What is the historiographical definition of Ottoman Syria?

Ottoman Syria is a historiographical term used to describe the group of administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire located within the region of the Levant. This region is generally defined as being east of the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Euphrates River, north of the Arabian Desert, and south of the Taurus Mountains.

When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Syria, and from whom?

The Ottoman Empire conquered Syria in 1516 from the Mamluk Sultanate, which was centered in Lower Egypt at the time. This conquest marked a significant expansion of Ottoman influence into the region.

How was Syria initially administered by the Ottomans after its conquest?

Initially, upon conquering Syria in 1516, Sultan Selim I kept the administrative subdivisions that were in place during the Mamluk period. After returning from Egypt in 1517, he reorganized Syria into a single large province, known as an eyalet, named 'Sham', which was then subdivided into several districts called sanjaks.

What significant administrative change occurred in 1549 regarding Ottoman Syria?

In 1549, Ottoman Syria was reorganized into two separate eyalets. The northern Sanjak of Aleppo became the center of a new Eyalet of Aleppo, while the remaining territories continued under the Eyalet of Damascus.

Which new eyalet was formed in 1579, and from which existing province?

In 1579, the Eyalet of Tripoli was established, named 'Tripoli of Syria' (Turkish: Trablusşam). This new province was formed out of territory that was previously part of the Damascus province.

What administrative changes took place in the 17th century concerning the eyalets in the region?

In 1660, the Eyalet of Safed was established. Shortly thereafter, it was renamed the Eyalet of Sidon. In 1667, the Mount Lebanon Emirate was granted special autonomous status within the Sidon province, though it was later abolished in 1841 and reconfigured in 1861.

How did the administrative structure of Ottoman Syria change following the Tanzimat reforms?

Following the Tanzimat reforms, specifically the law passed in 1864, the traditional eyalets were transformed into smaller administrative units called vilayets. These vilayets, such as the Syria Vilayet, Aleppo Vilayet, and Beirut Vilayet, were governed by a vali (governor) appointed by the Sublime Porte, and included new provincial assemblies.

What special administrative status was granted to Jerusalem in 1872?

In 1872, Jerusalem and its surrounding towns were separated from the Syria Vilayet to form the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. This new administrative unit was granted a special autonomous status.

What were the primary administrative divisions of Ottoman Syria from 1872 until World War I?

From 1872 until World War I, Ottoman Syria was primarily divided into the Aleppo Vilayet, the Sanjak of Zor, the Beirut Vilayet, the Syria Vilayet, the Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, and from 1895, the Mutasarrifate of Karak.

What was the significance of the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516?

The Battle of Marj Dabiq, fought near Aleppo in northern Syria in 1516, was a decisive victory for the Ottoman Sultan Selim I against the Mamlukes. This battle paved the way for the Ottoman conquest of Syria.

What territories were ceded to Muhammed Ali of Egypt in 1833?

In 1833, through the Convention of Kutahya, the Syrian provinces were ceded to Muhammed Ali of Egypt. This included the governments of Candia and Egypt, along with the provinces of Damascus, Tripoli-in-Syria, Sidon, Safed, Aleppo, and the districts of Jerusalem and Nablous.

How did the Ottoman firmans of 1839 and 1856 impact relations between Muslim and non-Muslim communities in Syria?

The Ottoman firmans of 1839 and 1856, which aimed to equalize the status of Muslim and non-Muslim subjects, led to significant alienation among Muslims. This resentment contributed to violent incidents, such as massacres of Christian communities in Aleppo (1850), Nablus (1856), and Damascus and Lebanon (1860).

What was the outcome of the 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus?

The 1860 civil conflict resulted in the massacre of thousands of Christian civilians. This event, coupled with European pressure, led to the transformation of the previous administrative regime into the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate in 1861, governed by a non-Lebanese Christian.

What was the Eyalet of Aleppo composed of in 1579?

After 1579, the Eyalet of Aleppo included the Sanjaks of Aleppo, Adana, Ablistan (Marash), Aintab, Birejik (Urfa), Kilis, Ma'arra, Hama, Salamiyah, and Homs.

What territories were included in the Eyalet of Damascus after 1579?

After 1579, the Eyalet of Damascus included the Sanjaks of Damascus, Beirut, Sidon (Sidon-Beirut), Acre, Safad, Nablus, Jerusalem, Gaza, Hauran, and Ma'an.

What was the Eyalet of Tripoli composed of after 1579?

The Eyalet of Tripoli, established in 1579, included the Sanjaks of Tripoli, Latakia, Hama, and Homs.

What is the meaning of the Arabic term 'Sham' in the context of Ottoman Syria?

In the context of Ottoman Syria, 'Sham' is the Arabic and Turkish name for the province. It was the name given to the large eyalet that encompassed much of the region after its reorganization by Selim I.

What does the map from 1851, shown in the article, depict regarding Ottoman administrative divisions?

The 1851 map of Ottoman Syria, referenced in the article, illustrates the Eyalets of Aleppo, Damascus, Tripoli, Acre, and Gaza, providing a visual representation of the administrative structure at that time.

How did the definition of 'Syria' evolve according to the 1906 Geographical Dictionary of the World?

According to the 1906 Geographical Dictionary of the World, 'Syria' was described as a country in southwest Asia within the Ottoman Empire, extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Euphrates River and the Syrian Desert, and from the Taurus Mountains to the frontiers of Egypt. It encompassed the vilayets of Syria (Damascus), Beirut, part of Aleppo, and the mutessarrifliks of Jerusalem and Lebanon. The dictionary also noted that 'Syria' was sometimes used more broadly to include the entire vilayet of Aleppo and the Zor Sanjak.

What geographical areas were included in the broader definition of Syria in 1915, according to a British report?

A British report from 1915 indicated that the term 'Syria' was generally used to denote the entire geographical and historical region between the Taurus Mountains and the Sinai Peninsula. This included parts of the Vilayet of Aleppo, the Vilayet of Beirut, the Vilayet of Syria, the Sanjak of Lebanon, and the Sanjak of Jerusalem, and also encompassed the territory later detached to form the mandated territory of Palestine.

What does the image caption 'Mosque at Latakia, from Views in the Ottoman Dominions by Luigi Mayer (1755–1803)' describe?

The caption describes an illustration of a mosque located in Latakia, which was featured in Luigi Mayer's publication titled 'Views in the Ottoman Dominions, in Europe, in Asia, and some of the Mediterranean islands,' published in 1810. Luigi Mayer was an artist who lived from 1755 to 1803.

What does the image caption 'Town of Bethlehem, Ottoman Syria from an 1810 illustration by Luigi Mayer' convey?

This caption indicates that the source material includes an illustration depicting the town of Bethlehem within Ottoman Syria, as rendered by the artist Luigi Mayer in 1810.

What does the map titled 'Ottoman Empire Administrative Divisions.png' represent?

The map titled 'Ottoman Empire Administrative Divisions.png' shows the administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire in the year 1317 Hijri, which corresponds to 1899 Gregorian. This map includes the area referred to as Ottoman Syria.

What historical events are listed as significant in the infobox timeline for Ottoman Syria?

The infobox timeline for Ottoman Syria lists the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516, the First Egyptian-Ottoman War from 1831 to 1833, the Second Egyptian-Ottoman War from 1839 to 1841, and the Sinai and Palestine campaign in 1918.

What was the administrative status of the Mount Lebanon Emirate in relation to the Sidon province?

The Mount Lebanon Emirate was granted special autonomous status within the Sidon province in 1667. However, this status was later abolished in 1841, and the region was reconfigured in 1861 as the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.

What was the purpose of the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire?

The Tanzimat reforms, initiated in the mid-19th century, aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire's administration. A key aspect was the standardization of provincial administration throughout the empire, leading to the creation of vilayets governed by valis and supported by provincial assemblies.

What does the term 'eyalet' refer to in the Ottoman administrative system?

An 'eyalet' was a primary administrative division, essentially a province, within the Ottoman Empire. These eyalets were typically subdivided into smaller districts known as sanjaks.

What does the term 'sanjak' refer to in the Ottoman administrative system?

A 'sanjak' was a subdivision within an Ottoman eyalet (province). It represented a district, often named after its principal town or geographical feature, and was typically governed by a sanjak-bey.

What does the term 'vilayet' refer to in the Ottoman administrative system?

A 'vilayet' was a later administrative division within the Ottoman Empire, introduced as part of the Tanzimat reforms in 1864, replacing the older eyalet system. Vilayets were governed by a vali and had provincial assemblies.

What was the significance of the 1864 Ottoman law regarding provincial administration?

The Ottoman law passed in 1864 standardized provincial administration across the empire. It reorganized the existing eyalets into smaller vilayets, each governed by a vali appointed by the Sublime Porte, and introduced new provincial assemblies to participate in administration.

What does the image caption 'Ottoman Syria until World War I. Present borders in grey.' describe?

This caption refers to a map illustrating Ottoman Syria as it existed up until World War I. The map uses grey lines to indicate the present-day borders of the region, providing a geographical context for historical analysis.

What does the image caption '"Independent" Sanjak of Jerusalem shown within Ottoman administrative divisions in the Eastern Mediterranean coast after the reorganisation of 1887–88' indicate?

This caption describes a map showing the administrative divisions of the Eastern Mediterranean coast of the Ottoman Empire after the reorganization of 1887-88. It specifically highlights the Sanjak of Jerusalem, noting its 'independent' status within the Ottoman structure.

What does the image caption '1915 ethnographic map' suggest about the content of the map?

The caption indicates that the map from 1915 is ethnographic, meaning it likely depicts the distribution of different ethnic or cultural groups within the region of the Levant during that period.

What historical entities preceded Ottoman Syria?

Before the Ottoman conquest, the region that became Ottoman Syria was part of the Mamluk Sultanate. Historically, it was also part of earlier empires and states, including Roman and Byzantine Syria, and various medieval caliphates and dynasties.

What entities succeeded Ottoman Syria following World War I?

Following World War I, Ottoman Syria was succeeded by the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. This was a transitional military administration established by the Allied powers.

What was the role of Constantinople in the administration of Ottoman Syria?

Constantinople, as the capital of the Ottoman Empire, served as the central administrative hub from which Ottoman Syria was governed. While local administration existed, ultimate authority and major policy decisions emanated from Constantinople.

What does the term 'Bilad al-Sham' refer to in the context of Syrian history?

'Bilad al-Sham' is the Arabic term for the region of Syria, particularly during the Caliphal period. It is often used synonymously with historical Syria and encompasses a broader geographical area than modern-day Syria.

What does the reference to 'Ottoman History Podcast: History of Ottoman Syria' suggest?

This reference indicates that there is an available podcast resource dedicated to discussing the history of Ottoman Syria, suggesting it is a topic with ongoing scholarly interest and accessible information through various media.

What does the inclusion of 'Authority control databases' at the end of the article signify?

The inclusion of authority control databases (like Library of Congress, BnF, etc.) signifies that 'Ottoman Syria' is a recognized subject with established cataloging and referencing systems in major libraries and archives worldwide. This helps researchers find related materials and ensures consistency in identifying the topic.

What was the significance of the Sanjak of Jerusalem's special administrative status after 1872?

The creation of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem in 1872, granting it special administrative status, separated it from the broader Syria Vilayet. This indicated a specific administrative approach to the region, likely due to its religious and political importance.

How did the administrative divisions of Syria change between the pre-Tanzimat and post-Tanzimat periods, as suggested by the maps?

The maps indicate a shift from larger administrative units called 'Eyalets' in the pre-Tanzimat period to smaller units called 'Vilayets' in the post-Tanzimat period. This reflects the Ottoman Empire's administrative reforms aimed at centralization and modernization.

What does the map from 1841 by Heinrich Kiepert show regarding Ottoman subdivisions?

The 1841 Kiepert map of Palestine shows Ottoman subdivisions, illustrating how the region was administratively organized under Ottoman rule during that period, likely reflecting the sanjak or eyalet structure then in place.

What does the 1842 map showing 'Pashalics' represent in the context of Ottoman Syria?

The 1842 map showing 'Pashalics' likely illustrates the administrative divisions of the time, where 'Pashalics' referred to territories governed by a Pasha, often corresponding to the eyalet system, indicating the Ottoman administrative structure in Syria.

What does the 1897 map by Rand, McNally & Co. depict?

The 1897 map by Rand, McNally & Co. depicts Turkey in Asia, Asia Minor, and implicitly Ottoman Syria, showing the geographical and administrative divisions recognized by cartographers at the end of the 19th century.

What does the 1900 map by Edward Stanford show regarding Ottoman administrative divisions?

The 1900 map by Edward Stanford illustrates the Ottoman Middle East, specifically showing the administrative divisions known as Vilayets, which were the standard provincial units after the Tanzimat reforms.

What does the 1915 ethnographic map suggest about the region's composition?

The 1915 ethnographic map suggests an interest in understanding the ethnic or cultural makeup of the Levant region just before the end of Ottoman rule and the subsequent redrawing of borders, likely reflecting the diverse populations within Ottoman Syria.

What does the 1810 illustration by Luigi Mayer of Bethlehem represent?

The 1810 illustration by Luigi Mayer of Bethlehem represents a visual record of the town during the period it was under Ottoman rule, offering a glimpse into its appearance and context within Ottoman Syria.

What is the significance of the 'See also' section in the article?

The 'See also' section provides links to related topics and articles, such as the Arab Kingdom of Syria, Bilad al-Sham, the French Mandate, and Roman Syria. This helps readers explore interconnected historical and geographical subjects.

What does the reference to the 'Sykes–Picot Agreement' in the 'See also' section imply?

The inclusion of the Sykes–Picot Agreement in the 'See also' section suggests its relevance to the history of Ottoman Syria, as this secret agreement between the British and French during World War I planned the partition of the Ottoman Empire's territories in the Middle East, significantly impacting the future of the region.

What does the article mention about the administrative divisions of Ottoman Syria in 1549?

In 1549, Ottoman Syria was reorganized into two eyalets: the Eyalet of Aleppo, which included several sanjaks like Aleppo, Adana, Ablistan, Aintab, Birejik, Kilis, Ma'arra, Hama, Salamiyah, and Homs; and the Eyalet of Damascus, which included sanjaks such as Damascus, Tripoli, Acre, Safad, Nablus, Jerusalem, Lajjun, Salt, and Gaza.

Ottoman Syria Wiki: Echoes of the Crescent: Ottoman Syria's Administrative Tapestry

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Defining Ottoman Syria

Geographical Scope

Ottoman Syria, a term employed in historiography, denotes the administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire situated within the historical region of the Levant. Geographically, it is typically delineated as the territory east of the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Euphrates River, north of the Arabian Desert, and south of the Taurus Mountains.^[1]

Temporal Framework

This period of Ottoman rule commenced with the empire's conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate in the early 16th century, specifically in 1516, and extended through World War I, concluding in 1918. It represents a significant era of imperial administration and regional transformation.

Imperial Context

Initially organized as a singular province (eyalet) centered in Damascus, Ottoman Syria underwent numerous administrative reorganizations throughout its existence. These changes reflected the evolving needs of the empire and the dynamic political landscape of the region.

Historical Trajectory

Conquest and Consolidation

The foundation of Ottoman Syria was laid in 1516 when Sultan Selim I conquered the region from the Mamluk Sultanate. This victory, following the Battle of Marj Dabiq, integrated Syria into the vast Ottoman administrative framework. Selim I's subsequent conquest of Egypt in 1517 solidified Ottoman control over the entire Mamluk domain.^[2]^[3]

Early Administrative Realignments

The initial Ottoman administration largely retained the Mamluk subdivisions. However, by 1534, the Eyalet of Aleppo was established as a distinct administrative entity. Further divisions occurred in 1579 with the formation of the Eyalet of Tripoli from the Damascus province. The Eyalet of Adana was later separated from Aleppo. In 1660, the Eyalet of Safed was created, subsequently renamed the Eyalet of Sidon. By 1841, the Mount Lebanon Emirate, which had enjoyed special autonomous status within Sidon province, was abolished and later reconfigured in 1861 as the Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon.

Egyptian Interlude

Between 1833 and 1841, the Syrian provinces were temporarily administered by Muhammad Ali of Egypt. This period saw significant reforms and upheaval, culminating in the Convention of Kutahya, which formally ceded these territories to Muhammad Ali's rule, albeit under Ottoman suzerainty.^[4]

Administrative Divisions

Pre-Tanzimat Structure (c. 1549-1864)

Prior to the major Tanzimat reforms, Ottoman Syria was typically divided into several eyalets (provinces), each subdivided into sanjaks (districts). The structure evolved over time:

Eyalet of Aleppo (including Sanjaks of Aleppo, Adana, Marash, Aintab, Birejik/Urfa, Kilis, Ma'arra, Hama, Salamiyah, Homs).

Eyalet of Damascus (including Sanjaks of Damascus, Tripoli, Acre, Safad, Nablus, Jerusalem, Lajjun, Salt, Gaza).

Eyalet of Tripoli (formed in 1579, including Sanjaks of Tripoli, Latakia, Hama, Homs).

Later developments included the Eyalet of Safed (later Sidon, then Beirut) and the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem.

Post-Tanzimat Reorganization (1864 onwards)

The Tanzimat reforms of 1864 standardized provincial administration across the empire. Eyalets were reorganized into smaller vilayets, governed by a vali. Key vilayets and special administrative regions within Ottoman Syria during this era included:

Aleppo Vilayet
Beirut Vilayet
Syria Vilayet (Damascus)
Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon (Special autonomous status)
Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (Special administrative status from 1872)
Sanjak of Zor (Sometimes included)
Mutasarrifate of Karak (From 1895)

Imperial Reforms and Their Impact

The Tanzimat Era

The Tanzimat reforms, beginning in the mid-19th century, aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire's administration. In 1864, a law standardized provincial structures, transforming eyalets into vilayets. This reform introduced a more uniform system of governance, with appointed governors (valis) and provincial assemblies, impacting the administration of Syria significantly.

Social and Political Shifts

Imperial decrees in 1839 and 1856 sought to equalize the status of Muslim and non-Muslim subjects. While intended to foster unity, these reforms paradoxically led to increased alienation among Muslim populations who resented the perceived loss of superiority. This contributed to inter-communal tensions and violence, notably in Aleppo (1850), Nablus (1856), and Damascus and Lebanon (1860), shaping the region's socio-political landscape.

Special Status Regions

Certain areas within Ottoman Syria were granted special administrative statuses. The Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon, established in 1861 following the 1860 civil conflict, was governed by a non-Lebanese Christian mutasarrif, reflecting European influence and a desire to manage sectarian tensions. Similarly, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was carved out in 1872, gaining distinct autonomy.

Cartographic Records

Visualizing Administrative Changes

Historical maps provide invaluable insights into the evolving administrative geography of Ottoman Syria. These cartographic representations illustrate the shifting boundaries of eyalets and, later, vilayets, reflecting the empire's administrative policies and regional dynamics.

Contemporary maps from various periods, such as those from the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, depict the eyalet system. Later maps, particularly those post-Tanzimat reforms (from 1864 onwards), illustrate the division into vilayets and the establishment of special administrative districts like Jerusalem and Mount Lebanon. These maps are crucial for understanding the territorial organization and the extent of Ottoman control over time.

Note: Visual representations of these maps are not included here, but their historical significance in documenting administrative changes is substantial.

Scholarly Foundations

Primary and Secondary Accounts

The understanding of Ottoman Syria is built upon a foundation of historical scholarship and primary source materials. These include imperial decrees, travelogues, and scholarly analyses that detail the region's administration, society, and economy.

The information presented here is derived from established historical research, including works that detail the Ottoman administrative structure, the impact of imperial reforms, and the socio-political context of the Levant during this period.

Academic Resources

Enhance Your Understanding

To deepen your comprehension of Ottoman Syria, consider exploring related academic resources. Engaging with primary sources and scholarly analyses will provide a richer perspective on this complex historical period.

This section is designed to facilitate further study. Utilize the provided placeholders to access supplementary materials and assessments.

Test Your Knowledge

Assess Your Learning

Evaluate your grasp of Ottoman Syria's history and administration by engaging with the following quiz. This assessment is designed to reinforce key concepts and dates discussed throughout the article.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Ottoman Syria" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about ottoman_syria while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

governor of northern ireland

healthcare reform in the united states

giant anteater

foreign policy

english billiards

southern baptist convention

References

The Middle East and North Africa: 2004, Routledge, page 1015: "Syria"

A full list of references for this article are available at the Ottoman Syria Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Important Considerations

Academic Integrity and Accuracy

This document has been generated by an AI, drawing upon historical data and academic sources. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the provided source material, it is intended for educational and informational purposes only.

This is not professional historical advice. The content is based on a snapshot of information and may not encompass all nuances or interpretations. Always consult primary sources and peer-reviewed historical analyses for comprehensive understanding. The creators of this page are not responsible for any inaccuracies or omissions, nor for any actions taken based on the information presented herein.

Echoes of the Crescent

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Ottoman Syria 🗺️

📍 Geographical Scope

⏳ Temporal Framework

🏛️ Imperial Context

Historical Trajectory ⏳

⚔️ Conquest and Consolidation

🔄 Early Administrative Realignments

🇪🇬 Egyptian Interlude

Administrative Divisions 🗂️

📜 Pre-Tanzimat Structure (c. 1549-1864)

⚖️ Post-Tanzimat Reorganization (1864 onwards)

Imperial Reforms and Their Impact 📜

🏛️ The Tanzimat Era

⚖️ Social and Political Shifts

⛰️ Special Status Regions

Cartographic Records 📍

🗺️ Visualizing Administrative Changes

Scholarly Foundations 📚

📖 Primary and Secondary Accounts

Academic Resources 🎓

💡 Enhance Your Understanding

Test Your Knowledge ❓

🧠 Assess Your Learning

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Important Considerations ⚠️

📜 Academic Integrity and Accuracy

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Defining Ottoman Syria

Geographical Scope

Temporal Framework

Imperial Context

Historical Trajectory

Conquest and Consolidation

Early Administrative Realignments

Egyptian Interlude

Administrative Divisions

Pre-Tanzimat Structure (c. 1549-1864)

Post-Tanzimat Reorganization (1864 onwards)

Imperial Reforms and Their Impact

The Tanzimat Era

Social and Political Shifts

Special Status Regions

Cartographic Records

Visualizing Administrative Changes

Scholarly Foundations

Primary and Secondary Accounts

Academic Resources

Enhance Your Understanding

Test Your Knowledge

Assess Your Learning

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Important Considerations

Academic Integrity and Accuracy