The Roar of the Track
An analytical deep dive into Motorcycle Speedway, exploring its history, mechanics, and global impact.
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Historical Trajectory
Early Origins
Motorcycle speedway's genesis is a subject of considerable debate, with evidence suggesting early races on small dirt tracks in Australia and the United States predating World War I. Notably, motorcycle racing occurred at the Newcastle NSW Rugby Ground in Australia on November 13, 1905. American rider Don Johns was recognized for employing the "broadsiding" technique before 1914, a style characterized by wide-open throttle cornering that threw significant amounts of dirt.
Formalization in the 1920s
By the early 1920s, Johns' cornering style, termed "Short Track Racing" in the US, was adopted by riders like Albert "Shrimp" Burns and Eddie Brinck. Speedway racing itself can be traced to the early 1920s. West Maitland Showground in Australia staged its first speedway meeting on December 15, 1923, under the promotion of John S. Hoskins. This era saw the introduction of unique speedway signatures like the "No Left Footpeg" and the "Steel Shoe," ingeniously crafted from worn coal shovels.
Transatlantic Influence
Following Maitland's success, Newcastle Showground hosted meetings in 1924, leading to the establishment of Newcastle Speedway. Johnnie Hoskins played a pivotal role, taking his speedway show to England in 1928 with 13 Australian riders. The first recorded meeting in the United Kingdom occurred at High Beech Speedway on February 19, 1928. However, claims suggest earlier events in Camberley and Droylsden in 1927. The sport's definitive arrival in the UK is often attributed to Australians Billy Galloway and Keith McKay.
The Physics of Speed
Performance Metrics
Speedway tracks, typically 260 to 425 meters in length, are completed in approximately one minute per four laps. For instance, Leigh Adams, a ten-time Australian Champion, recorded a time of 59 seconds on a 342-meter track, averaging 83 km/h (51.86 mph). On longer straights, motorcycles can reach speeds exceeding 110 km/h (70 mph), though cornering speeds are significantly lower.
Acceleration and Dynamics
The initial acceleration phase is critical. Speedway bikes, with their specialized engines and single-gear setup, can reach "curve speed" (approximately 100 km/h or 60 mph) within 2.5 to 3 seconds. Riders leverage the loose track surface to powerslide, using the rear wheel to scrub speed while maintaining forward momentum. This technique, known as broadsiding, is central to controlling the motorcycle through bends and gaining competitive advantages.
Engine Power and Fuel
The use of pure methanol fuel allows for higher compression ratios in the engines, generating substantial power. This contributes to the high speeds achieved, with cornering speeds often reaching up to 130 km/h (81 mph) due to the engine's torque and the rider's control.
Track Specifications & Safety
FIM Regulations
Professional speedway tracks are regulated by the Fรฉdรฉration Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), which dictates construction, size, and safety standards. Tracks must be level ovals between 260 and 425 meters in length, measured 1 meter from the inner boundary. Banking gradients are permitted but strictly limited to 5% on straights and 10% on bends.
Start Mechanism
A crucial element is the starting gate, typically comprising two or more tapes raised by spring-loaded mechanisms. The start line is marked mid-way along a straight, with four equal starting "gates" indicated by white lines. Riders must position their machines within 10 cm of the tapes and remain stationary until they are raised. Infringements can lead to penalties.
Surface and Preparation
The track surface consists of four layers, with the top layer composed of shale, granite, or brick granules, none exceeding 7mm in size. This loose material enables the characteristic broadsiding technique. Tractors equipped with rakes regularly maintain the surface, redistributing it evenly. Watering is essential to prevent excessive dust and ensure rider and spectator safety.
The Speedway Machine
Technical Specifications
Speedway motorcycles are highly specialized, adhering to FIM technical rules. They feature a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine with a maximum displacement of 500cc, a single carburetor, and one spark plug. Laydown bikes are preferred by professionals for improved handling over older upright engine designs.
Key Restrictions
Crucially, these machines are mandated to have no brakes. Riders rely on engine braking and the broadsiding technique for deceleration. FIM regulations also prohibit the use of titanium, uncoated ceramic parts, telemetry (except for timing), and air compressors. The minimum weight is 77 kg.
Fuel and Gearing
The bikes run exclusively on pure methanol, enabling higher compression ratios and increased power output. The single gear ratio is adjustable via engine and rear sprockets to suit varying track conditions. Safety features include chain guards, a "Dutch Peg" to prevent chain injuries, and a mandatory safety cut-out device attached to the rider's wrist.
The Art of the Race
Race Format
Races, known as heats, involve four riders competing over four laps from a standing start. Riders wear distinct helmet colors (traditionally red/blue for home, white/yellow for visitors) indicating their gate positions. The starting area is divided into four gates, with riders assigned based on team or event rules.
Start Procedure & Penalties
Riders must reach the start line under their own power within a two-minute timeframe from the bell. A starting gate with tapes is used; riders must not touch the tapes once the green light appears. A "tape infringement" results in a false start, potentially leading to disqualification or a 15-meter penalty in league matches.
Assistance & Track Boundaries
Once a race commences, riders cannot receive external assistance, including push-starts. Historically, pushers were permitted, but safety concerns have led to this practice being prohibited. Riders must stay within track boundaries; crossing with both wheels results in disqualification unless done for safety or due to another competitor's actions.
Points and Averages
Heat Scoring
Speedway employs a sliding scale scoring system (3-2-1-0). A rider earns 3 points for first place, 2 for second, and 1 for third. Fourth place or failure to finish results in 0 points. These points contribute to individual and team standings throughout a competition.
| Place | Points |
|---|---|
| 1st | 3 |
| 2nd | 2 |
| 3rd | 1 |
| 4th | 0 |
Calculated Match Averages (CMAs)
Riders maintain Calculated Match Averages (CMAs), derived from their total points divided by total rides, multiplied by four. CMAs range from 3.00 to 12.00. These averages are crucial for determining rider selection in heat lineups within league structures. Initial CMAs are assessed based on prior experience and updated periodically throughout the season.
Tactical Substitutions
Teams can utilize tactical substitutions, often referred to as "jokers" or "tactical rides," when trailing significantly. These rides may allow for double points or the use of reserve riders, adding strategic depth to team management. Rider CMAs are dynamically updated, influencing team tactics and rider opportunities.
Global and Domestic Arenas
International Championships
The pinnacle of individual competition is the FIM Speedway Grand Prix (SGP), crowning the World Champion. Other major international events include the Speedway World Cup (team), World Pairs Championship, and various junior and continental championships, fostering global talent development.
National Leagues
Major speedway nations like Poland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Denmark operate robust domestic league systems. These leagues feature multiple divisions, promotion/relegation, and cup competitions, providing a structured pathway for riders from grassroots to elite levels.
Related Disciplines
Speedway shares heritage with other track racing disciplines, including Ice Speedway, characterized by studded tires on ice tracks, and Longtrack, contested on larger, longer circuits. These variations offer distinct challenges and appeal to different rider skill sets.
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References
References
- What is the history of Polish speedway?
- What are the main competitions held in Denmark?
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Academic Disclaimer
Important Notice
This document has been meticulously crafted by an AI, drawing upon publicly available data from Wikipedia. It is intended solely for educational and informational purposes, providing a comprehensive overview of Motorcycle Speedway. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and depth, the content represents a snapshot and may not encompass all nuances or the very latest developments.
This is not professional motorsport advice. The information herein should not substitute consultation with official governing bodies, experienced professionals, or detailed technical manuals. Always refer to authoritative sources for critical operational or safety information.
The creators of this content are not liable for any inaccuracies, omissions, or actions taken based on the information presented.