What is the primary identity of the Narragansett people today?

Today, the Narragansett people are identified as members of the federally recognized Narragansett Indian Tribe, which is headquartered in Rhode Island.

To which language family does the Narragansett language belong?

The Narragansett language belongs to the Algonquian language family.

What was the outcome of the Narragansett Tribe's request for their acquired land to be taken into federal trust?

The United States Supreme Court ruled against the tribe's request in the case of *Carcieri v. Salazar*, determining that tribes federally recognized after the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act could not have newly acquired lands taken into federal trust and removed from state control.

How large is the Narragansett Indian Reservation, and where is it located?

The Narragansett Indian Reservation consists of 1,800 acres (7.3 km²) of trust lands located in Charlestown, Rhode Island. The tribe also owns several hundred additional acres in Westerly.

What was the purpose of the 31 acres purchased by the Narragansetts in Charlestown in 1991?

In 1991, the Narragansetts purchased 31 acres in Charlestown specifically for the development of elderly housing.

What legal challenge did Rhode Island and other states bring against the Department of the Interior regarding Narragansett lands?

Rhode Island, joined by 21 other states, challenged the Department of the Interior's authority to take newly acquired lands into federal trust for tribes recognized after the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act, arguing against the removal of these lands from state oversight.

What was the Supreme Court's reasoning in *Carcieri v. Salazar* regarding federal recognition and land trust status?

The Supreme Court based its decision on the wording of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which defines 'Indian' as persons of Indian descent who are members of a tribe 'now under federal jurisdiction.' The Court interpreted this to mean that tribes achieving federal recognition after 1934, and acquiring land after that recognition, could not have that land placed into federal trust.

How is the Narragansett Tribe governed?

The tribe is led by a chief sachem and an elected tribal council, with the requirement that the entire tribal population must approve major decisions.

Who held the position of Chief Sachem in March 2025, according to the provided text?

In March 2025, Anthony Dean Stanton, also known by his tribal name Crawling Wolf, held the position of Chief Sachem.

What are the listed roles within the Narragansett Tribal Council?

The Tribal Council includes roles such as 1st Councilman, 2nd Councilman, Councilmen, Councilwoman, Tribal Secretary, Assistant Tribal Secretary, Tribal Treasurer, Assistant Tribal Treasurer, Medicine Man, War Chief, Medicine Woman, and Tribal Nurse.

What are the proposed meanings for the name 'Narragansett'?

Some present-day Narragansett people believe their name means 'people of the little points and bays.' The Native American Encyclopedia by Pritzker translates it as '(People) of the Small Point'.

How did the spelling of the name 'Narragansett' vary among early English colonists?

Early spellings varied significantly, with John Winthrop using 'Narragansett,' Edward Winslow using 'Nanohigganset,' Samuel Gorton using 'Nanhyganset,' and Roger Williams using numerous variations including 'Nanhiggonsick,' 'Nanhigonset,' and 'Nahigonsicks.'

According to linguist James Hammond Trumbull, what is the etymological origin of the name 'Narragansett'?

James Hammond Trumbull explained that the prefix 'nai' or 'naiyag' means 'corner or angle' in Algonquian languages. He suggested that 'nai-ig-an-set' signifies 'the territory about the point,' and 'nai-ig-an-eog' means 'the people of the point.'

What significant work did Roger Williams produce regarding the Narragansett language?

Roger Williams, who spent considerable time learning the language, documented it in his 1643 work titled 'A Key Into the Language of America.'

What did Roger Williams describe as the origin of the name 'Nahigonset'?

Roger Williams wrote that 'Nahigonsset' was named after a small island located between Puttaquomscut and Mishquomacuk, situated on the sea and fresh water side, near Sugar Loaf Hill.

What is the significance of the Salt Pond Archaeological Site?

The Salt Pond Archaeological Site is significant because it is one of the few Native American coastal villages from the Late Woodland period found in such complete condition in the Northeastern United States. It provides evidence of a settled community with houses, food storage, and maize farming.

What period does the village discovered at the Salt Pond Archaeological Site date back to?

The village remains discovered at the Salt Pond Archaeological Site date back to the Late Woodland period, inhabited around the tenth or eleventh centuries A.D.

What linguistic characteristics define the Narragansett language within the Algonquian family?

The Narragansett language is described as a 'Y-dialect' within the Algonquian language family, which was similar enough to the 'N-dialects' spoken by the Massachusett and Wampanoag tribes to be mutually intelligible. Other Y-dialects included Shinnecock and Pequot.

What efforts are being made to revive the Narragansett language?

The tribe has initiated language revival efforts, utilizing early 20th-century books and manuscripts, and implementing new teaching programs.

What are some English words that have been adopted from Narragansett and related languages?

Several English words have been adopted from Narragansett and related languages, including 'quahog,' 'moose,' 'papoose,' 'powwow,' 'squash,' and 'succotash.'

What was the extent of the Narragansett territory in New England?

The Narragansetts controlled territory west of Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island, extending into portions of Connecticut and eastern Massachusetts, from the Providence River to the Pawcatuck River.

When did European contact first occur with the Narragansett people?

The first European contact with the Narragansett people was in 1524 when the explorer Giovanni de Verrazzano visited Narragansett Bay.

How did the Narragansetts interact with the Plymouth Colony in the early 1620s?

In the fall of 1621, the Narragansetts sent a threatening message (arrows wrapped in a snakeskin) to Plymouth Colony. Governor William Bradford responded by returning the snakeskin filled with gunpowder and bullets, which the Narragansetts understood as a challenge and did not act upon.

What role did the Narragansetts play in the Pequot War of 1637?

During the Pequot War, the Narragansetts allied with the New England colonists. However, they were reportedly disgusted by the colonists' brutality during the Mystic massacre and returned home.

What led to conflict between the Narragansetts and the Mohegans after the Pequot War?

Conflict arose between the Narragansetts and the Mohegans over control of the land previously held by the defeated Pequots. This led to an invasion of eastern Connecticut by the Narragansett sachem Miantonomi in 1643.

What was the outcome of Miantonomi's invasion of Mohegan territory in 1643?

Miantonomi's forces disintegrated, and he was captured. The Mohegans, with the colonists' tacit approval, executed Miantonomi by bludgeoning him to death.

How did the Narragansett's peace treaty with the colonists in the mid-17th century come about?

After renewed conflict with the Mohegans, the colonists intervened to save the Mohegan fort. The colonists then threatened to invade Narragansett territory, leading sachems Canonicus and Mixanno to sign a peace treaty that lasted for approximately 30 years.

What event triggered King Philip's War in 1675?

The war was triggered by the discovery of the bludgeoned body of John Sassamon, a 'Praying Indian' who had cooperated with colonial authorities. The subsequent hanging of three Wampanoag men for his death led Metacomet (King Philip) to declare war on the colonists.

What was the Great Swamp Fight in 1675?

The Great Swamp Fight was a preemptive attack by the United Colonies on a Narragansett palisade fortress on December 19, 1675. Hundreds of Narragansett non-combatants were killed, though most warriors escaped.

What happened to many surviving Narragansetts after King Philip's War?

After the war, some surviving Narragansetts were sold into slavery and sent to the Caribbean, while others became indentured servants in Rhode Island. The remaining Narragansetts merged with local tribes, notably the Eastern Niantics.

How did the Narragansett tribe resist state efforts to declare them no longer an Indian tribe in the 19th century?

The tribe resisted state efforts by asserting their identity as 'a nation rather than a race,' emphasizing their continued cultural identification as Narragansetts and their rights based on treaties, despite having multiracial ancestry.

What was the Narragansett delegation's argument regarding citizenship and treaty rights in 1876?

The delegation argued that due to their treaty rights, they were entitled to the privileges guaranteed by their ancestors, and that their multiracial ancestry, including intermarriage with Africans and Europeans, did not negate their Indian national status, especially in light of injustices faced by Black citizens under Jim Crow laws.

What was the state's 'detribalization' effort between 1880 and 1884?

During this period, the state persisted in efforts to dismantle the tribe's status. While the tribe agreed to negotiations for land sales, they later regretted it and worked to regain the land. The state recognized 324 Narragansett members as claimants during these negotiations.

When was the Narragansett Tribe incorporated, and when was their longhouse built?

The tribe incorporated in 1900, and their traditional longhouse, used for gatherings and ceremonies, was built in 1940.

What significant steps did the Narragansett Tribe take in the late 20th century regarding their land and recognition?

In the late 20th century, the tribe regained 1,800 acres of land in 1978 and achieved federal recognition as a tribe in 1983.

What archaeological discovery was made in 2006 near Point Judith Pond?

In 2006, archaeologists discovered the remains of a Narragansett Indian village dating from 1100 to 1300 A.D. at the top of Point Judith Pond, which was considered one of two pre-Columbian villages on the Atlantic Coast found in such complete condition.

What unique evidence of maize cultivation was found at the Point Judith Pond site?

The site yielded 78 kernels of corn, providing the first physical evidence of maize cultivation by Algonquin tribes this far north on the Atlantic Coast, as their traditional methods of grinding kernels did not typically preserve them.

How did the Narragansett tribe contribute to the understanding of the Point Judith Pond archaeological site?

Current members of the Narragansett tribe contributed through oral history to accounts about the ancient people who inhabited the site, identifying them as members of the Turtle Clan and noting the settlement's role as a trade conduit for medicines.

What land claim suit did the Narragansett Tribe file in 1975?

In January 1975, the Narragansett Tribe filed a federal lawsuit seeking to reclaim 3,200 acres of land in southern Rhode Island, which they alleged the state had illegally taken in 1880.

What was the outcome of the 1978 Joint Memorandum of Understanding (JMOU) regarding the Narragansett land claim?

The JMOU settled the land claim, with the state transferring 1,800 acres to a corporation for the benefit of descendants of the 1880 Narragansett Roll. In return, the tribe agreed that Rhode Island laws would apply on these lands, with exceptions for hunting and fishing.

When did the Narragansett Tribe officially regain federal recognition?

The Narragansett Tribe regained federal recognition in 1983, officially named the Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

What dispute arose between the Narragansett Tribe and Rhode Island state police in 2003?

In July 2003, Rhode Island state police raided a tribe-run smoke shop on the Charlestown reservation due to the tribe's failure to pay state taxes on cigarette sales. This raid led to legal disputes over tribal sovereignty.

What was the outcome of the legal battles concerning the 2003 smoke shop raid?

Initially, the U.S. First Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the police action a violation of tribal sovereignty. However, an *en banc* decision later reversed this, stating the raid did not violate sovereign immunity because the 1978 Joint Memorandum of Agreement stipulated that state law would be observed on the tribe's land.

What are the Narragansett Tribe's plans for their Longhouse?

The tribe plans to upgrade the Longhouse, built in 1940, to serve as a venue for American Indian cuisine and cultural meetings. Upgrades are also planned for the tribe's medical, technological, and artistic systems.

What criteria do the Narragansetts currently use for tribal membership?

The Narragansetts require tribal members to show direct descent from one or more of the 324 members listed on the 1880-84 Roll, which was established during Rhode Island's negotiations for land sales.

What is the approximate current population of the Narragansett Tribe?

The current population of the Narragansett Tribe is approximately 4,000 members.

What trend among tribes in the 21st century is reflected in the Narragansett Tribe's membership review?

The Narragansetts' efforts to review tribal rolls and reassess membership applications mirror a national trend among tribes, influenced by factors like internal rivalries and potential revenues from Indian casinos. This has led to the closure of rolls and denial of new applications.

What is the significance of the Narragansett annual powwow?

The Narragansett annual powwow, held on the second weekend of August, is considered the oldest recorded powwow in North America, dating back to at least 1675, though it predates European contact. It serves as a gathering of thanksgiving and honor.

What elements are typically included in the Narragansett powwow's grand entry?

The traditional grand entry includes a procession of military veterans, dancers, honored tribal representatives, and the ceremonial lighting of a sacred fire.

Who was Ellison 'Tarzan' Brown, and what were his achievements?

Ellison 'Tarzan' Brown (1913-1975) was a notable Narragansett athlete who won the Boston Marathon twice, in 1936 and 1939, and competed in the 1936 U.S. Olympics.

Which notable Narragansett was a sculptor of African-Narragansett descent?

Nancy Elizabeth Prophet (1890-1960) was a sculptor of African-Narragansett descent.

Narragansett People Wiki: Narragansett Heritage: A Chronicle of Resilience

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Who Are the Narragansett?

Indigenous Roots

The Narragansett people are an Indigenous group of the Northeastern Woodlands, historically inhabiting the region around Narragansett Bay in present-day Rhode Island. Their language, Narragansett, belongs to the Algonquian language family.

Today, they are federally recognized as the Narragansett Indian Tribe, with their headquarters located in Rhode Island.

Language and Name

The Narragansett language is a member of the Algonquian family, specifically an "Y-dialect" similar to Massachusett and Wampanoag. While the language faced near extinction, revival efforts are underway using historical texts.

The name "Narragansett" is believed to mean "People of the Small Point," possibly referring to a geographical location near Point Judith Pond.

Population and Region

The current population is estimated at approximately 3,000 individuals, primarily residing in Rhode Island. Their historical territory encompassed lands west of Narragansett Bay, extending into parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts.

Their traditional spiritual practices include tribal religions alongside Christianity.

A History of Resilience

Early Encounters

First contact with Europeans occurred in 1524 with Giovanni da Verrazzano. By the time English colonists arrived in 1620, the Narragansetts were a powerful tribe, largely unaffected by earlier epidemics that had devastated neighboring groups.

Their initial interactions with the Plymouth Colony were marked by both diplomacy and tension, including a symbolic challenge involving a sheaf of arrows wrapped in a snakeskin.

Conflict and Survival

During the Pequot War of 1637, the Narragansetts allied with the colonists but were later disturbed by the war's brutality. Internal conflicts and disputes over territory led to further challenges, including the capture and execution of their sachem, Miantonomi.

King Philip's War (1675-1676) proved devastating. Despite initial neutrality, the Narragansetts were attacked by colonial forces in the Great Swamp Fight, leading to significant loss of life and subsequent dispersal. Many survivors were sold into servitude or assimilated into other tribes.

Endurance Through Centuries

In the 18th century, land sales and emigration reduced the tribe's territory. The Narragansett Indian Church was founded in the 1740s, serving as a crucial center for cultural continuity.

The 19th century saw persistent state efforts at "detribalization," challenging the tribe's identity due to its multiracial ancestry. However, the Narragansett people maintained their cultural identity, asserting their rights through treaties and a vision of themselves as a distinct nation.

Federal Recognition and Modern Era

The tribe regained federal recognition in 1983 after extensive documentation of their lineage and continuity. This followed a period of land acquisition and legal battles, notably the Supreme Court case Carcieri v. Salazar (2009), which impacted tribal land trust rights.

The 21st century has seen ongoing efforts to preserve cultural heritage, manage tribal lands, and navigate complex legal and governmental relationships.

The Narragansett Tongue

Linguistic Heritage

The Narragansett language is part of the Algonquian language family, specifically a "Y-dialect" closely related to Massachusett and Wampanoag. This linguistic connection highlights the shared heritage among tribes in the region.

Early colonial figures like Roger Williams extensively studied and documented the language, providing invaluable historical records.

Revival and Loanwords

Despite a significant decline in speakers during the 20th century, the Narragansett Tribe is actively engaged in language revival initiatives. These efforts utilize early 20th-century texts and new teaching programs to reintroduce the language.

Several words from Narragansett and related languages have been integrated into American English, including "quahog," "moose," "papoose," "powwow," "squash," and "succotash."

Cultural Expressions

Archaeological Discoveries

The Salt Pond Archaeological Site in Narragansett, Rhode Island, has yielded significant findings, including the remains of a Late Woodland period village dating from 1100 to 1300 AD. This site is crucial for understanding early coastal settlements.

Excavations revealed evidence of permanent structures, storage pits, and, notably, the first physical confirmation of maize cultivation this far north on the Atlantic Coast, shedding light on agricultural practices.

Traditions and Gatherings

The Narragansett Tribe hosts its annual powwow on the second weekend of August in Charlestown, Rhode Island. This gathering, dating back centuries, serves as a celebration of thanksgiving and a commemoration of Narragansett heritage.

Events typically include a grand entry, traditional dances, ceremonial fire lighting, and offerings of food and crafts, reflecting enduring cultural practices.

Notable Individuals

The Narragansett community has produced numerous influential figures across various fields. These include athletes like marathon runner Ellison "Tarzan" Brown, artists like sculptor Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, and cultural historians such as Princess Red Wing and Ella Sekatau.

Educators, journalists, and community leaders like Loren Spears continue to contribute to the tribe's cultural preservation and advancement.

Tribal Governance

Leadership Structure

The Narragansett Tribe is led by a Chief Sachem and an elected Tribal Council. Major decisions require the approval of the entire tribal membership, emphasizing a collective approach to governance.

The current administration includes a Chief Sachem, Tribal Secretary, Treasurer, and various council members, reflecting a blend of traditional and modern governance structures.

Distinguished Narragansetts

Figures of Influence

The Narragansett people have made significant contributions across diverse fields. Notable figures include:

Ellison "Tarzan" Brown: Two-time Boston Marathon winner and Olympian.
Nancy Elizabeth Prophet: Renowned sculptor of African-Narragansett descent.
Princess Red Wing: Historian, museum curator, and Squaw Sachem.
Ella Sekatau: Poet, historian, and Medicine Woman.
Loren Spears: Educator and director of the Tomaquag Museum.

This list represents a fraction of the individuals who have shaped Narragansett heritage and contributed to broader society.

Lineage of Leaders

Sachem Succession

The following table outlines the historical succession of Narragansett sachems, providing insight into the tribe's leadership over centuries.

Name	Regency	Liaison	Remarks
Tashtassuck			Historically uncertain
Wessoum		Descendant of Tashtassuck	Referenced by Uncas as an ancestor
Canonicus	1600s–1636	Grandson or son of Wessoum	First of two periods of sachemdom for this famous chief
Miantonomi	1636–1643	Nephew of Canonicus
Canonicus	1643–1644	Uncle of Miantonomi	Second Sachemdom of the same Canonicus
Pessicus	1644–1647	Brother of Miantonomi
Mriksah	1647–1657	Son of Canonicus
Canonchet	1657–1676	Son of Miantonomi, great-cousin of Mriksah
Ninigret	1676–1682?		Sachem during King Philip's War
Weunquesh		Daughter of Ninigret
Ninigret II	ended 1722	Son of Ninigret I, half-brother of his predecessor	Depicted in the oil painting on display at the RISD museum
Charles Augustus	began 1722	Eldest son of Ninigret II
George		Second son of Ninigret II
Thomas	ended 1746	Son of George	Known as "King Tom"
Esther	began 1770	daughter of George	Known as "Queen Esther"

Land and Sovereignty

Land Claims and Trust

The Narragansett Tribe controls approximately 1,800 acres of trust land in Charlestown, Rhode Island. The tribe's efforts to have newly acquired lands taken into federal trust faced legal challenges, particularly concerning tribes recognized after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Carcieri v. Salazar (2009) addressed these complexities, impacting the ability of post-1934 recognized tribes to have lands taken into federal trust status, thereby removing them from state jurisdiction.

Legal Disputes

Disagreements have arisen between the state and the tribe regarding jurisdiction and rights on reservation lands, notably concerning tax regulations on goods sold at tribal smoke shops. Court decisions have addressed issues of sovereign immunity and the application of state law based on prior agreements.

The tribe has also pursued federal civil rights lawsuits concerning alleged excessive force during law enforcement actions on tribal lands.

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References

Narragansett Reservation, Rhode Island, United States Census Bureau

"Supreme Court will rule on Narragansett dispute with Rhode Island", Boston Globe, 25 Feb 2008, accessed 3 Aug 2008

William S. Simmons, The Narragansett, "Indians of North America" series, New York: Chelsea House, 1989, p. 14.

Barry M. Pritzker, A Native American encyclopedia : history, culture, and peoples, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 442.

See references given in S. Rider, The Lands of Rhode Island As they were Known to Caunounicus and Miantunnomu When Roger Williams Came in 1636, Providence, 1904, p. 200-201.

J. Hammond Trumbull, editorial note to Roger Williams's Key into the Language of America, Publications of the Narragansett Club, first series, vol. 1, 1866, p. 82.

For a more detailed analysis see S. Rider, The Lands of Rhode Island As they were Known to Caunounicus and Miantunnomu When Roger Williams Came in 1636, Providence, 1904, p. 202-205.

https://vimeo.com/160483127

William Bradford, chapter 33, History of Plymouth Plantation

"Paul Campbell Research Notes", Rhode Island Historical Society, April 1997, accessed 3 Aug 2008

Emily Bazar, "Native American? The tribe says no", USATODAY.com, 28 Nov 2007, accessed 3 Aug 2008

A full list of references for this article are available at the Narragansett people Wikipedia page

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This content has been generated by an AI for educational purposes, drawing upon publicly available data from Wikipedia. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, the information may not be exhaustive or entirely up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided herein is not a substitute for consultation with historians, anthropologists, legal experts, or cultural authorities. Always consult qualified professionals for specific guidance related to historical research, cultural practices, or legal matters.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided.

Narragansett Heritage

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Who Are the Narragansett? 👤

🛖 Indigenous Roots

🗣️ Language and Name

🚩 Population and Region

A History of Resilience 📜

🧭 Early Encounters

⚔️ Conflict and Survival

⏳ Endurance Through Centuries

🏛️ Federal Recognition and Modern Era

The Narragansett Tongue 🗣️

🌿 Linguistic Heritage

📚 Revival and Loanwords

Cultural Expressions 🎨

🏺 Archaeological Discoveries

🥁 Traditions and Gatherings

⭐ Notable Individuals

Tribal Governance 🏛️

👑 Leadership Structure

Distinguished Narragansetts ⭐

👥 Figures of Influence

Lineage of Leaders 👑

📜 Sachem Succession

Land and Sovereignty 🏞️

⚖️ Land Claims and Trust

🏛️ Legal Disputes

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Who Are the Narragansett?

Indigenous Roots

Language and Name

Population and Region

A History of Resilience

Early Encounters

Conflict and Survival

Endurance Through Centuries

Federal Recognition and Modern Era

The Narragansett Tongue

Linguistic Heritage

Revival and Loanwords

Cultural Expressions

Archaeological Discoveries

Traditions and Gatherings

Notable Individuals

Tribal Governance

Leadership Structure

Distinguished Narragansetts

Figures of Influence

Lineage of Leaders

Sachem Succession

Land and Sovereignty

Land Claims and Trust

Legal Disputes

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice