What is Qinghai province?

Qinghai is an inland province located in Northwestern China. It is recognized as the largest province in China by area, excluding autonomous regions, and has the third smallest population among Chinese provinces. Its capital and largest city is Xining.

What is the etymological origin of the name "Qinghai"?

The name "Qinghai" originates from Qinghai Lake, which translates to "blue/green lake" in Chinese. Historically, the lake was also known by the Tibetan name Tso ngon and the Oirat Mongol name Kokonor, both of which have been used to refer to the region.

Which major rivers have their sources in Qinghai province?

Qinghai is the source of several major Asian rivers. The Yellow River originates in the southern part of the province, while the Yangtze and Mekong rivers also have their sources in the southwestern regions of Qinghai.

What ancient culture was present in Qinghai during the Bronze Age?

During the Bronze Age, the area of Qinghai was home to the Kayue culture, a diverse group of nomadic tribes traditionally engaged in agriculture and husbandry, who were closely related to other Central Asians.

How did the Tuyuhun Kingdom come to be established in the Qinghai region?

In the mid-3rd century CE, nomadic peoples related to the Mongolic Xianbei migrated to the pasture lands surrounding Qinghai Lake (Koko Nur). There, they established the Tuyuhun Kingdom.

What historical conflicts shaped Qinghai's control during the 7th century?

During the 7th century, the Tuyuhun Kingdom faced attacks from both the Tibetan Empire and the Tang dynasty. These empires vied for control over the crucial Silk Road trade routes that passed through the region. Ultimately, Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo was victorious, leading to the incorporation of the area into the Tibetan Empire.

What was the administrative status of Qinghai during the Yuan Dynasty?

Under the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty, the region that is now Qinghai was known as Amdo. While it comprised the headwaters of major rivers like the Yellow River and Yangtze River, it was administratively divided differently from Tibet proper.

What was the role of the Ma clique in Qinghai's history?

From 1928 until 1949, Qinghai was ruled by Chinese Muslim warlords known as the Ma clique. Key figures from this clique who governed the province included Ma Qi, his brother Ma Lin, and Ma Qi's son, Ma Bufang.

When was Qinghai officially established as a province, and by whom?

Qinghai was officially established as a province in 1928 by the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China. Xining was designated as its capital at that time.

What significant natural landmark is located in Qinghai, and what is its global significance?

Qinghai Lake, located in the province, is the largest saltwater lake in China and the second largest in the world. This vast lake is a significant feature of the Qinghai landscape.

What are the highest mountain ranges and the highest point mentioned in Qinghai?

The province features significant mountain ranges, including the Tanggula Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains. The highest point noted in Qinghai is Bukadaban Feng, reaching an elevation of 6,860 meters (22,510 feet).

Describe the general climate characteristics of Qinghai.

Due to its high altitude, Qinghai experiences cold winters and mild summers, with a notable diurnal temperature variation. The mean annual temperature ranges from -5 to 8 °C (23 to 46 °F). The province is also prone to heavy winds and sandstorms from February to April, with most precipitation occurring in the summer, leaving much of the area semi-arid or arid.

What is the administrative structure of Qinghai Province within the People's Republic of China?

Qinghai operates under a one-party government system, typical of mainland China. While the Governor is the highest-ranking official in the provincial government, the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary holds more power within the province's dual governance structure.

How is Qinghai divided administratively, and why is it not an autonomous region?

Qinghai is divided into eight prefecture-level divisions, consisting of two prefecture-level cities and six autonomous prefectures. It is not designated as an autonomous region because the Han Chinese form the majority, and no single ethnic minority holds a clear dominance over the others, although it does contain numerous ethnic autonomous areas at district and county levels.

What is the ethnic makeup of Qinghai province, according to recent census data?

As of recent census reports (2021), Qinghai's population of approximately 5.6 million is composed of over 37 recognized ethnic groups. The Han Chinese constitute about 50.5% of the population, while national minorities make up 49.5%. Key minority groups include Tibetans (around 20.7%), Hui (around 16%), Tu (Monguor) (around 4%), Mongols, and Salars.

What are the primary religions practiced in Qinghai?

The religious landscape of Qinghai is diverse, reflecting its ethnic composition. Han Chinese predominantly practice Chinese folk religions, including Taoist traditions, and Chinese Buddhism. The Tibetan population follows Tibetan Buddhism or the traditional Bön religion, while the Hui Chinese practice Islam. Christianity is also present, though practiced by a smaller percentage of the population.

What cultural influences have shaped Qinghai, and what is notable about its languages?

Qinghai's culture has been shaped by the historical interactions between Mongol and Tibetan cultures from north to south, and between Han Chinese and Inner Asian Muslim cultures from east to west. The languages spoken in Qinghai, including Zhongyuan Mandarin, Amdo Tibetan, Salar, Yugur, and Monguor, have formed a linguistic community (Sprachbund) where they have influenced each other through borrowing.

What is the economic standing of Qinghai province in China?

Qinghai's economy is among the smallest in China. In 2022, its nominal GDP was approximately RMB 361 billion (US$50 billion), contributing about 0.30% to the national economy. Its per capita GDP was also relatively low, ranking 24th among Chinese provinces.

What are the key industries contributing to Qinghai's economy?

Qinghai's economy relies on several key industries. These include iron and steel production, particularly near the capital Xining. The extraction and processing of oil and natural gas from the Qaidam Basin are also significant economic drivers, as are salt works operating at the province's numerous salt lakes.

What is the state of Qinghai's infrastructure, particularly regarding transportation?

Outside of its capital, Xining, much of Qinghai remains underdeveloped, especially in terms of infrastructure. The province ranks second lowest in China for highway length, indicating a need for significant expansion to fully leverage its natural resource potential.

What makes Xining a popular tourist destination during the summer months?

Xining is a favored summer retreat for tourists from warmer regions of China due to its mild and comfortable climate during July and August. The city offers a pleasant escape from the summer heat.

What is the significance of the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve?

The Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve, located in Qinghai, is crucial for protecting the headwaters of three major Asian rivers: the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the Mekong River. The reserve is managed with varying degrees of strictness across its 18 subareas and three zones.

What role does the Qinghai-Tibet Railway play in the region's transportation network?

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway, completed in October 2005, is a major transportation artery that connects Tibet with the rest of China via Qinghai. It is considered one of the most ambitious infrastructure projects undertaken in the history of the People's Republic of China.

What challenges are faced in providing telecommunications in remote areas of Qinghai?

Remote villages in Qinghai, particularly in Yushu and Guoluo prefectures with average altitudes exceeding 3600 meters, face challenges in telecommunications due to their difficult natural conditions. These factors hinder the establishment and maintenance of telecommunications facilities, although satellite phones have been deployed to some of these areas.

What is the historical significance of the Khoshut Khanate in Qinghai?

For a period from 1640 to 1724, a significant portion of the area now known as Qinghai was under the control of the Khoshut Mongols, who founded the Khoshut Khanate. This period of Mongol rule preceded the Qing dynasty's conquest of the region in 1724.

How did the Salar people come to inhabit Qinghai?

The Salar people migrated to Qinghai from Samarkand in 1370. They are primarily concentrated in the Xunhua Salar Autonomous County within the province.

What was the impact of the Dungan Revolts on Qinghai?

The Dungan Revolts, particularly the one from 1862 to 1877, caused significant devastation to the Hui Muslim population in Shaanxi, leading to a demographic shift towards Gansu and Qinghai. Another Dungan Revolt occurred in Qinghai in 1895, involving Muslim ethnic groups rebelling against the Qing dynasty.

What is the function of Riyue Mountain in Qinghai?

Riyue Mountain divides Qinghai into two distinct ecological and agricultural zones: a pastoral region in the west and an agricultural region in the east. This geographical feature plays a role in the province's climate and land use patterns.

What is the population density of Qinghai, and how does it rank nationally?

Qinghai has a population density of 8.2 people per square kilometer (21 per square mile), making it the 30th least densely populated province in China. This low density reflects its vast area and relatively smaller population.

What is the significance of the "Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven" in relation to Qinghai?

In Chinese culture, Qinghai is strongly associated with the legend of King Mu of Zhou. According to this tale, King Mu pursued nomads into eastern Qinghai and was hosted by the goddess Xi Wangmu in the Kunlun Mountains.

What is the approximate area of Qinghai province?

Qinghai province covers an area of approximately 720,000 square kilometers (280,000 square miles), making it the fourth largest administrative division in China by area.

What is the Human Development Index (HDI) for Qinghai as of 2022, and how is it classified?

As of 2022, Qinghai's Human Development Index (HDI) was recorded at 0.719. This value classifies Qinghai as having a "high" level of human development and ranks it 30th among Chinese administrative divisions.

What is the primary purpose of the Xining Economic & Technological Development Zone (XETDZ)?

The XETDZ was established to fulfill China's strategy of developing its western regions. It aims to foster economic growth by focusing on specific industries such as chemicals, nonferrous metals, petroleum, natural gas processing, specialized medicine, and high-technology.

What transportation infrastructure connects Qinghai to other parts of China?

The primary transportation link for Qinghai is the Lanqing Railway, which connects it to Lanzhou in Gansu province and was completed in 1959. Additionally, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, finished in 2005, provides a crucial connection to Tibet, and six National Highways traverse the province.

What is the historical significance of the Dongguan Mosque in Qinghai?

The Dongguan Mosque in Qinghai holds historical importance as it has been in continuous operation since 1380. It stands as a testament to the long-standing Muslim presence and religious heritage in the region.

What is the general condition of education in Qinghai, particularly for minority groups?

Educational attainment in Qinghai is generally low, with ethnic minorities experiencing particularly lower levels of education compared to the provincial average. This highlights disparities in educational access and outcomes within the province.

What is the cultural significance of the Naadam festival in Qinghai?

The Naadam festival is celebrated annually by the Mongols residing in the Qaidam Basin of Qinghai. This traditional festival is a significant cultural event for the Mongol communities in the region.

What is the approximate GDP per capita for Qinghai in 2022, and how does it compare nationally?

In 2022, Qinghai's GDP per capita was approximately RMB 60,724 (US$9,028). This figure placed it 24th among Chinese provinces, indicating a moderate economic standing relative to the rest of the country.

What are the key industries focused on within the Xining Economic & Technological Development Zone (XETDZ)?

The XETDZ focuses on developing several key industries, including chemicals derived from salt lake resources, nonferrous metals, and petroleum and natural gas processing. It also promotes specialized medicine, food products, and biochemicals utilizing local plateau resources, alongside high-technology and environmental protection sectors.

What transportation infrastructure connects Qinghai to other parts of China?

The primary transportation link for Qinghai is the Lanqing Railway, which connects it to Lanzhou in Gansu province and was completed in 1959. Additionally, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, finished in 2005, provides a crucial connection to Tibet, and six National Highways traverse the province.

What challenges are faced in providing telecommunications in remote Qinghai areas?

Remote villages in Qinghai, particularly in Yushu and Guoluo prefectures, face challenges in telecommunications due to their high average altitude (over 3600 meters) and difficult natural conditions. These factors hinder the establishment and maintenance of telecommunications facilities, although satellite phones have been deployed to some of these areas.

What is the historical context of Qinghai's name origin?

The name "Qinghai" originates from Qinghai Lake, which means "blue/green lake" in Chinese. Historically, the lake was also known by the Tibetan name Tso ngon and the Oirat Mongol name Kokonor, both of which have been used to refer to the region.

What was the role of the Tang Dynasty in relation to Qinghai?

The Tang Dynasty was involved in conflicts over Qinghai in the 7th century, vying with the Tibetan Empire for control of Silk Road trade routes. While the Tang dynasty fought for influence, the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo ultimately secured control of the area around Tso ngon (Kokonor Lake).

What is the significance of the "Thirteen Articles for the Effective Governing of Qinghai"?

Proposed by Nian Gengyao and adopted by the Qing dynasty's Central Government in 1724, these thirteen articles were instrumental in establishing full control over Qinghai following its conquest from the Khoshut Mongols.

How did the Ma clique's rule impact the ethnic composition of Qinghai's army and politics?

General Ma Bufang significantly increased the prominence of the Hui and Salar people in Qinghai's politics by heavily recruiting from counties where these ethnic groups predominated. This military recruitment strategy influenced the province's political landscape.

What was the condition of Qinghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War?

While much of eastern China was devastated by the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, Qinghai remained relatively untouched by these conflicts. This period of relative peace allowed the province to avoid the widespread destruction experienced elsewhere.

What are the economic activities associated with Qinghai's salt lakes?

Qinghai's numerous salt lakes are utilized for salt works, which contribute to the province's economy. These operations are a key part of the industrial sector, particularly outside the main urban centers.

What is the function of Riyue Mountain in Qinghai?

Riyue Mountain divides Qinghai into two distinct ecological and agricultural zones: a pastoral region in the west and an agricultural region in the east. This geographical feature plays a role in the province's climate and land use patterns.

Qinghai: Plateau of Peaks and Peoples

An exploration of China's vast northwestern province, covering its history, geography, diverse cultures, economy, and unique landscape.

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Province Overview

Location and Size

Qinghai is an inland province situated in the northeastern sector of the Tibetan Plateau. It holds the distinction of being the largest province in the People's Republic of China by area, excluding autonomous regions. Despite its vast expanse, it ranks third lowest in population, contributing to its unique demographic profile.

Capital and Major Cities

The provincial capital and largest urban center is Xining. Other significant cities include Haidong, Delingha, and Golmud, which serve as administrative and economic hubs within their respective regions.

Borders and Neighbors

Qinghai shares its borders with Gansu to the northeast, Xinjiang to the northwest, Sichuan to the southeast, and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the southwest. This strategic location places it at a crossroads of diverse cultural and geographical influences.

Historical Trajectory

Ancient Roots and Dynastic Rule

The region's history stretches back to the Bronze Age, with the Kayue culture. During the Han Dynasty, the eastern parts were integrated into Chinese administration. Subsequent dynasties, including the Tang, Yuan, and Qing, exerted varying degrees of control, often contending with Tibetan tribes and Mongol groups. The Qing dynasty formally incorporated the area around 1724.

Republic Era and Warlordism

Following the Xinhai Revolution and the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Qinghai came under the influence of the Ma clique, Chinese Muslim warlords. The province of Qinghai was officially established in 1928 by the Republic of China's Nationalist Government. The region remained relatively untouched by the major conflicts of the mid-20th century.

Post-1949 Developments

With the advent of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Qinghai Province People's Government was declared. While the PRC maintained the province's territorial integrity, resistance movements persisted. The Hui ethnic minority, significant in Qinghai, saw their political representation evolve over decades.

Geographical Tapestry

Plateau Landscape

Qinghai is predominantly situated on the Tibetan Plateau, with an average elevation of approximately 3,000 meters. It is characterized by extensive grasslands and significant mountain ranges, including the Tanggula and Kunlun Mountains. The province's highest point is Bukadaban Feng, reaching 6,860 meters.

Waterways and Lakes

Crucially, Qinghai is the source of three major Asian rivers: the Yellow River originates in the south, while the Yangtze and Mekong rivers have their headwaters in the southwestern regions. The province is also home to numerous lakes, most notably Qinghai Lake, China's largest saltwater lake, and others like Lake Hala, Gyaring, Ngoring, and Donggi Cona.

Basins and Arid Zones

The Qaidam Basin, located in the northwestern part of the province, is a vast area rich in resources, with a significant portion comprising desert terrain. Much of Qinghai's territory is classified as semi-arid or arid due to low precipitation levels.

Climate Characteristics

Temperature and Seasons

Due to its high altitude, Qinghai experiences cold winters and mild summers. The mean annual temperature ranges from -5°C to 8°C (23°F to 46°F). Winter temperatures can be harsh, especially at higher elevations, with January averages between -18°C and -7°C (0°F to 19°F). Summer temperatures, particularly in July, range from 15°C to 21°C (59°F to 70°F).

Precipitation and Wind

Precipitation is concentrated in the summer months, with very low levels during winter and spring. The province is also susceptible to strong winds and sandstorms, particularly from February to April. These climatic factors contribute to the predominantly semi-arid and arid conditions across much of Qinghai.

Governance Structure

Administrative Framework

The political landscape of Qinghai Province operates within the one-party system characteristic of the People's Republic of China. Governance is structured hierarchically, with the provincial government headed by a Governor. However, the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary typically holds greater influence within the province's dual leadership structure.

Administrative Divisions

Provincial Structure

Qinghai is divided into eight prefecture-level administrative divisions: two prefecture-level cities and six autonomous prefectures. These are further subdivided into a total of 44 county-level divisions, comprising districts, county-level cities, counties, and autonomous counties. This structure reflects the province's diverse ethnic composition.

Administrative divisions of Qinghai
Xining Haidong Haibei Tibetan AP Huangnan Tibetan AP Hainan Tibetan AP Golog Tibetan AP Yushu Tibetan AP Haixi Mongol and Tibetan AP (Haixi)
Division code	Division	Area in km²	Population 2010	Seat	Divisions
Division code	Division	Area in km²	Population 2010	Seat	Districts	Counties	Aut. counties	CL cities
630000	Qinghai Province	720,000.00	5,626,723	Xining city	7	25	7	5
630100	Xining city	7,424.11	2,208,708	Chengzhong District	5	1	1
630200	Haidong city	13,043.99	1,396,845	Ledu District	2		4
632200	Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	33,349.99	273,304	Haiyan County		3	1
632300	Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	17,908.89	256,716	Tongren city		2	1	1
632500	Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	43,377.11	441,691	Gonghe County		5
632600	Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	76,442.38	181,682	Maq%C3%AAn County		6
632700	Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	197,953.70	378,439	Yushu city		5		1
632800	Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	300,854.48	489,338	Delingha city		3		3

Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
English	Chinese	Pinyin
Qinghai Province	青海省	Qīnghǎi Shěng
Xining city	西宁市	Xīníng Shì
Haidong city	海东市	Hǎidōng Shì
Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	海北市藏族自治州	Hǎiběi Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu
Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	黄南藏族自治州	Huángnán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu
Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	海南藏族自治州	Hǎinán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu
Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	果洛藏族自治州	Guōluò Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu
Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	玉树藏族自治州	Yùshù Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu
Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture	海西蒙古族藏族自治州	Hǎixī Měnggǔzú Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu

Population Dynamics

Size and Density

Qinghai's population was approximately 5.6 million in 2020, making it one of China's least populous provinces. The population density is notably low, averaging around 8.2 persons per square kilometer, reflecting the challenging geographical conditions and vast undeveloped areas.

Historical Growth

Historical records indicate significant population growth over the past century. From an estimated 368,000 in 1912, the population surged to over 5.9 million by 2020, driven by various factors including improved living conditions and administrative policies.

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1912	368,000	—
1928	619,000	+68.2%
1936–37	1,196,000	+93.2%
1947	1,308,000	+9.4%
1954	1,676,534	+28.2%
1964	2,145,604	+28.0%
1982	3,895,706	+81.6%
1990	4,456,946	+14.4%
2000	4,822,963	+8.2%
2010	5,626,722	+16.7%
2020	5,923,957	+5.3%

Ethnic Composition

Diverse Population

Qinghai is home to over 37 recognized ethnic groups. While the Han Chinese constitute the largest single group (around 50.5%), ethnic minorities collectively form a significant portion (49.5%) of the population. This diversity shapes the province's cultural landscape.

Major Ethnic Groups

Key ethnic groups include the Han, Tibetans (approx. 20.7%), Hui (approx. 16%), Tu (Monguor, approx. 4%), Mongols, and Salars. The distribution varies geographically, with Han Chinese concentrated in urban centers like Xining and Haidong, while Tibetan and Mongol populations are more prevalent in the western rural areas.

Spiritual Landscape

Dominant Faiths

The spiritual life of Qinghai is marked by a confluence of traditions. Tibetan Buddhism and its associated Bön religion are central to the Tibetan population. Islam is practiced predominantly by the Hui, Salar, and other Muslim communities, with historical sites like the Dongguan Mosque dating back to 1380.

Syncretism and Other Beliefs

Han Chinese populations largely follow Chinese folk religions, Taoism, and Buddhism. Christianity is also present, though in smaller numbers. The province's religious diversity reflects its history as a cultural crossroads.

Buddhism, Folk Religions, Bön (81.7%)
Islam (17.5%)
Christianity (0.76%)

Cultural Synthesis

Intercultural Exchange

Qinghai's culture is a rich tapestry woven from the interactions between Mongol, Tibetan, Han Chinese, and Inner Asian Muslim traditions. This historical interplay has fostered a unique regional identity and linguistic environment.

Linguistic Convergence

The languages spoken in Qinghai, including Zhongyuan Mandarin, Amdo Tibetan, Salar, Yugur, and Monguor, have historically formed a Sprachbund. This linguistic phenomenon indicates mutual influence and borrowing among these diverse tongues over centuries.

Nomadic Traditions

Traditional nomadic pastoralism remains a significant aspect of life, particularly for Tibetan and Mongol communities. The yak, native to the region, is integral for transportation and sustenance. Festivals like the Naadam, celebrated by Mongols, highlight the enduring cultural practices.

Economic Profile

Economic Scale

Qinghai's economy is among the smallest in China. Its nominal GDP in 2022 was approximately RMB 361 billion (US$50 billion), representing about 0.30% of the national economy. The per capita GDP stands at RMB 60,724 (US$9,028), ranking 24th nationally.

Key Industries

Major industries include iron and steel production, concentrated near Xining. The province also benefits from oil and natural gas extraction from the Qaidam Basin. Salt works are prominent at many of the numerous salt lakes, leveraging natural resources.

Development Challenges

Outside the capital, Xining, much of Qinghai remains underdeveloped. Infrastructure, particularly highway networks, requires significant expansion to fully capitalize on the province's rich natural resources and economic potential.

Tourism and Attractions

Summer Retreat

Xining serves as a primary tourist hub. Its mild summer climate, particularly in July and August, makes it an attractive destination for visitors seeking respite from the heat of southern and eastern China.

Qinghai Lake

Qinghai Lake, situated on the Tibetan Plateau at an elevation of 3,600 meters, is a major attraction. This vast saltwater lake is surrounded by rolling grasslands and is populated by ethnic Tibetans. Tours often include stops at Bird Island, and the area hosts an annual international bicycle race.

Cultural Sites

Significant cultural landmarks include the Kumbum Monastery (Ta'er Si), a major center of Tibetan Buddhism. Various Taoist temples and mosques, such as the Great Mosque of Duoba, also dot the landscape, reflecting the province's religious diversity.

Connectivity

Rail Network

The Lanqing Railway, connecting Lanzhou (Gansu) to Xining, is a vital artery. The ambitious Qinghai-Tibet Railway, completed in 2005, extends this network, linking Tibet with the rest of China via Qinghai. Construction on the Golmud-Dunhuang Railway further enhances regional connectivity.

Air and Road

Xining Caojiabao International Airport serves as the primary air gateway, with flights to major Chinese cities. Smaller regional airports, including Delingha, Golog Maqin, Huatugou, Qilian, and Yushu Batang, cater to local communities. Six National Highways traverse the province, forming its road network.

Telecommunications

Access and Challenges

Significant investment has been made to extend telephone and internet access to villages. However, remote areas, particularly in Yushu and Golog prefectures, face challenges due to high altitudes and difficult terrain, hindering the establishment of comprehensive telecommunications infrastructure. Satellite phone services have been deployed to bridge these gaps.

Higher Education

Key Institutions

Qinghai hosts several institutions of higher learning, including Qinghai University, Qinghai Normal University, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Qinghai Medical College, and Qinghai Radio & Television University. These institutions play a crucial role in regional development and education, particularly for ethnic minorities.

Notes

Source Reliability

This section highlights that the article relies heavily on a single source. Efforts to incorporate additional citations are encouraged to enhance the breadth and depth of information.

References

Source Material

The content presented is derived from publicly available data, primarily sourced from Wikipedia. Detailed citations are available within the original source material.

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国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2022). 中国2020年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-9772-9.
国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
M.C. Goldstein (1994). Barnett and Akiner (ed.). Change, Conflict and Continuity among a community of nomadic pastoralists—A Case Study from western Tibet, 1950–1990., Resistance and Reform in Tibet. London: Hurst & Co.
Cooke, Susette. "Surviving State and Society in Northwest China: The Hui Experience in Qinghai Province under the PRC." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 28.3 (2008): 401–420.
Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell (1969). The China year book, Part 2. North China Daily News & Herald. p. 841.
John Roderick (1993). Covering China: the story of an American reporter from revolutionary days to the Deng era. Imprint Publications. p. 104. ISBN 1-879176-17-3.
Felix Smith (1995). China pilot: flying for Chiang and Chennault. Brassey's. p. 140. ISBN 1-57488-051-9.
Goodman, David (2004). China's Campaign to "Open Up the West": National, Provincial, and Local Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–83.
Werner Draguhn; David S. G. Goodman (2002). China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China. Psychology Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7007-1630-0.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia (2008). Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions. University of California Press. pp. 203–205.
Lahtinen, Anja (2009). "Maximising Opportunities for the Tibetans of Qinghai Province, China". In Cao, Huahua (ed.). Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia: Reality and Challenges. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 20–22.
"Qinghai Province Mountains".
"Bukadaban Feng, Peakbagger.com"
"Qinghai Province". Qinghai Province Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
"Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
"National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
"2023年青海省国民经济和社会发展统计公报". qinghai.gov.cn. February 29, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
"Human Development Indices (8.0)- China". Global Data Lab. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
"Qinghai". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021.
中国地名录 (2nd ed.). Beijing: China Maps Press. 1995. p. 309. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
"中华民国政府令". 国民政府公报. No. 93. Republic of China: 国民政府秘书处印刷局. Sep 1928. p. 5.
"中华民国十八年一月二十九日国民政府指令一八九号". 国民政府公报. No. 2. Republic of China: 国民政府文官处印铸局. 27 Oct 1928. pp. 8–9.
"中华民国十八年一月二十九日国民政府指令一八九号". 国民政府公报. No. 80. Republic of China: 国民政府文官处印铸局. 31 Jan 1929. pp. 8–9.
Purdue – Tibetan history. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Laurent Deshayes, 1997. Histoire du Tibet. Paris: Fayard.
Gertraud Taenzer, 2012. The Dunhuang Region during Tibetan Rule (787–848). (Berlin): Harrassowitz Verlag.
Leung 2007, p. 57.
Smith, Warren W (2009). China's Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 24, 252.
William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. ISBN 9780871695147.
William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. ISBN 9780871695147.
Felix Smith (1995). China pilot: flying for Chiang and Chennault. Brassey's. p. 140. ISBN 1-57488-051-9.
Goodman, David (2004). China's Campaign to "Open Up the West": National, Provincial, and Local Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–83.
Werner Draguhn; David S. G. Goodman (2002). China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China. Psychology Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7007-1630-0.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia (2008). Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions. University of California Press. pp. 203–205.
Lahtinen, Anja (2009). "Maximising Opportunities for the Tibetans of Qinghai Province, China". In Cao, Huahua (ed.). Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia: Reality and Challenges. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 20–22.
"Qinghai Province Mountains".
"Bukadaban Feng, Peakbagger.com"
"Qinghai Province". Qinghai Province Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
"Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
"National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
"2023年青海省国民经济和社会发展统计公报". qinghai.gov.cn. February 29, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
"Human Development Indices (8.0)- China". Global Data Lab. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
"Qinghai". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021.
中国地名录 (2nd ed.). Beijing: China Maps Press. 1995. p. 309. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
"中华民国政府令". 国民政府公报. No. 93. Republic of China: 国民政府秘书处印刷局. Sep 1928. p. 5.
"中华民国十八年一月二十九日国民政府指令一八九号". 国民政府公报. No. 2. Republic of China: 国民政府文官处印铸局. 27 Oct 1928. pp. 8–9.
"中华民国十八年一月二十九日国民政府指令一八九号". 国民政府公报. No. 80. Republic of China: 国民政府文官处印铸局. 31 Jan 1929. pp. 8–9.
Purdue – Tibetan history. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Laurent Deshayes, 1997. Histoire du Tibet. Paris: Fayard.
Gertraud Taenzer, 2012. The Dunhuang Region during Tibetan Rule (787–848). (Berlin): Harrassowitz Verlag.
Leung 2007, p. 57.
Smith, Warren W (2009). China's Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 24, 252.
William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. ISBN 9780871695147.
William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. ISBN 9780871695147.
Felix Smith (1995). China pilot: flying for Chiang and Chennault. Brassey's. p. 140. ISBN 1-57488-051-9.
Goodman, David (2004). China's Campaign to "Open Up the West": National, Provincial, and Local Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–83.
Werner Draguhn; David S. G. Goodman (2002). China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China. Psychology Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7007-1630-0.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia (2008). Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions. University of California Press. pp. 203–205.
Lahtinen, Anja (2009). "Maximising Opportunities for the Tibetans of Qinghai Province, China". In Cao, Huahua (ed.). Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia: Reality and Challenges. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 20–22.
"Qinghai Province Mountains".
"Bukadaban Feng, Peakbagger.com"
"Qinghai Province". Qinghai Province Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
"Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
"National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
"2023年青海省国民经济和社会发展统计公报". qinghai.gov.cn. February 29, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
"Human Development Indices (8.0)- China". Global Data Lab. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
"Qinghai". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021.
中国地名录 (2nd ed.). Beijing: China Maps Press. 1995. p. 309. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
"中华民国政府令". 国民政府公报. No. 93. Republic of China: 国民政府秘书处印刷局. Sep 1928. p. 5.
"中华民国十八年一月二十九日国民政府指令一八九号". 国民政府公报. No. 2. Republic of China: 国民政府文官处印铸局. 27 Oct 1928. pp. 8–9.
"中华民国十八年一月二十九日国民政府指令一八九号". 国民政府公报. No. 80. Republic of China: 国民政府文官处印铸局. 31 Jan 1929. pp. 8–9.
Purdue – Tibetan history. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Laurent Deshayes, 1997. Histoire du Tibet. Paris: Fayard.
Gertraud Taenzer, 2012. The Dunhuang Region during Tibetan Rule (787–848). (Berlin): Harrassowitz Verlag.
Leung 2007, p. 57.
Smith, Warren W (2009). China's Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 24, 252.
William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. ISBN 9780871695147.
William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51. American Philosophical Society. p. 27. ISBN 9780871695147.
Felix Smith (1995). China pilot: flying for Chiang and Chennault. Brassey's. p. 140. ISBN 1-57488-051-9.
Goodman, David (2004). China's Campaign to "Open Up the West": National, Provincial, and Local Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–83.
Werner Draguhn; David S. G. Goodman (2002). China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China. Psychology Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7007-1630-0.
Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia (2008). Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions. University of California Press. pp. 203–205.
Lahtinen, Anja (2009). "Maximising Opportunities for the Tibetans of Qinghai Province, China". In Cao, Huahua (ed.). Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia: Reality and Challenges. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 20–22.
"Qinghai Province Mountains".
"Bukadaban Feng, Peakbagger.com"

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References

Mangnai Administrative Zone & Lenghu Administrative Zone County is currently known as Mangnai CLC after 2010 census.

Gangchen Khishong, 2001. Tibet and Manchu: An Assessment of Tibet-Manchu Relations in Five Phases of Development. Dharmasala: Narthang Press, p.1-70.

Gertraud Taenzer, 2012. The Dunhuang Region during Tibetan Rule (787â848). (Berlin): Harrassowitz Verlag.

Leung 2007, p. 57.

Cooke, Susette. "Surviving State and Society in Northwest China: The Hui Experience in Qinghai Province under the PRC." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 28.3 (2008): 401â420.

Bukadaban Feng, Peakbagger.com

A full list of references for this article are available at the Qinghai Wikipedia page

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Qinghai: Plateau of Peaks and Peoples

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Province Overview ℹ️

📍 Location and Size

🏙️ Capital and Major Cities

🌍 Borders and Neighbors

Historical Trajectory 📜

⏳ Ancient Roots and Dynastic Rule

⚔️ Republic Era and Warlordism

🚩 Post-1949 Developments

Geographical Tapestry 🏞️

🏔️ Plateau Landscape

💧 Waterways and Lakes

🏜️ Basins and Arid Zones

Climate Characteristics ☁️

❄️ Temperature and Seasons

💨 Precipitation and Wind

Governance Structure 🏛️

🇨🇳 Administrative Framework

Administrative Divisions 🗺️

🔢 Provincial Structure

Population Dynamics 👥

📊 Size and Density

📈 Historical Growth

Ethnic Composition 🧑‍🤝‍🧑

⚖️ Diverse Population

🗣️ Major Ethnic Groups

Spiritual Landscape 🕉️

🕌 Dominant Faiths

☸️ Syncretism and Other Beliefs

Cultural Synthesis 🎭

🌐 Intercultural Exchange

🗣️ Linguistic Convergence

🐎 Nomadic Traditions

Economic Profile 💰

📉 Economic Scale

🏭 Key Industries

🚧 Development Challenges

Tourism and Attractions ✈️

☀️ Summer Retreat

🏞️ Qinghai Lake

☸️ Cultural Sites

Connectivity 🛣️

🚆 Rail Network

✈️ Air and Road

Telecommunications 📞

📶 Access and Challenges

Higher Education 🎓

📚 Key Institutions

Notes 📝

⚠️ Source Reliability

References 🔗

📚 Source Material

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

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Explore More Topics

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Province Overview

Location and Size

Capital and Major Cities

Borders and Neighbors

Historical Trajectory

Ancient Roots and Dynastic Rule

Republic Era and Warlordism

Post-1949 Developments

Geographical Tapestry

Plateau Landscape

Waterways and Lakes

Basins and Arid Zones

Climate Characteristics

Temperature and Seasons

Precipitation and Wind

Governance Structure

Administrative Framework

Administrative Divisions

Provincial Structure

Population Dynamics

Size and Density

Historical Growth

Ethnic Composition

Diverse Population

Major Ethnic Groups

Spiritual Landscape

Dominant Faiths

Syncretism and Other Beliefs

Cultural Synthesis

Intercultural Exchange

Linguistic Convergence

Nomadic Traditions

Economic Profile

Economic Scale

Key Industries

Development Challenges

Tourism and Attractions

Summer Retreat

Qinghai Lake

Cultural Sites

Connectivity

Rail Network

Air and Road

Telecommunications

Access and Challenges

Higher Education

Key Institutions

Notes

Source Reliability

References

Source Material

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice