What is palingenetic ultranationalism, and who proposed it as a definition for "true fascism"?

Palingenetic ultranationalism is a concept proposed by political theorist Roger Griffin as a definition for "true fascism." He first introduced this phrase in his 1991 book, *The Nature of Fascism*. This definition centers on the belief that fascism is characterized by the need for a social revolution to precede a national rebirth, or palingenesis.

When and where did Roger Griffin first introduce the concept of palingenetic ultranationalism?

Roger Griffin first coined the phrase palingenetic ultranationalism in his 1991 book titled *The Nature of Fascism*.

According to Roger Griffin, what is the core myth of fascism that enables a "national rebirth"?

According to Roger Griffin, the core myth of fascism is the belief in the necessity of a social revolution to occur first, which will then pave the way for a national rebirth, or palingenesis.

How does Griffin differentiate fascism from para-fascism and other authoritarian nationalist ideologies?

Griffin differentiates fascism from para-fascism and other authoritarian, nationalist ideologies by highlighting its unique synthesis of palingenesis, populism, and ultranationalism. He argues that this combination is essential for what he terms the "fascist minimum."

What does Roger Griffin identify as the "fascist minimum" necessary for "true fascism"?

Roger Griffin asserts that the "fascist minimum," without which "true fascism" cannot exist, is the unique synthesis of palingenesis, populism, and ultranationalism.

How does Griffin describe the underlying logic or "myth" of fascism?

Griffin describes fascism as a political philosophy built upon a "perverse mythic logic" that posits a period of destruction, which the fascist believes will inevitably lead to a subsequent political rebirth.

How does Griffin's theory of "true fascism" compare to earlier political treatises on the subject, such as Mussolinis "Doctrine of Fascism"?

Griffin's theory of "true fascism" is considered a more recent philosophical development. Unlike earlier works such as Mussolinis "Doctrine of Fascism," Griffins definition explicitly lists a "revolution" as a necessary precursor to fascism, a point not always emphasized in earlier treatises that described fascism as "revolutionary" but without mandating a preceding revolution.

What role does the "palingenetic myth" play in attracting voters to fascist movements, according to Griffin?

Griffin argues that the "palingenetic myth" serves to attract large numbers of voters who have lost faith in traditional politics and religion. It does this by promising them a brighter future and a national rebirth under fascist rule.

While fascism promises a brighter future, how does Griffin note that other political movements also incorporate similar promises?

Griffin acknowledges that other political ideologies also incorporate some palingenetic aspects in their party programs, as politicians commonly promise to improve the current situation. However, he emphasizes that fascisms unique focus is on the revolution as a central element of its myth.

What do more radical movements, including fascist ones, often aim to do with the existing societal order?

More radical movements, including fascist ones, often aim to overthrow the old order, which they perceive as having become decadent and alienated from the common person. This demolition of old ways is often represented as a glorious and necessary revolution.

How do these movements typically frame the relationship between the past, present, and future?

These movements frame the relationship by comparing the (recent) past, often seen as a period of decay and misery, with a future presented as a rebirth of society. The past can also serve as a guide for achieving this better tomorrow.

In what way does fascism distinguish itself regarding the concept of revolution within its ideology?

Fascism distinguishes itself by being the only ideology that strongly focuses on revolution as a core component of its myth, presenting it as a necessary and glorious act for national rebirth.

What does the fascist mentality promise to replace, and what does it aim to inaugurate, according to Griffins quote?

According to Griffins quote, the fascist mentality promises to replace gerontocracy, mediocrity, and national weakness with youth, heroism, and national greatness. It aims to banish anarchy and decadence, bringing order and health, and inaugurating an exciting new world in place of the old, played-out one.

Who is envisioned as the central figure in achieving this fascist utopia, and what kind of support would they have?

In the envisioned fascist utopia, a great leader is central to battling the representatives of the old system, and this leader is expected to have grassroots support.

What is the ideal composition of a fascist movement in terms of its members and their collective goal?

Ideally, a fascist movement would consist of a mass of people united by a single goal: the creation of their new future.

What kind of faith is expected within this fascist movement, and in whom would it be placed?

The fascist movement would ideally possess infinite faith in its mythical hero, who would embody all the beliefs and aspirations of the movement.

What analogy does Griffin use to describe the nations potential resurgence under fascist leadership?

Griffin uses the analogy of a phoenix rising from the ashes of corruption and decadence to describe how the country would supposedly be reborn under the guidance of its leader.

What contemporary ideology, developed in the 1990s, has been described as promoting "stateless palingenetic ultranationalism"?

National-anarchism, developed in the 1990s by former Third Positionists, has been described as a syncretic political ideology that promotes "stateless palingenetic ultranationalism."

What are some of the related concepts listed in the "See also" section of the article?

The "See also" section lists related concepts such as Eternal return (Eliade), the Great Replacement conspiracy theory, and Reactionary modernism.

What are the primary sources cited by Roger Griffin for his theory of palingenetic ultranationalism?

The primary sources cited for Roger Griffin's theory are his own works: the 1991 book *The Nature of Fascism* and his 1994 paper "Staging the Nation's Rebirth: The Politics and Aesthetics of Performance in the Context of Fascist Studies."

Besides Griffins works, what other political treatises are mentioned in relation to the historical understanding of fascisms revolutionary aspects?

Besides Griffins works, the article mentions Mussolinis "Doctrine of Fascism" (1932) and T.V. Smiths "The Ethics of Fascism" (1935) in the context of describing fascism as "revolutionary."

What are the titles of the external articles linked for further reading on palingenetic ultranationalism?

The external links provided are for articles titled "Modernity, Modernism, and Fascism: A 'Mazeway Resynthesis'" and "Staging the Nation's Rebirth."

What major political ideologies are presented in the sidebars alongside the topic of palingenetic ultranationalism?

The sidebars prominently feature information related to Fascism and Nazism, categorizing them into principles, politicians, intellectuals, literature, organizations, history, variants, and related topics.

What types of individuals are listed within the "Politicians" and "Intellectuals" sections of the Fascism and Nazism sidebars?

The "Politicians" sections of the sidebars list numerous political figures associated with fascist and Nazi movements, while the "Intellectuals" sections include thinkers and writers who contributed to or were associated with these ideologies.

What historical events and periods are covered in the "History" sections of the Fascism and Nazism sidebars?

The "History" sections of the sidebars cover a range of significant events and periods, including the rise to power of fascist movements, key historical incidents like the Beer Hall Putsch and Kristallnacht, World War II, and the Holocaust.

What kinds of written works are cataloged in the "Literature" sections of the sidebars?

The "Literature" sections of the sidebars list influential books, manifestos, and essays associated with fascist and Nazi thought, such as *Mein Kampf*, *The Doctrine of Fascism*, and various foundational texts of these movements.

What variety of political organizations are detailed in the sidebars related to Fascism and Nazism?

The sidebars detail a wide array of organizations, including political parties like the National Fascist Party and the Nazi Party, paramilitary groups such as the Blackshirts and SA, and youth organizations like the Hitler Youth and League of German Girls.

What different forms or variations of fascism and related ideologies are presented in the sidebars?

The sidebars present various forms of fascism and related ideologies, such as Austrofascism, Italian Fascism, Nazism, Falangism, and concepts like Christian fascism, Islamofascism, and neo-fascism, often broken down by country or specific characteristics.

What thematic areas are covered in the "Related topics" sections of the sidebars, offering broader context?

The "Related topics" sections provide broader context by including concepts like anti-fascism, criticism of fascism, proto-fascism, post-fascism, nationalism, and specific historical or ideological phenomena like the "Drang nach Osten" and "Lebensraum."

What is the significance of the "Führerprinzip" within the context of Nazi ideology as presented in the sidebars?

The "Führerprinzip," or leader principle, is presented as a core ideological tenet of Nazism, emphasizing absolute authority and leadership, which is a key aspect of its dictatorial structure.

What does the term "Volksgemeinschaft" signify in relation to Nazi ideology according to the sidebar information?

The "Volksgemeinschaft" refers to the Nazi concept of a racially pure, unified national community, which was a central goal of Nazi ideology and social policy.

What does the term "Lebensraum" signify within the context of German imperialism and Nazi ideology?

"Lebensraum," meaning "living space," signifies the Nazi policy of territorial expansion into Eastern Europe to acquire land and resources for German settlement, reflecting their imperialist ambitions.

What is the "Palingenetic" aspect of palingenetic ultranationalism, as suggested by the terms meaning?

The "palingenetic" aspect refers to the concept of rebirth or regeneration, suggesting a desire for a radical renewal or rebirth of the nation, often after a perceived period of decline or corruption. This aligns with the idea of a national rebirth central to Griffins definition.

What does "ultranationalism" contribute to the definition of palingenetic ultranationalism?

Ultranationalism contributes an extreme form of nationalism, emphasizing national superiority and often aggressive foreign policy, which is a core component of Griffins definition of fascism.

How does the concept of "reactionary modernism" relate to the themes discussed in the article?

Reactionary modernism, mentioned in the "See also" section, describes a phenomenon where traditionalist or reactionary ideologies embrace modern technology and aesthetics, often to achieve their goals of national rebirth or societal transformation. This concept is relevant to understanding the blend of old and new in fascist movements.

What is the "Great Replacement conspiracy theory," and why is it listed as a related topic?

The Great Replacement conspiracy theory is a far-right, white nationalist belief that white populations are being deliberately replaced by non-white immigrants, often orchestrated by elites. It is listed as a related topic due to its potential overlap with ultranationalist and palingenetic themes of national identity and demographic change.

What does the term "palingenesis" mean in the context of political theory, as used by Griffin?

Palingenesis, in a political context, refers to a spiritual or political rebirth or regeneration. Roger Griffin uses it to describe the fascist aspiration for a radical renewal of the nation.

What is the significance of the "Fascist Manifesto" (1919) mentioned in the literature section of the Fascism sidebar?

The "Fascist Manifesto" from 1919 is significant as an early articulation of fascist ideology, likely outlining many of the core principles that would later be synthesized into concepts like palingenetic ultranationalism.

How does the "25-point Program" (1920) relate to the foundational ideas of Nazism, as seen in the sidebar?

The "25-point Program" of 1920 is a foundational document of the Nazi Party, outlining its core ideological tenets, which would include elements of ultranationalism and the promise of national renewal.

What does the term "Gleichschaltung" represent in the context of Nazi Germanys history?

Gleichschaltung, meaning "coordination" or "synchronization," refers to the process by which the Nazi regime consolidated its control over all aspects of German society and politics, eliminating opposition and enforcing ideological conformity.

What was the purpose of the "Nuremberg Laws" enacted in Nazi Germany?

The Nuremberg Laws, enacted in 1935, were antisemitic laws that institutionalized racial discrimination and segregation against Jewish people in Germany, stripping them of their citizenship and basic rights.

What does the term "Kirchenkampf" signify within the religious policies of Nazi Germany?

"Kirchenkampf," meaning "church struggle," refers to the conflict between the Nazi regime and religious institutions, particularly Christian churches, as the state sought to control or suppress religious influence and promote its own ideology.

What was the objective of the "Generalplan Ost" in Nazi Germanys expansionist ideology?

"Generalplan Ost" was a secret Nazi plan for the ethnic cleansing, enslavement, and eventual expulsion or extermination of Slavic populations in Eastern Europe to make way for German colonization, reflecting their extreme ultranationalist and racial policies.

What is the role of "Ariosophy" in the context of Nazi ideology as presented in the sidebars?

"Ariosophy" is a pseudoscientific racial ideology that influenced Nazi beliefs, particularly concerning the concept of an "Aryan race" as superior and the mystical or occult underpinnings of their worldview.

What does the term "Völkisch movement" represent in German history and its connection to Nazism?

The Völkisch movement was a German nationalist and racialist ideology emphasizing the concept of the Volk (people or nation) as a unified, organic entity, often linked to a romanticized, agrarian past and racial purity, which heavily influenced Nazi ideology.

How does the concept of "reactionary modernism" connect to the idea of national rebirth in fascist movements?

Reactionary modernism describes how fascist movements, while often rooted in traditionalist or reactionary ideas, embraced modern technology and mass mobilization to achieve their vision of a regenerated nation, blending old ideals with new methods for a radical rebirth.

What is the "F-scale" mentioned in the "Related topics" section, and how might it relate to the study of fascism?

The F-scale (F for Fascism) is a psychological assessment tool developed to measure authoritarian personality traits, which have been associated with susceptibility to fascist ideologies. Its inclusion suggests a psychological dimension to understanding why individuals might be drawn to such movements.

What is the "Third Position" in political ideology, and how is it linked to palingenetic ultranationalism?

The "Third Position" is a political ideology that seeks to establish an alternative to both capitalism and communism, often incorporating nationalist and revolutionary elements. National-anarchism, described as a form of "stateless palingenetic ultranationalism," emerged from former Third Positionists, indicating a conceptual link.

What does the term "proto-fascism" signify in the study of fascist movements?

"Proto-fascism" refers to ideologies or movements that preceded and influenced the development of fascism, sharing some of its core characteristics but not fully embodying the complete ideology as defined by later theorists like Griffin.

What is the "National Socialist Program" mentioned in the Nazism sidebar, and what role did it play?

The "National Socialist Program," likely referring to the 25-point program of the Nazi Party, outlined the party's core ideological tenets, serving as a foundational document that articulated their vision for Germany and its national renewal.

Palingenetic Ultranationalism Wiki: Palingenesis and the Nationalist Drive: Understanding Palingenetic Ultranationalism

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The Core Concept

Defining Fascism

Palingenetic ultranationalism, as proposed by political theorist Roger Griffin, offers a specific definition of "true fascism." Griffin posits that the essential characteristic of fascism lies in its core myth: the belief in the necessity of a social revolution to achieve national rebirth, a concept known as palingenesis.

Palingenesis: National Rebirth

At its heart, palingenesis signifies a profound, often radical, regeneration or rebirth of a nation. Griffin argues that fascist movements are fundamentally driven by the promise of transforming a perceived decadent, weak, or corrupt society into a glorious, revitalized national entity.

Synthesis of Ideals

Griffin asserts that the unique synthesis of palingenesis, populism, and ultranationalism distinguishes fascism from other authoritarian or nationalist ideologies. This combination forms the "fascist minimum," a foundational element without which, according to his framework, an ideology cannot be classified as genuinely fascist.

Historical Context

Griffin's Theoretical Framework

The concept of palingenetic ultranationalism was first articulated by Roger Griffin in his seminal 1991 work, The Nature of Fascism. This idea was further elaborated in his 1996 paper, "Staging the Nation's Rebirth: The Politics and Aesthetics of Performance in the Context of Fascist Studies."

Griffin's theory distinguishes "true fascism" from related ideologies by emphasizing the centrality of the palingenetic myth. He contrasts this with earlier political treatises, such as Mussolini's "Doctrine of Fascism," which, while discussing revolution, did not necessarily position it as a prerequisite for fascism itself.

Differentiating Fascism

Griffin's framework suggests that fascism's appeal lies in its "perverse mythic logic." This logic centers on the idea that a destructive phase (often involving revolution or battle) is necessary and glorious, paving the way for a national rebirth and the establishment of a great, heroic future.

The Palingenetic Myth

Destruction and Rebirth

The core of the palingenetic myth in fascism is the belief that the current order is decadent and must be destroyed to make way for a new, glorious era. This cycle of destruction and rebirth is presented as a natural, even heroic, process.

The Role of the Leader and Masses

Fascist movements, according to this theory, promise a future led by a charismatic hero who embodies the nation's will. This leader would guide a unified mass movement, fueled by faith and a shared vision, to overcome the old system and usher in national greatness, akin to a phoenix rising from ashes.

Promise of a Brighter Future: Fascism attracts followers by offering an idealized future, contrasting sharply with a perceived corrupt or weak present.
Revolution as Glorious: The process of overthrowing the old order is often mythologized as a necessary, heroic, and glorious struggle.
Return to a Golden Age: Sometimes, the myth involves a return to a romanticized past, serving as a blueprint for future national greatness.
Unified Mass Movement: The ideal fascist movement consists of a cohesive populace united behind a singular, heroic leader.

Contemporary Manifestations

National-Anarchism

The ideology of national-anarchism has been identified as a contemporary example that incorporates elements of palingenetic ultranationalism. Developed in the 1990s by former "Third Positionists," it promotes a vision of "stateless palingenetic ultranationalism," blending anarchist principles with extreme nationalist aims.

Related Concepts

Conceptual Connections

Understanding palingenetic ultranationalism involves recognizing its connections to broader political and philosophical currents. These include:

Nationalism
Fascism
Ultranationalism
Populism
Reactionary Modernism
Social Revolution
Mythology in Politics

These concepts, while related, are distinct from Griffin's specific definition of fascism's core ideological driver.

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References

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This content has been generated by an AI for educational and informational purposes, drawing upon academic theories regarding political ideologies. It is based on the provided source material and aims for objective presentation.

This is not an endorsement or validation of any political ideology. The information presented is intended for scholarly analysis and understanding of political theory. It is crucial to approach discussions of fascism, nationalism, and related ideologies with critical awareness and a commitment to historical accuracy and ethical considerations.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any interpretations or actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Palingenesis and the Nationalist Drive

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The Core Concept ℹ️

🏛️ Defining Fascism

🔄 Palingenesis: National Rebirth

🤝 Synthesis of Ideals

Historical Context 📜

📚 Griffin's Theoretical Framework

💡 Differentiating Fascism

The Palingenetic Myth ✨

🔥 Destruction and Rebirth

🦸 The Role of the Leader and Masses

Contemporary Manifestations 🌐

🔗 National-Anarchism

Related Concepts 🔗

🗂️ Conceptual Connections

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Core Concept

Defining Fascism

Palingenesis: National Rebirth

Synthesis of Ideals

Historical Context

Griffin's Theoretical Framework

Differentiating Fascism

The Palingenetic Myth

Destruction and Rebirth

The Role of the Leader and Masses

Contemporary Manifestations

National-Anarchism

Related Concepts

Conceptual Connections

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice