What is the Pashupatinath Temple and where is it located?

The Pashupatinath Temple is a revered Hindu temple dedicated to Pashupati, a manifestation of Shiva. It is situated on the banks of the sacred Bagmati River in Kathmandu, Nepal. This temple is recognized as one of the oldest and most significant religious complexes in South Asia.

What is the status of Pashupatinath Temple in relation to UNESCO?

Pashupatinath Temple is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, designated in 1979 as part of the larger Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site. This designation encompasses seven monument groups within the valley.

How large is the Pashupatinath Temple precinct?

The temple precinct is quite extensive, covering an area of 246 hectares (2,460,000 square meters). It comprises a vast network of temples, ashrams, inscriptions, and images that have been developed over centuries along the banks of the Bagmati River.

Who is the principal deity worshipped at the Pashupatinath Temple?

The principal deity is Shiva, worshipped in the form of Pashupati. Pashupati is a name for Shiva that means 'the lord of all beings'.

What are the primary festivals observed at Pashupatinath Temple?

The temple observes several festivals throughout the year, with two particularly prominent ones being Maha Shivaratri and the Teej festival. Teej is noted as one of the most celebrated festivals at the site.

What architectural style characterizes the main Pashupatinath Temple?

The main temple is constructed in the traditional Newari architectural style. This style is characterized by its intricate craftsmanship and distinct cultural influences.

Can you describe the key architectural features of the main temple, such as its roofs and doors?

The main temple features distinctive two-level roofs that are covered in copper and gilded with gold. It rests on a square base platform and is crowned with a gold pinnacle. Additionally, the temple has four main doors, each covered with silver sheets.

When is the Pashupatinath Temple believed to have been established?

The existence of the Pashupatinath Temple is documented as early as 400 CE. Some legends suggest its origins may predate the Vedic period.

What is the total count of pagodas within the Pashupatinath complex?

The Pashupatinath complex is home to 518 smaller pagodas, in addition to the main, principal pagoda-style temple.

What is the elevation of the Pashupatinath Temple site?

The Pashupatinath Temple is situated at an elevation of 817 meters, which is approximately 2,680 feet above sea level.

What are the geographic coordinates for the Pashupatinath Temple?

The geographic coordinates for the Pashupatinath Temple are 27°42′35″N 85°20′55″E.

What is the mythological origin of the Pashupatinath Temple according to legends?

According to legend, Shiva and Parvati once roamed the forest in the form of antelopes. When the gods caught up with them, Shiva was forced to resume his divine form, and a broken horn from this encounter was worshipped as a linga. This linga was later lost and rediscovered centuries later by a herdsman.

Which historical figures are associated with the construction and renovation of the temple?

According to historical accounts, the temple was initially built by Prachanda Deva, a Licchavi king. Later, Supuspa Deva is credited with constructing a five-story temple. Medieval king Shivadeva (1099–1126 CE) is known for reconstructing it, and Ananta Malla added a roof. The current structure was renovated in 1692 CE.

How did the April 2015 Nepal earthquake affect the Pashupatinath Temple complex?

While the main temple complex and its sanctum sanctorum remained intact, several outer buildings within the complex sustained damage due to the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

Describe the idol of Pashupatinath housed within the main temple.

The main idol is a stone Mukhalinga, a lingam featuring faces carved on its four sides, representing different aspects of Shiva. It is set upon a silver base called a *snanadroni* and is encircled by a silver serpent.

What do the faces on the Mukhalinga represent, and what attributes do they hold?

The four faces represent the aspects of Shiva: Sadyojata, Vamadeva, Tatpurusha, and Aghora (with Ishana being the fifth, transcendent aspect). Each face depicts tiny hands; the right hand holds a *rudraksha* mala, and the left hand holds a *kamandalu* (water pot).

How does the adornment of the Pashupatinath lingam differ from other Shiva lingams?

Unlike many other Shiva lingams, the Pashupatinath lingam is consistently adorned with golden vestments. Direct ritualistic offerings like milk and Ganga Jal can only be performed by the head priests during specific *abhisheka* ceremonies.

Who are the primary caretakers and ritual performers at the temple?

The daily rituals are conducted by two groups: the Bhatta priests, who perform the main worship and can touch the idol, and the Rajbhandaris, who serve as temple caretakers, assistants, and treasurers.

What is the unique aspect of the priesthood at Pashupatinath Temple regarding lineage?

Unlike many Hindu temples where priesthood is hereditary, the selection of Bhatta priests at Pashupatinath is not based on family lineage. Instead, priests are chosen from a group of highly educated Vedic scholars.

From which region do the Bhatta priests originate?

The Bhatta priests are Vedic Karnataka Brahmin scholars originating from Karnataka in Southern India. They undergo training at the Sringeri Sharada Peetham.

What is the origin and role of the Rajbhandaris within the temple complex?

The Rajbhandaris are descendants of early helper priests who were permitted to settle in the Kathmandu Valley. They were assimilated into the Newar caste system and serve as treasurers, caretakers, and assistant priests, responsible for the maintenance of the inner *garbhagriha*.

How many Rajbhandaris are associated with the temple, and what is their work schedule?

There are a total of 108 Rajbhandaris. They work in rotating shifts, with each set of three caretakers serving until the full moon day.

What are the access restrictions for entering the inner courtyard of Pashupatinath Temple?

Entry into the inner courtyard is selective. Practicing Hindus from the South Asian diaspora and Buddhists of Nepali and Tibetan origin are allowed. However, Western Hindus are generally not permitted, though Sikhs and Jains of Indian ancestry may enter.

What are the daily operating hours for the temple complex?

The inner temple courtyard is accessible to devotees from 04:00 to 19:00. The inner Pashupatinath Temple itself is open for morning rituals and viewing from 05:00 to 12:00, and for evening rituals from 17:00 to 19:00.

Are devotees permitted to enter the innermost sanctum (*garbhagriha*) of the Pashupatinath Temple?

No, devotees are not allowed to enter the inner *garbhagriha*. They can, however, observe the rituals and the deity from the exterior premises of the outer *garbhagriha*.

During which times are all four doors of the inner sanctum opened?

All four doors of the inner sanctum are opened for devotees from 09:30 to 13:30. They are also opened during the *abhisheka* ritual, which takes place from 09:00 to 11:00.

What is the Buddhist perspective on the cremation zone within the temple complex?

In Vajrayana Buddhism, the cremation zone is revered as one of the eight great charnel grounds, known as 'Lhundrup Tsek' or 'Spontaneous Mound'. This is considered a significant site where Padmasambhava meditated and achieved spiritual accomplishments.

What is the significance of the caves north of the cremation zone?

The two caves located north of the cremation zone along the river banks are venerated as the meditation sites of the mahasiddhas Tilopa and his disciple Naropa. It is believed that Naropa received direct teachings from Tilopa in these caves.

What controversy occurred in 2009 regarding the temple's priests?

In January 2009, the Maoist-led government appointed Nepalese priests of Khas-Gorkhali ethnicity to lead the temple, bypassing the established traditions and requirements. This action was contested by the Rajbhandaris (temple caretakers).

What was the legal and public reaction to the government's appointment of priests?

The appointment was challenged in court and subsequently overruled by the Supreme Court of Nepal. However, the government initially disregarded the ruling, leading to public outrage and protests. Clashes also occurred between Maoist cadres and temple staff.

What does the image captioned 'Pashupatinath at night' show?

The image depicts the Pashupatinath Temple illuminated and visible during the nighttime.

What is illustrated in the image described as '15 shivalayas'?

The image shows fifteen *shivalayas*, which are shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva, located within the Pashupatinath temple complex.

What subject is shown in the image captioned 'Wandering ascetics of Pashupatinath'?

This image captures wandering ascetics, commonly known as Sadhus, present at the Pashupatinath temple.

What does the image captioned 'Bagmati river' depict?

The image shows the Bagmati River, a significant and sacred waterway that flows alongside the Pashupatinath temple complex.

What is represented in the image titled 'Buddha statue'?

The image features a statue of the Buddha situated within the Pashupati area, indicating the presence of Buddhist elements or influences near the temple complex.

What is shown in the image captioned 'Ganesha and Garuda statue'?

This image displays statues of Ganesha, the widely worshipped elephant-headed deity, and Garuda, the divine mount of Lord Vishnu, located in the Ram Mandir section of the temple complex.

What does the image titled 'Vishnu temple (Ram Mandir)' illustrate?

The image shows the Vishnu temple, also referred to as Ram Mandir, which is part of the Pashupatinath temple complex.

What is depicted in the image captioned 'Goddess temple in Pashupatinath'?

This image displays a temple dedicated to a goddess within the grounds of the Pashupatinath complex.

What does the image captioned 'Goddess temple' represent?

The image shows a goddess temple, specifically identified as the Guhyeshwari Temple, located within the Pashupatinath complex.

What is the significance of the Bagmati River in relation to the Pashupatinath Temple?

The Bagmati River is considered sacred and flows adjacent to the Pashupatinath Temple complex. The temple also features a temple tank associated with the river.

What is the meaning of 'Pashupati' as a manifestation of Shiva?

Pashupati is a name for Shiva that signifies 'the lord of all beings,' highlighting his role as the protector and ruler over all living creatures.

What is the historical significance of the Pashupatinath Temple according to the Skanda Purana?

According to the Skanda Purana, specifically the *Nepal Mahatmaya* and *Himvatkhanda* sections, the deity here gained significant fame as Pashupati.

How is the Pashupatinath lingam believed to fulfill desires?

Based on the Shiva Purana, the lingam of Pashupatinath in Nepal is believed to possess the power to grant all wishes of its devotees.

What is the mythological connection between Pashupatinath Temple and Kashi Vishwanath Temple?

Mythologically, the Pashupatinath Temple is considered the head of Shiva, with his body extending all the way to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in India.

What is the connection between Pashupatinath Temple and the Panch Kedar temples?

The Pashupatinath Temple is spiritually linked to the Panch Kedar temples (Kedarnath, Rudranath, Tungnath, Madhyamaheshwar, and Kalpeshwar) through the legend of the Mahabharata, where Shiva's body parts are said to have manifested in these locations.

What is the role of the Sringeri Sharada Peetham in relation to the Pashupatinath Temple priests?

The main temple priests, who are Vedic Dravida Brahmins from Karnataka, are trained at the Sringeri Sharada Peetham in Southern India, maintaining a long-standing tradition.

What is the significance of the Pashupatinath Temple as a pilgrimage site?

The temple is considered one of the holiest pilgrimage sites for Hindus, attracting devotees seeking spiritual fulfillment and connection with Lord Shiva.

What is the architectural type of the main temple structure?

The main temple structure is built in the pagoda architectural style.

What is the approximate height of the main temple from its base to the pinnacle?

The main temple stands approximately 23 meters and 7 centimeters (23.07 meters) tall from its base to the pinnacle.

Pashupatinath Temple Wiki: Pashupatinath: A Sacred Nexus of Spirituality and Heritage

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Overview

Revered Hindu Temple

Pashupatinath Temple is a sacred Hindu temple dedicated to Pashupati, a manifestation of Shiva. Situated on the banks of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu, Nepal, it stands as one of South Asia's most ancient and significant religious complexes.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Recognized by UNESCO since 1979, the temple is part of the Kathmandu Valley's monument groups. It is described as an extensive precinct featuring a vast network of temples, ashrams, inscriptions, and images accumulated over centuries.

Architectural Significance

The primary temple is constructed in the distinctive Newari architectural style, featuring a two-tiered pagoda roof adorned with copper and gold. The complex spans 246 hectares and includes the main pagoda-style temple alongside 518 smaller shrines.

Historical Context

Ancient Origins

Pashupatinath Temple is considered pre-Vedic in origin, with its existence documented as early as 400 CE. Legends connect it to Shiva and Parvati taking the form of antelopes, and the discovery of a divine linga by a herdsman.

Construction and Renovations

The temple's history involves multiple phases of construction and renovation. Early chronicles suggest a Licchavi king, Prachanda Deva, built the initial structure, while later kings like Shivadeva and Ananta Malla contributed to its development and upkeep. The current form dates from renovations in 1692 CE.

The temple's evolution includes:

Pre-Vedic origins, according to local scriptures.
A 5th-century CE establishment, with the main temple possibly built by King Prachanda Deva.
A linga form before Supuspa Deva constructed a five-story temple.
Renovations by King Shivadeva (1099–1126 CE).
Further additions and repairs by Ananta Malla.
Reconstruction in 1692 CE after damage from termites and earthquakes.
Damage to outer buildings during the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, while the main sanctum remained untouched.

Mythological Connections

The temple is deeply interwoven with Hindu mythology. It is venerated as one of Shiva's holiest abodes in the Skanda Purana and is linked to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, with the linga believed to bestow all wishes. Its spiritual significance extends to the Panch Kedar temples in India.

Architectural Grandeur

Newari Craftsmanship

The main Pashupatinath Temple exemplifies traditional Newari architecture. Its structure is characterized by a square base platform, rising to a height of 23.7 meters. The temple features four main doors, each covered with silver sheets, and is crowned with a golden pinnacle.

Pagoda Style and Materials

The temple's distinctive two-level roofs are crafted from copper and covered in gold, a hallmark of pagoda architecture. The sanctum sanctorum houses a stone Mukhalinga, a lingam with faces representing Shiva's aspects, set on a silver base.

Key architectural elements include:

Style: Newari architecture, Pagoda style.
Height: 23.7 meters (base to pinnacle).
Doors: Four main doors, adorned with silver sheets.
Pinnacle: A golden peak.
Sanctum Sanctorum: Houses a stone Mukhalinga with four faces, resting on a silver base.
Inner Structure: Features two garbhagrihas (inner sanctum and outer corridor).

Temple Complex Layout

The expansive temple complex covers 2,460,000 square meters and includes numerous smaller temples and structures. The Bagmati River flows nearby, serving as a sacred element within the temple's environment, with cremation sites often visible along its banks.

The Divine Presence

Lord Pashupati

The principal deity is Pashupati, a form of Shiva revered as 'the lord of all beings'. The central idol is a stone Mukhalinga, approximately one meter high, with faces oriented towards the four cardinal directions, representing Shiva's various aspects: Sadyojata, Vamadeva, Tatpurusha, Aghora, and Ishana.

The Mukhalinga

Unlike typical Shiva lingams, this Mukhalinga is adorned with golden vestments, obscuring direct worship except during specific ritualistic bathing (abhisheka). The faces are depicted holding a rudraksha mala in one hand and a kamandalu (water vessel) in the other.

Symbolism of Aspects

The five faces of the Mukhalinga are understood to represent different manifestations of Shiva, reflecting his multifaceted nature within Shaivism. These aspects are integral to the temple's theological significance and the devotional practices observed.

Guardians of the Sacred

The Bhatta Priesthood

Daily rituals are performed by Bhatta priests, who are highly educated Vedic scholars from Karnataka, Southern India. This tradition, established through training at the Sringeri Sharada Peetham, is unique as the priesthood is not hereditary but based on scholarly selection.

Role of the Rajbhandaris

The Rajbhandaris serve as temple caretakers, treasurers, and assistant priests. Descended from early helpers, they are integrated into the Newar caste system. Their duties include assisting the Bhatta priests and maintaining the inner sanctum, adhering to specific lineage and purity criteria.

Key distinctions between priestly roles:

Bhatta Priests:

Origin: Karnataka, India.
Role: Perform daily rituals and worship of the deity.
Selection: Based on Vedic scholarship, not hereditary.
Current Head Priest: Ganesha Bhatta (15th Mool Bhat).

Rajbhandaris:

Role: Temple caretakers, treasurers, assistant priests.
Lineage: Descendants of early helpers, assimilated into Newar society.
Duties: Assist Bhatta priests, maintain inner sanctum.
Number: Approximately 108 individuals.

Selection and Tradition

The selection process for Bhatta priests emphasizes scholarly merit, ensuring adherence to ancient Vedic traditions. The Rajbhandaris, while assisting, operate under a different set of criteria tied to lineage and temple service, maintaining the operational integrity of the complex.

Access and Visiting Hours

Temple Courtyard Access

Entry into the main temple courtyard is restricted. Practicing Hindus from South Asia and Buddhists from Nepal and Tibet are permitted. Westerners of Hindu faith may enter, but others are generally restricted to viewing from across the river. A fee applies for visiting outer premises.

Operational Schedule

The inner temple courtyard is open daily from 04:00 to 19:00. The sanctum sanctorum itself has specific viewing times: 05:00 to 12:00 for morning rituals and 17:00 to 19:00 for evening rituals. These hours may vary seasonally.

Entrance Gates

The temple complex features four entrances in cardinal directions. The western gate serves as the primary entrance, while the others are typically opened only during major festivals. Security is managed by Nepalese armed police and the Pashupatinath Area Development Trust.

Key Festivals

Maha Shivaratri

Maha Shivaratri is one of the most significant festivals celebrated at Pashupatinath. It attracts millions of devotees who gather to honor Lord Shiva, often engaging in fasting, prayer, and meditation throughout the night.

Teej Festival

The Teej festival is another major observance, particularly celebrated by women. It involves fasting and performing rituals to ensure the well-being of their husbands and families, drawing large crowds to the temple complex.

Annual Observances

Throughout the year, the temple hosts various religious ceremonies and festivals, reflecting the dynamic spiritual life of the complex. These events are central to the devotional practices and cultural heritage associated with Pashupatinath.

Buddhist Significance

Mahasiddha Connections

The Pashupatinath area is considered sacred by Buddhists, associated with numerous Mahasiddhas, including Matsyendranath, Gorakhnath, Padmasambhava, Naropa, and Tilopa. These figures are believed to have meditated and achieved spiritual accomplishments within the complex.

Yoga and Meditation Sites

The temple area is recognized as a place where Gorakhnath initiated the practices of Haṭha Yoga. Caves near the cremation grounds are revered as meditation sites for Mahasiddhas like Tilopa and Naropa, who received teachings from Vajrayogini there.

Key Buddhist connections include:

Gorakhnath: Associated with the initiation of Haṭha Yoga practices.
Tilopa and Naropa: Caves near the cremation grounds are their meditation sites.
Vajrayana Buddhism: The cremation zone is revered as a charnel ground where Padmasambhava meditated.
Tibetan Buddhism: Naropa was the teacher of Marpa, founder of the Kagyu school, linking Pashupatinath to the transmission of Vajrayana teachings to Tibet.

Cross-Cultural Spiritual Hub

The temple's spiritual resonance extends across traditions, serving as a significant site for both Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims. This dual significance highlights the complex's role as a confluence of diverse spiritual practices and historical lineages.

Historical Controversy

Priest Appointment Dispute

In January 2009, a controversy arose when the Nepalese government attempted to appoint priests of local ethnicity, bypassing the temple's tradition of employing Vedic Dravida Brahmins from Karnataka. This decision was contested by the Rajbhandaris and challenged in court.

Legal and Social Ramifications

The Supreme Court of Nepal initially overruled the government's appointments. However, the government's persistence led to public outcry and protests. Clashes occurred between Maoist cadres and temple staff, resulting in injuries and further escalating tensions over transparency and tradition.

Resolution and Reinstatement

Following widespread dissatisfaction and protests from Hindu communities both within Nepal and internationally, the government eventually reversed its decision. The traditional Bhatta priests were reinstated, reaffirming the long-standing practices of the Pashupatinath Temple.

Visual Compendium

Night Views

The temple complex offers a serene and mystical ambiance when illuminated at night, showcasing its architectural grandeur against the dark sky.

Shivalayas and Riverbanks

Numerous smaller shrines, known as Shivalayas, dot the landscape, particularly along the Bagmati River, contributing to the sacred geography of the site.

Ascetics and Sadhus

The temple precinct is often frequented by wandering ascetics (sadhus) and holy figures, adding to the vibrant spiritual atmosphere.

The Bagmati River

The sacred Bagmati River flows adjacent to the temple, playing a crucial role in rituals and the overall spiritual significance of the location.

Statues and Shrines

The complex includes various statues of deities like Buddha and Ganesha, as well as numerous temples dedicated to different aspects of the Hindu pantheon, such as Vishnu and various goddesses.

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References

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This document has been generated by an AI and is intended for informational and educational purposes exclusively. The content is derived from publicly available data and may not represent the most current or complete information available.

This is not professional advice. The information provided herein should not be considered a substitute for consultation with qualified religious scholars, historians, or cultural experts. Always consult with appropriate professionals for specific guidance related to religious practices, historical interpretations, or cultural contexts.

The creators of this content are not liable for any errors, omissions, or actions taken based on the information presented.

Pashupatinath: A Sacred Nexus

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

🕉️ Revered Hindu Temple

🌍 UNESCO World Heritage Site

🕌 Architectural Significance

Historical Context 📜

⏳ Ancient Origins

🏗️ Construction and Renovations

🔗 Mythological Connections

Architectural Grandeur 🏛️

📐 Newari Craftsmanship

✨ Pagoda Style and Materials

🏞️ Temple Complex Layout

The Divine Presence 🙏

🌟 Lord Pashupati

💎 The Mukhalinga

🕉️ Symbolism of Aspects

Guardians of the Sacred 👨‍💼

📜 The Bhatta Priesthood

🤝 Role of the Rajbhandaris

⚖️ Selection and Tradition

Access and Visiting Hours 🚪

🗺️ Temple Courtyard Access

⏰ Operational Schedule

🚪 Entrance Gates

Key Festivals 🎉

🌙 Maha Shivaratri

💃 Teej Festival

🗓️ Annual Observances

Buddhist Significance ☸️

🧘 Mahasiddha Connections

☯️ Yoga and Meditation Sites

🌏 Cross-Cultural Spiritual Hub

Historical Controversy ⚖️

🏛️ Priest Appointment Dispute

📢 Legal and Social Ramifications

✅ Resolution and Reinstatement

Visual Compendium 🖼️

🌃 Night Views

🏞️ Shivalayas and Riverbanks

🧘‍♂️ Ascetics and Sadhus

🌊 The Bagmati River

🙏 Statues and Shrines

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

Revered Hindu Temple

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Architectural Significance

Historical Context

Ancient Origins

Construction and Renovations

Mythological Connections

Architectural Grandeur

Newari Craftsmanship

Pagoda Style and Materials

Temple Complex Layout

The Divine Presence

Lord Pashupati

The Mukhalinga

Symbolism of Aspects

Guardians of the Sacred

The Bhatta Priesthood

Role of the Rajbhandaris

Selection and Tradition

Access and Visiting Hours

Temple Courtyard Access

Operational Schedule

Entrance Gates

Key Festivals

Maha Shivaratri

Teej Festival

Annual Observances

Buddhist Significance

Mahasiddha Connections

Yoga and Meditation Sites

Cross-Cultural Spiritual Hub

Historical Controversy

Priest Appointment Dispute

Legal and Social Ramifications

Resolution and Reinstatement

Visual Compendium

Night Views

Shivalayas and Riverbanks

Ascetics and Sadhus

The Bagmati River

Statues and Shrines

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice