintaining martial law, framing it as a necessary measure against the Communist rebellion and potential infiltration.

How did the Kuomintang's claim of sovereignty over 'all China' contribute to the continuation of martial law in Taiwan?

The Kuomintang's claim of sovereignty over 'all China,' which included mainland China, Taiwan, and Outer Mongolia, contributed to the continuation of martial law by framing the situation as an ongoing national emergency. This stance justified the extraordinary powers granted under martial law to suppress perceived Communist and Taiwan independence activities, as the ROC government viewed itself as the legitimate government of a larger, undivided China.

What was the significance of the 1987 Lieyu Massacre in the context of martial law in Taiwan?

The 1987 Lieyu Massacre, which involved the killing of Vietnamese refugees by ROC soldiers, gained international media attention and was questioned by newly elected Democratic Progressive Party members in the Parliament. Its exposure contributed to the pressure that led to the eventual lifting of martial law in Taiwan, highlighting the abuses that could occur under military rule.

Martial Law In Taiwan Wiki: The Long Shadow: Taiwan's Era of Martial Law and its Democratic Transition

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Overview

A Prolonged State of Emergency

Martial law in Taiwan refers to a significant period in the island's post-World War II history, specifically the continuous military rule imposed by the Kuomintang-led Republic of China Armed Forces. This era spanned over 38 years, from May 20, 1949, to July 14, 1987. At the time of its lifting, it was recognized as the longest imposition of martial law by any regime globally, a record since surpassed by Brunei.^[1]^[2]

Initial Declarations

The "Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province" was initially enacted on May 19, 1949, by Chen Cheng, then chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Government and commander of the Taiwan Garrison Command. This provincial order applied to the Island of Taiwan and Penghu.^[3] It was subsequently superseded by an amendment to the "Declaration of Nationwide Martial Law" by the central government, which received retroactive consent from the Legislative Yuan on March 14, 1950.

The Path to Lifting

The extensive period of martial law in the Taiwan Area (including Taiwan Island and Penghu) was eventually lifted by a Presidential order. President Chiang Ching-kuo promulgated this order on July 15, 1987, marking a pivotal moment in Taiwan's transition towards democracy.^[4]

Historical Context

Early Precedents

The concept of martial law within the Republic of China (ROC) dates back to the late Qing dynasty, with a 1908 draft constitution, influenced by Japan's Meiji Constitution, including such provisions.^[5] The Provisional Constitution of March 1911 further empowered the President to declare martial law during emergencies. The Martial Law Declaration Act, issued by the Nationalist Government in the 1920s and amended in the 1940s, provided the legal framework.

Post-War Declarations

Following Japan's surrender in August 1945, the ROC occupied Taiwan. Martial law was declared twice in 1947 due to the February 28 incident, a widespread protest against the Kuomintang's occupation administration and economic collapse. The first declaration by Chief Executive Chen Yi on February 28, 1947, was briefly lifted on March 2, only to be reimposed on March 9. It was finally lifted on May 16, 1947, after the incident was repressed and the Taiwan Provincial Government reformed.

Chinese Civil War & Taiwan

The ongoing Chinese Civil War significantly shaped Taiwan's martial law era. In April 1948, the National Assembly passed the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, which became the de facto legal basis for martial law from 1948 to 1987.^[6]

December 10, 1948: President Chiang Kai-shek enacted the first nationwide martial law, excluding Sinkiang, Xikang, Qinghai, Tibet Area, and Taiwan. The Yangtze River served as a division between "War Zone" (north) and "Alert Zone" (south).
January 21, 1949: Chiang resigned, and Acting President Li Zongren lifted nationwide martial law on January 24 to facilitate negotiations with the Chinese Communist Party.
May 19, 1949: As civil war refugees flooded Taiwan, Chen Cheng enacted the Declaration of Martial Law in Taiwan Province.
July 7, 1949: Negotiations failed, and Acting President Li Zongren enacted the second nationwide martial law, again excluding the five divisions, but declaring all south-of-Yangtze provinces, including Fukien (Kinmen and Matsu), as a "War Zone."^[7]
December 7, 1949: The Kuomintang-led ROC government retreated to Taiwan.
March 14, 1950: The Legislative Yuan retroactively endorsed the second nationwide martial law, including an amendment to add Hainan and Taiwan to the "War Zone," thus superseding the provincial declaration. This status persisted until the 1987 Lieyu Massacre.^[8]

Investigations by the Control Yuan later revealed significant flaws in the ratification procedures of these martial law declarations.^[9]^[10]

Profound Impact

Suppressing Dissent

After the Kuomintang government's retreat to Taiwan in December 1949, martial law became a critical instrument to suppress perceived "Communist and Taiwan Independent activities." This period was characterized by a severe curtailment of civil liberties, justified by the ongoing confrontation with the People's Republic of China.

A series of stringent regulations were promulgated in 1949:

Regulations to prevent unlawful assembly, association, procession, petition, strike under martial law
Measures to regulate newspapers, magazines and book publication under the martial law
Regulations for the punishment of rebellions

Political & Social Control

The martial law era enforced strict political censorship and control. The formation of new political parties was largely prohibited, with only the Kuomintang (KMT), Chinese Youth Party, and China Democratic Socialist Party permitted. A "lianzuo" or collective responsibility system was implemented from July 9, 1949, extending to civil servants and then all enterprises, requiring guarantors for employment.

Freedom of speech and publication was severely restricted, particularly for Taiwanese Hokkien. Newspapers were subjected to government propaganda and editorial changes, with strict page limits (e.g., six pages initially, gradually increasing to twelve by 1974). Only a limited number of newspapers were allowed, many owned by the KMT, government, or military.^[11]

Human Cost: The White Terror

The Taiwan Garrison Command wielded immense power, including the authority to arrest individuals critical of government policy and to pre-screen publications. This period, often referred to as the "White Terror," resulted in a tragic loss of life and liberty. A report by the Executive Yuan of Taiwan indicates that approximately 140,000 Taiwanese were arrested, tortured, imprisoned, or executed for actual or perceived opposition to the KMT. Between 3,000 and 4,000 individuals were executed. This systematic repression disproportionately affected the intellectual and social elite, leading to the decimation of an entire generation of potential leaders.

The Path to Liberalization

Relaxation and Dissent

Following the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975, the enforcement of martial law began to slowly relax. However, it remained in effect until international media exposed the Donggang Incident, prompting parliamentary questioning by newly elected Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) members in June 1987.

The Democratic Progressive Party, despite being illegally established in September 1986, demonstrated significant public support by winning 22.2% of the vote in the Legislative Yuan election and 18.9% in the National Assembly that same year.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Proclamation of Lifting

President Chiang Ching-kuo officially proclaimed the lifting of martial law on July 14, 1987, with the order becoming effective on July 15.^[12]^[13] This landmark decision ushered in an era of liberalization and democratization for Taiwan. For the first time, opposition political parties could legally form, providing a crucial avenue for the island's increasingly vocal opposition to organize and participate in the political process.

Post-Martial Law Landscape

Despite the lifting of martial law, strict controls on freedom of assembly, speech, and the press persisted, having been codified into a new National Security Law enacted just days before the martial law's abolition.^[17]

The Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, which had served as the legal foundation for martial law, were finally repealed on May 1, 1991. However, a temporary declaration of martial law remained in effect for frontier regions, including Fukien Province (Kinmen and Matsu) and the South China Sea Islands (Tungsha and Taiping Island in Nansha). This final temporary martial law was formally lifted on November 7, 1992, signifying a complete transition to constitutional democracy for the entire Free Area of the Republic of China. Restrictions on civilian travel to Kinmen or Matsu were maintained until May 13, 1994.^[18]

Legacy & Remembrance

Compensation Efforts

In 1998, Taiwan enacted legislation to establish the "Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts." This foundation was tasked with overseeing the process of providing compensation to victims and families affected by the White Terror era.^[19]^[20]

From 1998 to 2014, the foundation processed a substantial number of cases:

10,065 files received.
1,940 applications rejected for not relating to White Terror victims.
96 applications rejected under Article 8 of the 1998 Compensation Act.
7,965 applications accepted.
20,340 individuals compensated.

Commemoration & Apology

To acknowledge this critical period in its history, the Executive Yuan designated July 15 as "Commemoration Day of the Lifting of Martial Law" in 2007.^[21] This day serves as a national reminder of the sacrifices made and the journey towards democracy.

In 2008, President Ma Ying-jeou issued an official apology for the White Terror era, expressing a profound hope that such a tragedy would never recur in Taiwan's future.^[22] These acts of remembrance and apology are crucial steps in transitional justice and national healing.

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References

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The Long Shadow: Taiwan's Era of Martial Law

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

⏳ A Prolonged State of Emergency

📜 Initial Declarations

🕊️ The Path to Lifting

Historical Context 🏛️

origins Early Precedents

turbulent Post-War Declarations

civil Chinese Civil War & Taiwan

Profound Impact ⚖️

🛡️ Suppressing Dissent

🚫 Political & Social Control

💔 Human Cost: The White Terror

The Path to Liberalization 📈

gradual Relaxation and Dissent

pivotal Proclamation of Lifting

evolving Post-Martial Law Landscape

Legacy & Remembrance 🎗️

reparation Compensation Efforts

memorial Commemoration & Apology

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

A Prolonged State of Emergency

Initial Declarations

The Path to Lifting

Historical Context

Early Precedents

Post-War Declarations

Chinese Civil War & Taiwan

Profound Impact

Suppressing Dissent

Political & Social Control

Human Cost: The White Terror

The Path to Liberalization

Relaxation and Dissent

Proclamation of Lifting

Post-Martial Law Landscape

Legacy & Remembrance

Compensation Efforts

Commemoration & Apology

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice