What was the National Party (NP) in South Africa, and what was its historical significance?

The National Party (NP), known in Afrikaans as the Nasionale Party, was a political party in South Africa that existed from 1914 to 1997. It is most notably recognized for implementing and enforcing the system of apartheid, a legal framework of racial segregation and discrimination, which governed South Africa for much of the 20th century.

When was the National Party founded, and what were its initial ideological underpinnings?

The National Party was founded on July 1, 1914, in Bloemfontein. Its early ideology was rooted in Afrikaner nationalism, aiming to promote the interests of Afrikaners, who were a significant minority group in South Africa, and to foster a sense of distinct Afrikaner identity.

How did the National Party's ideology evolve from its founding to the apartheid era?

Initially focused on Afrikaner nationalism and opposing British influence, the party's ideology shifted significantly after its return to power in 1948. It then became the primary architect and enforcer of apartheid, promoting white supremacy and racial segregation as core tenets of its policy.

What were the key political ideologies associated with the National Party throughout its history?

The National Party's ideology evolved over time. From 1914 to 1948, it was characterized by Afrikaner nationalism, anti-British sentiment, and conservatism. From 1948 to 1990, it strongly advocated Afrikaner nationalism, apartheid, anti-communism, national conservatism, social conservatism, white supremacy, racialism, and republicanism. After 1990, it transitioned towards civic nationalism, South African nationalism, conservative liberalism, and Christian democracy.

When did the National Party first come to power in South Africa, and who was the Prime Minister?

The National Party first came to power in coalition with the Labour Party in 1924, with J. B. M. Hertzog serving as Prime Minister.

What significant political merger occurred in 1934 involving the National Party?

In 1934, J. B. M. Hertzog merged his National Party with Jan Smuts' South African Party to form the United Party. A faction of hardline Afrikaner nationalists, led by Daniel François Malan, refused to join this merger, maintaining a separate entity known as the 'Purified National Party'.

How did the National Party regain power in 1948?

The National Party, specifically the Re-United National Party (formed from a reunification of the Purified Nationalists and Hertzog's faction), won the 1948 general election in a coalition with the smaller Afrikaner Party. This victory marked the beginning of its long period in government.

What was the central policy implemented by the National Party after its 1948 election victory?

Following the 1948 general election, the National Party began implementing its policy of racial segregation known as apartheid, which translates to 'separateness' in Afrikaans. This policy aimed to maintain and extend the political and economic control of the white minority over the non-white population.

How did apartheid intensify existing racial segregation in South Africa?

Apartheid significantly intensified existing segregation by introducing stern penalties for non-whites entering white-designated areas without passes, making interracial marriage and relationships illegal, and imposing severe restrictions on Black people's property rights.

What was the international reaction to South Africa's apartheid policies under the National Party?

South Africa's apartheid policies led to widespread international condemnation. The United Nations General Assembly officially labeled apartheid a crime against humanity on December 16, 1966, and the country faced significant international pressure, eventually leading to its withdrawal from the British Commonwealth.

What were the 'Bantustans' or 'Homelands' established by the National Party government?

In 1959, the Bantu Self-Government Act established designated 'Homelands' for ten different Black African tribes. The National Party's ultimate goal was to move all Black South Africans into these territories, theoretically leaving South Africa with a white majority and allowing Black citizens to exercise political rights only within their designated homelands.

How did the National Party disenfranchise Coloured and Indian South Africans?

The National Party removed Coloureds from the Common Roll in the Cape Province in 1953, restricting their vote to four white representatives. In 1968, Coloureds were disenfranchised entirely, and a partially elected advisory body was created. Indian South Africans had never been granted representation, effectively making the electorate entirely white.

What was the National Party's stance on republicanism and its relationship with the United Kingdom?

The National Party strongly advocated for South Africa to become a republic, breaking ties with the British monarchy and the United Kingdom. This sentiment was deeply rooted in Afrikaner history and resistance to British colonial rule.

What steps did the National Party take to distance South Africa from the United Kingdom and establish its own identity?

Between 1948 and 1961, under leaders like Malan, Strijdom, and Verwoerd, the NP passed the South African Citizenship Act (1949), terminated appeals to the British Privy Council (1950), changed the Commonwealth's name to remove 'British', appointed an Afrikaner as Governor-General, and modified the Queen's title to 'Queen of South Africa'. They also made 'Die Stem van Suid-Afrika' the sole national anthem and removed the Union Jack from flying alongside the South African flag.

What was the outcome of the 1960 referendum on South Africa becoming a republic?

In the referendum held on October 5, 1960, 52% of the white electorate voted in favor of establishing a republic, with 850,458 votes for and 775,878 against. This narrow victory paved the way for South Africa to become a republic outside the British Commonwealth.

When did South Africa officially become a republic, and what was the impact on its Commonwealth membership?

South Africa officially became a republic on May 31, 1961. Following international criticism of its apartheid policies at the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference, Prime Minister Verwoerd withdrew South Africa's application to remain a member, leading to its departure from the Commonwealth.

What were the 'Verkrampte' and 'Verligte' factions within the National Party?

The 'Verkramptes' were the right-wing faction of the National Party who staunchly opposed any reforms to apartheid, adhering strictly to its rigid structure. The 'Verligtes' were a more moderate faction who favored pragmatic reforms, partly due to fears of international scrutiny and isolation if changes were not made.

What political party emerged from the 'Verkrampte' faction of the National Party?

In 1969, members of the 'Verkrampte' faction, including Albert Hertzog and Jaap Marais, broke away to form the Herstigte Nasionale Party (Re-formed National Party), which claimed to uphold the original Verwoerdian ideology of apartheid.

How did P. W. Botha's leadership impact the National Party's policies in the 1980s?

Under P. W. Botha, the National Party began implementing reforms in the early 1980s. These included legalizing interracial marriages and multiracial political parties, relaxing the Group Areas Act, and amending the constitution to create separate legislative chambers for Coloureds and Indians, though meaningful political rights for Black South Africans remained unaddressed.

What significant split occurred within the National Party during P. W. Botha's leadership?

Botha's reforms alarmed hardline members, leading to a split in 1982. Andries Treurnicht and Ferdinand Hartzenberg formed the Conservative Party, advocating for a return to traditional apartheid policies. This division reflected the growing white voter dissent over the maintenance of apartheid.

Who succeeded P. W. Botha as leader of the National Party, and what was his approach to apartheid?

F. W. de Klerk replaced P. W. Botha as NP leader in 1989. De Klerk led a more 'enlightened' faction that recognized the unsustainability of apartheid and initiated negotiations to end the system, leading to the legalization of anti-apartheid movements and the release of Nelson Mandela.

What key actions did F. W. de Klerk take in 1990 that signaled a shift away from apartheid?

In February 1990, F. W. de Klerk's government legalized the African National Congress (ANC) and other anti-apartheid movements, and Nelson Mandela was released from prison. The party also opened its membership to all racial groups, rebranding itself as a civic nationalist and conservative party.

What was the outcome of the 1992 referendum held under F. W. de Klerk's government?

A national referendum was held in 1992 exclusively for the white population. The majority voted in favor of the government's policy to end apartheid and establish elections open to all South Africans, granting De Klerk the mandate to proceed with negotiations.

How did the National Party perform in the first multiracial elections in 1994?

In the 1994 general election, the National Party secured 20.39% of the vote and 82 seats in the National Assembly. Its support base expanded beyond white voters to include significant backing from Coloured and Indian South Africans, and it won a majority in the Western Cape.

What role did the National Party play in the Government of National Unity after 1994?

The National Party participated as a coalition partner in the Government of National Unity with the ANC from 1994 until June 30, 1996, after which it withdrew to become the official opposition.

What name did the National Party adopt in 1997, and why?

In 1997, the National Party renamed itself the New National Party (NNP) in an attempt to distance itself from its apartheid past and appeal to a broader electorate.

What led to the dissolution of the New National Party (NNP)?

The NNP struggled to gain significant support after its rebranding, performing poorly in subsequent elections. After an unsuccessful merger attempt with the Democratic Alliance and later an alliance with the ANC, the party's federal council voted to dissolve it on April 9, 2005, following a decision the previous year to merge with the ANC.

When was a new political party formed using the name 'National Party South Africa', and what were its aims?

A new party named 'National Party South Africa' was formed and registered in August 2008. This new party had no formal connection to the defunct New National Party and aimed to establish a non-racial, democratic South Africa based on federal principles, drawing inspiration from F. W. de Klerk's legacy.

Who were the leaders of the National Party during its tenure?

The leaders of the National Party were J. B. M. Hertzog (1914-1934), D. F. Malan (1934-1953), J. G. Strijdom (1953-1958), H. F. Verwoerd (1958-1966), B. J. Vorster (1966-1978), P. W. Botha (1978-1989), and F. W. de Klerk (1989-1997).

What was the National Party's electoral performance in the 1977 general election?

In the 1977 general election, the National Party achieved its best-ever result, winning 64.8% of the white vote and securing 134 out of 165 parliamentary seats.

How did the support base of the National Party change between the 1970s and the late 1980s?

While the party's support initially came mainly from Afrikaners, other white groups increasingly voted for the NP after 1960. However, by the late 1980s, in reaction to P. W. Botha's reforms, a majority of Afrikaners shifted their support to the Conservative Party, while only about 46% of Afrikaners voted for the National Party in the 1989 election.

What was the significance of the 'Natives Land Act, No 27 of 1913' and the 'Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923' in relation to apartheid?

These pre-apartheid laws laid the groundwork for the National Party's segregationist policies. The Natives Land Act restricted Black land ownership to less than eight percent of South Africa's land, while the Natives (Urban Areas) Act established the basis for residential segregation in urban areas.

How did the National Party's electoral success evolve between 1948 and 1977?

The National Party saw a significant increase in its parliamentary majority in almost every election between 1948 and 1977. This trend was bolstered by reforms that removed non-white political influence from the electoral process and incorporated pro-nationalist voters from South-West Africa.

What was the National Party's stance on communism?

The National Party presented itself as a bulwark against communism, positioning itself as the party best equipped to deal with the perceived threat of communist movements in South Africa and the wider continent.

What was the role of the Afrikaner Broederbond in relation to the National Party?

The Afrikaner Broederbond, a secret organization founded in 1918 to support Afrikaner interests, became a powerful force within the South African political scene and was closely associated with the National Party's rise and its promotion of Afrikaner nationalism.

How did the National Party's electoral strategy change after the 1960s regarding non-Afrikaner white voters?

After 1960, the National Party actively courted and gained increasing support from non-Afrikaner white populations, broadening its electoral base beyond its core Afrikaner constituency.

What was the National Party's approach to the economy, particularly the concept of 'Volkscapitalisme'?

The National Party promoted 'Volkscapitalisme,' an economic policy aimed at fostering Afrikaner economic empowerment and development, often through state intervention and support for Afrikaner-owned businesses.

What was the National Party's position on the political spectrum during different periods?

The National Party was considered right-wing from 1914 to 1948. From 1948 to 1990, it was generally categorized as far-right due to its apartheid policies. After 1990, it shifted to the centre-right.

What was the National Party's relationship with the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa?

The Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa was closely aligned with the National Party, and its theology was often used to support and justify the ideology of apartheid and Afrikaner nationalism.

What was the National Party's stance on immigration and language policy?

The National Party's policies on immigration and language were often influenced by its Afrikaner nationalist base, aiming to protect and promote the Afrikaans language and culture, and sometimes regulating immigration to maintain the demographic balance of white South Africans.

How did the National Party handle international sporting and cultural boycotts during the apartheid era?

The National Party government faced significant international sporting and cultural boycotts due to apartheid. While initially resistant, the pressure eventually contributed to some limited reforms and a gradual opening up of certain sporting codes.

What was the National Party's role in the establishment of the Republic of South Africa in 1961?

The National Party was the driving force behind South Africa's transition from a Dominion to a republic. Through a referendum and subsequent legislation, the party abolished the monarchy and established the Republic of South Africa, marking a significant step in its pursuit of national sovereignty.

National Party South Africa Wiki: The National Party: Shaping South Africa's Political Landscape

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Overview

Political Dominance

The National Party (NP), known in Afrikaans as the Nasionale Party, was a dominant political force in South Africa from its founding in 1914 until its dissolution in 1997. It is primarily recognized for implementing and enforcing the system of apartheid, a policy of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination.

Ideological Roots

Initially founded as an Afrikaner ethnic nationalist party, the NP championed the interests of Afrikaners. Over time, its ideology evolved to promote white supremacy and enacted policies that systematically disenfranchised and oppressed the non-white majority of South Africa.

Era of Rule

The party first held power in coalition in 1924. After a period of merger and re-establishment, it returned to power in 1948, initiating the formal apartheid era. The NP governed South Africa continuously from 1948 until 1994, a period marked by significant internal and international conflict over its racial policies.

Founding and Early History

Genesis of the Party

The National Party was established in Bloemfontein in 1914 by Afrikaner nationalists. Its formation stemmed from disagreements within the South African Party, particularly concerning Prime Minister Louis Botha's policies. Led initially by J. B. M. Hertzog, the NP advocated for the interests of Afrikaners and a distinct national identity.

Political Evolution

The party experienced mergers and splits, notably the formation of the 'Purified National Party' under D. F. Malan after the 1934 merger with the South African Party. This faction opposed Smuts's government and gained momentum through its opposition to South Africa's involvement in World War II, eventually leading to the Re-United National Party's victory in 1948.

Path to Power

After winning the 1948 general election, the NP began consolidating its power. Early actions included establishing South African citizenship, terminating appeals to the Privy Council, and promoting national symbols like "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" as the sole national anthem, all aimed at increasing autonomy and fostering a distinct national identity.

Apartheid Program

Implementation of Segregation

Upon gaining power in 1948, the NP systematically implemented apartheid, a comprehensive system of racial segregation and discrimination. This policy aimed to maintain white minority rule and control over the country's political, economic, and social structures.

Key Legislation

Significant legislation included the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, the Immorality Act, the Population Registration Act, and the Group Areas Act. These laws enforced strict racial classification, prohibited interracial relationships, and dictated where different racial groups could live and work, leading to widespread forced removals.

International Condemnation

Apartheid policies led to South Africa's increasing isolation and condemnation by the international community, including the United Nations, which declared it a crime against humanity. The NP government responded by withdrawing from the Commonwealth and solidifying its stance on racial separation.

Bantustans and Disenfranchisement

The government established 'Homelands' or Bantustans for various Black African tribes, aiming to strip Black South Africans of their citizenship and political rights. Coloured and Indian populations also faced disenfranchisement and segregation, with separate, unequal legislative structures.

Transition to Republic

Republican Ideal

A core tenet of Afrikaner nationalism, and thus the NP, was the establishment of an independent republic, free from British influence. This aspiration was rooted in the historical experiences of the Boer republics.

The 1960 Referendum

Following years of efforts to increase autonomy, a referendum was held on 5 October 1960. The white electorate narrowly voted in favour of establishing South Africa as a republic. This move was seen as a significant step in severing ties with the United Kingdom.

Commonwealth Withdrawal

In March 1961, South Africa's application to remain in the Commonwealth as a republic was rejected due to international opposition to apartheid. Prime Minister Verwoerd withdrew the application, and South Africa officially became a republic outside the Commonwealth on 31 May 1961.

Key Leaders

Prime Ministers

The National Party produced several Prime Ministers who shaped South Africa's trajectory:

J. B. M. Hertzog (1914–1934)
D. F. Malan (1934–1953)
J. G. Strijdom (1953–1958)
H. F. Verwoerd (1958–1966)
B. J. Vorster (1966–1978)
P. W. Botha (1978–1989)
F. W. de Klerk (1989–1997)

Influential Figures

Beyond the Prime Ministers, figures like C. R. Swart (Governor-General/State President) and cabinet ministers played crucial roles in policy formulation and implementation. The internal party dynamics, particularly the 'verkrampte' and 'verligte' factions, also highlighted key ideological debates within the party leadership.

Support Base

Afrikaner Foundation

The NP's core support base was predominantly Afrikaner, drawn from farmers, civil servants, and the working class. The party effectively mobilized Afrikaner nationalism, promising political and economic empowerment for this group.

Broadening Appeal

After 1960, the NP actively courted and gained support from English-speaking white voters, particularly as the country moved towards republican status and away from British ties. However, internal divisions emerged, with a significant portion of Afrikaners shifting to more hardline parties like the Conservative Party in later years.

Division and Decline

Internal Factions

From the 1960s onwards, the party experienced ideological rifts between the conservative verkramptes (those resistant to reform) and the more pragmatic verligtes (those open to limited change). These divisions led to the formation of splinter parties, such as the Herstigte Nasionale Party and later the Conservative Party.

Reforms and Transition

Under P. W. Botha and later F. W. de Klerk, the NP initiated reforms, including legalizing interracial marriages and granting limited political representation to Coloured and Indian populations. De Klerk's leadership was pivotal in negotiating the end of apartheid and transitioning to a democratic South Africa.

Post-Apartheid Era

Following the democratic elections of 1994, the NP participated in the Government of National Unity. In an effort to distance itself from its apartheid legacy, it rebranded as the New National Party (NNP) in 1997. However, the NNP failed to regain significant political traction and eventually dissolved in 2005.

Electoral History

Parliamentary Elections

The National Party dominated South African parliamentary elections for decades, securing majorities and implementing its policies. Its electoral performance reflected shifts in voter sentiment and internal party dynamics.

Election	Party leader	Votes	%	Seats	+/-	Position	Result
1915	J. B. M. Hertzog	75,623	29.41%	27 / 130	27	3rd	Opposition
1920	J. B. M. Hertzog	90,512	32.62%	43 / 134	16	1st	Opposition
1921	J. B. M. Hertzog	105,039	38.15%	44 / 134	1	2nd	Opposition
1924	J. B. M. Hertzog	111,483	35.25%	63 / 135	19	1st	NP-Labour coalition government
1929	J. B. M. Hertzog	141,579	41.17%	78 / 148	15	1st	NP-Labour coalition government
1933	J. B. M. Hertzog	101,159	31.61%	75 / 150	3	1st	Majority government
1938	D. F. Malan	259,543	31.31%	27 / 150	48	2nd	Opposition
1943	D. F. Malan	321,601	36.70%	43 / 150	16	2nd	Opposition
1948	D. F. Malan	401,834	37.70%	70 / 150	27	1st	Majority government
1953	D. F. Malan	598,718	49.48%	94 / 156	24	1st	Majority government
1958	J. G. Strijdom	642,006	55.54%	103 / 156	9	1st	Majority government
1961	H. F. Verwoerd	370,395	46.44%	105 / 156	2	1st	Supermajority government
1966	H. F. Verwoerd	759,331	58.31%	126 / 166	21	1st	Supermajority government
1970	B. J. Vorster	820,968	54.89%	118 / 166	8	1st	Supermajority government
1974	B. J. Vorster	638,424	56.14%	122 / 171	4	1st	Supermajority government
1977	B. J. Vorster	685,035	65.34%	134 / 165	12	1st	Supermajority government
1981	P. W. Botha	778,371	57.66%	131 / 165	3	1st	Supermajority government
1987	P. W. Botha	1,075,505	52.70%	123 / 166	8	1st	Supermajority government
1989	F. W. de Klerk	1,039,704	48.19%	94 / 166	29	1st	Majority government
1994	F. W. de Klerk	3,983,960	20.39%	82 / 400	12	2nd	NP–ANC–IFP coalition government

Presidential and Senate Elections

The party also held significant influence in the election of State Presidents and controlled the Senate for much of its history, reflecting its deep entrenchment in the South African political system.

No.	Name	Term of office
1	J. B. M. Hertzog (1866–1942)	1 July 1914 – c. 1934
2	D. F. Malan (1874–1959)	c. 1934 – c. 1953
3	J. G. Strijdom (1893–1958)	c. 1953 – 24 August 1958
4	H. F. Verwoerd (1901–1966)	24 August 1958 – 6 September 1966
5	B. J. Vorster (1915–1983)	6 September 1966 – 2 October 1978
6	P. W. Botha (1916–2006)	2 October 1978 – 15 August 1989
7	F. W. de Klerk (1936–2021)	15 August 1989 – 8 September 1997

Election	Party leader	%	Seats	+/-	Position	Result
1939	D. F. Malan	13.64%	6 / 44	4	2nd	Opposition
1948	D. F. Malan	25%	11 / 44	5	2nd	Governing minority
1955	J. G. Strijdom	86.52%	77 / 89	66	1st	Governing supermajority
1960	H. F. Verwoerd	70.37%	41 / 54	1	1st	Governing supermajority
1965	H. F. Verwoerd	75.47%	40 / 53	2	1st	Governing supermajority
1970	B. J. Vorster	75.93%	41 / 54	1	1st	Governing supermajority
1974	B. J. Vorster	77.78%	42 / 54	1	1st	Governing supermajority
1994	F. W. de Klerk	18.89%	17 / 90	25	2nd	NP–ANC–IFP governing coalition

Notable People

Vera Reitzer

Vera Reitzer (1921–2006) was a Hungarian-born Jewish holocaust survivor who became a member of the National Party. Her membership highlights the complex and sometimes contradictory affiliations within the party and South African society during its history.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "National Party South Africa" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about national_party_south_africa while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

damon and pythias 1962 film

department of foreign affairs and trade

list of american universities with olympic medalist students and alumni

2010 wimbledon championships– men's singles qualifying

References

A full list of references for this article are available at the National Party (South Africa) Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional political or historical advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional consultation or in-depth academic research. Always refer to primary sources and consult with qualified historians or political scientists for comprehensive understanding.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The National Party

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

🇿🇦 Political Dominance

⚖️ Ideological Roots

⏳ Era of Rule

Founding and Early History 📜

🤝 Genesis of the Party

➡️ Political Evolution

🏛️ Path to Power

Apartheid Program ⚖️

📜 Implementation of Segregation

📜 Key Legislation

🌍 International Condemnation

🏠 Bantustans and Disenfranchisement

Transition to Republic 🏛️

🚩 Republican Ideal

🗳️ The 1960 Referendum

🌍 Commonwealth Withdrawal

Key Leaders 👤

👑 Prime Ministers

⭐ Influential Figures

Support Base 📊

👨‍🌾 Afrikaner Foundation

🌍 Broadening Appeal

Division and Decline 📉

⚔️ Internal Factions

🔄 Reforms and Transition

🔚 Post-Apartheid Era

Electoral History 🗳️

📊 Parliamentary Elections

🏛️ Presidential and Senate Elections

Notable People ⭐

🌟 Vera Reitzer

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Political Dominance

Ideological Roots

Era of Rule

Founding and Early History

Genesis of the Party

Political Evolution

Path to Power

Apartheid Program

Implementation of Segregation

Key Legislation

International Condemnation

Bantustans and Disenfranchisement

Transition to Republic

Republican Ideal

The 1960 Referendum

Commonwealth Withdrawal

Key Leaders

Prime Ministers

Influential Figures

Support Base

Afrikaner Foundation

Broadening Appeal

Division and Decline

Internal Factions

Reforms and Transition

Post-Apartheid Era

Electoral History

Parliamentary Elections

Presidential and Senate Elections

Notable People

Vera Reitzer

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice