What is the full name and primary alias for RACK1?

RACK1 stands for Receptor for activated C kinase 1. Its primary alias is guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1, often abbreviated as GNB2L1. These names refer to the same protein, highlighting its role in cellular signaling and its structural similarity to G proteins.

What is the molecular weight of the RACK1 protein?

The RACK1 protein has a molecular weight of 35 kilodaltons (kDa). A kilodalton is a unit of mass used in molecular biology, approximately equal to the mass of a proton or neutron, and is commonly used to measure the size of proteins.

Which gene encodes the RACK1 protein in humans?

In humans, the RACK1 protein is encoded by the RACK1 gene. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins.

What are some of the other aliases or identifiers for RACK1?

Besides GNB2L1, RACK1 is also known by several other aliases, including Gnb2-rs1, H12.3, HLC-7, and PIG21. These various identifiers are used in different scientific contexts or databases to refer to the same gene or protein.

Where is the RACK1 gene located on the human chromosome?

The RACK1 gene is located on human chromosome 5, specifically at band 5q35.3. Its genomic coordinates are from 181,236,897 base pairs (bp) to 181,248,096 bp. Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's genes, and specific bands help pinpoint gene locations.

Where is the RACK1 gene located on the mouse chromosome?

In mice, the RACK1 gene is found on chromosome 11, at band 11|11 B1.2. Its genomic coordinates range from 48,691,159 base pairs (bp) to 48,697,261 base pairs. This indicates that the gene has an ortholog in mice, meaning it shares a common evolutionary origin with the human RACK1 gene.

What are some of the human tissues where RACK1 RNA expression is notably high?

In humans, RACK1 RNA is highly expressed in various tissues, including the pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart), the superior surface and body of the tongue, the mucosa of the pharynx, the vena cava (a large vein), the nipple, the saphenous vein, the trachea, the lower lobe of the lung, and the cerebellar vermis (part of the cerebellum). RNA expression indicates that the gene is actively transcribed into RNA in these tissues, suggesting its functional importance there.

In which mouse tissues is the RACK1 ortholog highly expressed?

The mouse ortholog of RACK1 is highly expressed in tissues such as the epiblast (a layer of cells in the early embryo), ventricular zone (a neural stem cell niche), bone marrow, ovary, ganglionic eminence (a transient structure in the developing brain), spleen, uterus, zone of skin, placenta, and morula (an early stage embryo). This broad expression pattern suggests its diverse roles in development and various physiological processes in mice.

What was RACK1 originally identified as?

RACK1 was originally isolated and identified as an intracellular protein receptor for protein kinase C (PKC). Protein kinase C is a family of enzymes involved in controlling the function of other proteins through phosphorylation.

To which other protein subunit does RACK1 show significant homology?

RACK1 shows significant homology to the beta subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins are crucial cellular signaling molecules that transmit signals from outside the cell to inside.

What later studies established about RACK1 and its yeast homolog Asc1?

Later studies established that RACK1, along with its yeast homolog Asc1, functions as a core ribosomal protein of the eukaryotic small (40S) ribosomal subunit. Ribosomes are cellular machines responsible for protein synthesis.

Where is Asc1/RACK1 primarily positioned on the 40S ribosomal subunit, and what is the implication of this position?

Asc1/RACK1 is primarily positioned on the 'head' of the 40S ribosomal subunit. This specific location is believed to be crucial for many of its functions in eukaryotic translation and ribosome quality control.

How is RACK1 held in place on the 40S ribosomal subunit?

RACK1 is positioned at the solvent-exposed surface of the 40S ribosomal subunit and is held in place through contacts with both the 18S rRNA and other ribosomal proteins, specifically uS3, uS9, and eS17. This intricate network of interactions ensures its stable integration into the ribosome structure.

What are some of the molecular functions attributed to RACK1 according to Gene Ontology?

According to Gene Ontology, RACK1 exhibits various molecular functions, including protein homodimerization activity, receptor tyrosine kinase binding, SH2 domain binding, signaling adaptor activity, protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity, protein binding, enzyme binding, cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process, molecular adaptor activity, protein phosphatase binding, signaling receptor binding, ion channel inhibitor activity, RNA binding, cadherin binding, ribosome binding, protein kinase C binding, and cyclin binding. These functions highlight its role as a versatile scaffold protein involved in numerous cellular pathways.

Which cellular components is RACK1 associated with, as per Gene Ontology?

RACK1 is associated with various cellular components, including the cytoplasm, cell body, perikaryon, cell projection, membrane, plasma membrane, soma, dendrite, midbody, mitochondrion, perinuclear region of cytoplasm, neuron projection, phagocytic cup, extracellular exosome, nucleus, IRE1-RACK1-PP2A complex, nucleoplasm, cytosol, ribosome, small ribosomal subunit, and cytosolic small ribosomal subunit. This wide distribution indicates its involvement in diverse cellular locations and processes.

What biological processes is RACK1 involved in, according to Gene Ontology?

RACK1 is involved in a broad range of biological processes, such as positive regulation of protein homooligomerization, positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport, negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling, positive regulation of protein phosphorylation, positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process, regulation of cell division, negative regulation of phagocytosis, positive regulation of gastrulation, rhythmic process, positive regulation of cell migration, negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response, cellular response to growth factor stimulus, negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway, negative regulation of gene expression, regulation of cell cycle, regulation of protein localization, multicellular organism development, positive regulation of GTPase activity, negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death, positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization, gastrulation, negative regulation of cell growth, negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation, positive regulation of apoptotic process, cell cycle, regulation of growth, viral process, regulation of establishment of cell polarity, activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process, positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, regulation of translation, positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, cellular response to glucose stimulus, positive regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, apoptotic process, negative regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity, protein biosynthesis, pigmentation, protein ubiquitination, rescue of stalled ribosome, negative regulation of translation, and regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane. These roles underscore its extensive involvement in fundamental cellular activities, from growth and development to stress responses and protein management.

Name some of the proteins that RACK1 has been shown to interact with.

RACK1 has been shown to interact with a wide array of proteins, including AGTRAP, Androgen receptor, CD18, CD29, Cyclin A1, EIF6, FYN, IFNAR2, Janus kinase 1, OTUB1, P73, PDE4D, PRKCB1, PRKCE, PTPRM, RAS p21 protein activator 1, ST7, STAT1, Src, and Tyrosine kinase 2. These interactions highlight RACK1's role as a scaffolding protein that brings together different signaling molecules.

What is IRES-mediated translation, and how does RACK1 participate in it?

IRES-mediated translation is a mechanism where protein synthesis can begin at an internal site on an mRNA molecule, bypassing the typical 5' cap-dependent initiation. RACK1 participates in this process, indicating its role in regulating alternative translation initiation pathways, particularly relevant for certain viral and cellular mRNAs.

What is non-stop decay, and what is RACK1's role in it?

Non-stop decay is a ribosome quality control pathway that targets mRNA molecules lacking a stop codon, preventing the synthesis of aberrant proteins. RACK1 participates in non-stop decay, suggesting its involvement in monitoring and degrading problematic mRNAs during translation.

How does RACK1 contribute to non-functional 18S ribosomal RNA decay?

RACK1 contributes to non-functional 18S ribosomal RNA decay, a process that eliminates defective 18S rRNA molecules before they can be incorporated into ribosomes. This ensures the integrity and proper function of the ribosomal machinery.

What role does RACK1 play in translational frameshifting?

RACK1 plays a role in translational frameshifting, a process where the ribosome shifts its reading frame during translation, leading to the production of different proteins from a single mRNA. Its involvement suggests a regulatory function in controlling the fidelity and diversity of protein synthesis.

What is the Entrez ID for human RACK1?

The Entrez ID for human RACK1 is 10399. Entrez is a search and retrieval system for biological information developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

What is the Ensembl ID for human RACK1?

The Ensembl ID for human RACK1 is ENSG00000204628. Ensembl is a genome browser that provides genomic data for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species.

What is the UniProt accession number for human RACK1?

The UniProt accession number for human RACK1 is P63244. UniProt is a comprehensive, high-quality, and freely accessible resource of protein sequence and functional information.

What is the RefSeq mRNA ID for human RACK1?

The RefSeq mRNA ID for human RACK1 is NM_006098. RefSeq (Reference Sequence) is a comprehensive, non-redundant, well-annotated collection of sequences representing the genomic, transcript, and protein sequences for major organisms.

What is the RefSeq protein ID for human RACK1?

The RefSeq protein ID for human RACK1 is NP_006089. This identifier refers to the specific protein sequence derived from the RefSeq mRNA.

What is the Entrez ID for mouse RACK1?

The Entrez ID for mouse RACK1 is 14694. This ID is used to access information about the mouse ortholog of RACK1 in the Entrez database.

What is the Ensembl ID for mouse RACK1?

The Ensembl ID for mouse RACK1 is ENSMUSG00000020372. This identifier provides access to the mouse RACK1 gene information within the Ensembl database.

What is the UniProt accession number for mouse RACK1?

The UniProt accession number for mouse RACK1 is P68040. This number identifies the mouse RACK1 protein sequence and associated data in the UniProt database.

What is the RefSeq mRNA ID for mouse RACK1?

The RefSeq mRNA ID for mouse RACK1 is NM_008143. This identifier refers to the messenger RNA sequence of the mouse RACK1 gene.

What is the RefSeq protein ID for mouse RACK1?

The RefSeq protein ID for mouse RACK1 is NP_032169. This identifies the protein sequence of the mouse RACK1 ortholog.

Which ribosomal proteins does RACK1 interact with on the 40S ribosomal subunit?

On the 40S ribosomal subunit, RACK1 interacts with ribosomal proteins uS3, uS9, and eS17. These interactions are crucial for anchoring RACK1 to its position on the ribosome.

What is the significance of RACK1 being a 'scaffolding protein'?

The term 'scaffolding protein' implies that RACK1 acts as a central organizer, bringing together multiple signaling molecules to facilitate their interactions and regulate specific cellular pathways. This function allows for precise control over complex biological processes.

How does RACK1's interaction with the Androgen receptor contribute to signaling?

RACK1 interacts with the Androgen receptor and promotes cross-talk through a protein kinase C signaling pathway. This suggests RACK1 plays a role in modulating androgen-mediated gene expression and cellular responses.

What is the role of RACK1 in regulating NMDA receptor function?

RACK1, as an inhibitory scaffolding protein, regulates NMDA receptor function. NMDA receptors are crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory formation in the brain, and RACK1's involvement suggests it can modulate neuronal signaling.

How does RACK1 participate in the recruitment and activation of STAT1?

RACK1 is required for the recruitment and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) through the type I interferon receptor. This indicates RACK1's critical role in the interferon signaling pathway, which is vital for immune responses against viral infections.

What is the relationship between RACK1 and the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D5 isoform?

RACK1 selectively interacts with the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D5 isoform. This interaction suggests RACK1's involvement in regulating cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling, which is a key secondary messenger in many cellular processes.

What is the function of RACK1 in relation to protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE)?

RACK1 is involved in protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE)-dependent regulation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). This involves RACK1 binding to both PRKCE and the Na+/H+ exchange regulatory factor, indicating its role in ion channel regulation and cellular transport.

How does RACK1 interact with the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPmu?

The PTPmu protein-tyrosine phosphatase binds to RACK1 and recruits it to cell-cell contacts. This interaction suggests RACK1's involvement in cell adhesion and communication, potentially influencing cell growth and differentiation.

What is the connection between RACK1 and the PH domain of p120GAP?

RACK1, a protein kinase C scaffolding protein, interacts with the PH domain of p120GAP (RAS p21 protein activator 1). This interaction points to RACK1's role in regulating Ras signaling pathways, which are important for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.

How does RACK1 influence the activity of Src tyrosine kinases?

RACK1 inhibits the activity of Src tyrosine kinases and the growth of NIH 3T3 cells. Src kinases are a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases involved in cell growth, differentiation, and motility, so RACK1 acts as a negative regulator in these processes.

What is the role of RACK1 in the IRE1-RACK1-PP2A complex?

RACK1 is a component of the IRE1-RACK1-PP2A complex, which is a cellular component listed in the Gene Ontology. This complex likely plays a role in specific signaling pathways, possibly related to endoplasmic reticulum stress or protein phosphatase activity.

What is the significance of RACK1 being a 'WD motif-containing protein'?

RACK1 is described as a 'WD motif-containing protein'. WD motifs are structural repeats found in many proteins that often mediate protein-protein interactions, forming a beta-propeller structure that acts as a scaffold for other proteins. This structural feature underlies RACK1's extensive interaction capabilities.

How does RACK1 contribute to the regulation of protein localization?

RACK1 is involved in the biological process of regulating protein localization, including the regulation of protein localization to the plasma membrane. This means it helps direct where proteins are situated within the cell, which is crucial for their proper function.

What is RACK1's role in the apoptotic process?

RACK1 is involved in both the positive regulation of the apoptotic process and the activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process, as well as positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, and RACK1's involvement suggests it can promote or facilitate this crucial cellular mechanism.

How does RACK1 affect cell growth and division?

RACK1 is involved in the regulation of cell division, negative regulation of cell growth, and regulation of growth. This indicates its role in controlling the cell cycle and preventing uncontrolled cell proliferation.

What is RACK1's function in protein phosphorylation?

RACK1 is involved in the positive regulation of protein phosphorylation and negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism in cells, and RACK1's dual role suggests it can both promote and inhibit this process depending on the context.

What is the role of RACK1 in the cellular response to growth factor stimulus?

RACK1 is involved in the cellular response to growth factor stimulus. Growth factors are signaling molecules that promote cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation, and RACK1 helps mediate the cell's reaction to these signals.

How does RACK1 relate to the Wnt signaling pathway?

RACK1 is involved in the negative regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. The Wnt pathway is a highly conserved signaling cascade that plays critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, and RACK1's inhibitory role suggests it helps control this pathway's activity.

What is RACK1's involvement in the regulation of gene expression?

RACK1 is involved in the negative regulation of gene expression. This means it can help suppress the transcription of certain genes into RNA, thereby controlling the production of specific proteins.

Receptor For Activated C Kinase 1 Wiki: RACK1: The Molecular Maestro of Cellular Signaling and Translation

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Overview

A Pivotal Protein

Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), also known by its alias guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1 (GNB2L1), is a 35 kilodalton (kDa) protein. This protein is encoded by the RACK1 gene in humans and plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, acting as a versatile scaffold to coordinate complex signaling pathways.

Dual Identity

Initially identified as an intracellular receptor for protein kinase C (PKC), RACK1's functional scope expanded significantly with later discoveries. It exhibits notable structural homology to the beta subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, hinting at its involvement in diverse signal transduction mechanisms. This dual nature underscores its importance in integrating different cellular cues.

The Scaffold Concept

RACK1 functions primarily as a scaffolding protein. This means it provides a structural platform that brings together multiple signaling molecules, facilitating their interactions and ensuring the specificity and efficiency of cellular responses. Its strategic positioning within the cell allows it to mediate a wide array of protein-protein interactions, influencing both cytoplasmic and ribosomal activities.

Function

PKC Receptor & G Protein Homolog

RACK1 was first recognized for its ability to bind to protein kinase C (PKC), a family of enzymes involved in controlling the function of other proteins through phosphorylation. Its structural similarity to the beta subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins further suggests its role in modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling, a fundamental mechanism for cells to respond to external stimuli.

Ribosomal Integration

Subsequent research revealed RACK1, along with its yeast homolog Asc1, as an integral component of the eukaryotic small (40S) ribosomal subunit. Its strategic location on the 'head' of the 40S ribosomal subunit positions it to influence critical aspects of protein synthesis and quality control, acting as a nexus for regulatory inputs.

Translational Regulation

RACK1's presence on the ribosome is not merely structural; it actively participates in several facets of eukaryotic translation and ribosome quality control. These include:

IRES-mediated translation: Facilitating the initiation of protein synthesis at internal ribosome entry sites, crucial for certain viral and stress-response proteins.
Non-stop decay: A quality control mechanism that degrades mRNAs lacking a stop codon, preventing the synthesis of aberrant proteins.
Non-functional 18S ribosomal RNA decay: Involved in the degradation of defective 18S rRNA, ensuring the integrity of the ribosomal machinery.
Frameshifting: Influencing the ribosomal reading frame during translation, a process that can lead to the production of multiple proteins from a single mRNA.

Interactions

Ribosomal Anchoring

RACK1 is strategically situated on the solvent-exposed surface of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Its stable integration into this complex is maintained through direct contacts with both the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other essential ribosomal proteins. Specifically, it interacts with proteins such as uS3, uS9, and eS17, forming a robust network that supports its regulatory functions within the ribosome.

Extensive Protein Network

Beyond its ribosomal associations, RACK1 engages in a vast array of protein-protein interactions, highlighting its role as a central hub in cellular signaling. These interactions allow RACK1 to modulate diverse pathways, influencing processes from receptor signaling to cell growth and apoptosis.

RACK1 has been shown to interact with a wide range of proteins, including but not limited to:

AGTRAP (Angiotensin II Receptor-Associated Protein)
Androgen receptor
CD18 and CD29 (Integrin subunits)
Cyclin A1
EIF6 (Eukaryotic initiation factor 6)
FYN (a Src family tyrosine kinase)
IFNAR2 (Interferon alpha/beta receptor subunit 2)
Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)
OTUB1 (Ovarian tumor domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde-binding protein 1)
P73 (a tumor suppressor protein)
PDE4D (Phosphodiesterase 4D)
PRKCB1 and PRKCE (Protein Kinase C beta 1 and epsilon)
PTPRM (Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type M)
RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RasGAP)
ST7 (Suppression of tumorigenicity 7)
STAT1 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1)
Src (a proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase)
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2)

Genomics

Human Gene Location

In the human genome, the RACK1 gene is precisely mapped to Chromosome 5. Its specific locus is identified as band 5q35.3. This genomic address provides crucial information for understanding its genetic context and potential associations with human health and disease.

The precise coordinates for the RACK1 gene on human chromosome 5 are:

Start: 181,236,897 base pairs (bp)
End: 181,248,096 base pairs (bp)

These coordinates are based on the GRCh38 Ensembl release 89.

Mouse Ortholog Location

The mouse ortholog of RACK1 is located on Chromosome 11. This conservation across species highlights the fundamental importance of RACK1 in biological systems. The mouse model is frequently used to study the gene's function and its implications for human biology.

The precise coordinates for the mouse RACK1 ortholog on chromosome 11 are:

Band: 11|11 B1.2
Start: 48,691,159 base pairs (bp)
End: 48,697,261 base pairs (bp)

These coordinates are based on the GRCm38 Ensembl release 89.

Expression

Human RNA Expression

The expression pattern of RACK1 RNA in humans is widespread, indicating its ubiquitous and essential role across various tissues and organs. This broad expression profile is consistent with its function as a fundamental scaffolding and ribosomal protein, critical for basic cellular processes.

Top expressed tissues for RACK1 in humans include:

Pericardium
Superior surface of tongue
Body of tongue
Mucosa of pharynx
Vena cava
Nipple
Saphenous vein
Trachea
Lower lobe of lung
Cerebellar vermis

Mouse RNA Expression

Similar to humans, the mouse ortholog of RACK1 also exhibits a broad expression pattern, particularly prominent during developmental stages and in tissues with high cellular activity. This reinforces its conserved role in fundamental biological processes across mammalian species.

Top expressed tissues for RACK1 in mice include:

Epiblast
Ventricular zone
Bone marrow
Ovary
Ganglionic eminence
Spleen
Uterus
Zone of skin
Placenta
Morula

Gene Ontology

Molecular Function

RACK1's molecular functions are diverse, reflecting its role as a versatile adaptor and scaffold protein. It participates in various binding activities and modulates the activity of several enzymes, underscoring its central position in cellular regulatory networks.

Protein homodimerization activity
Receptor tyrosine kinase binding
SH2 domain binding
Signaling adaptor activity
Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity
Protein binding and enzyme binding
Cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process
Molecular adaptor activity
Protein phosphatase binding
Signaling receptor binding
Ion channel inhibitor activity
RNA binding and cadherin binding
Ribosome binding
Protein kinase C binding and cyclin binding

Cellular Component

RACK1 is found in numerous cellular compartments, consistent with its broad functional spectrum. Its localization is key to its ability to mediate interactions and regulate processes in different parts of the cell, from the cytoplasm to the ribosome and beyond.

Cytoplasm, cell body, perikaryon, soma
Cell projection, neuron projection, dendrite
Membrane, plasma membrane
Midbody
Mitochondrion
Perinuclear region of cytoplasm
Phagocytic cup
Extracellular exosome
Nucleus, nucleoplasm
Cytosol
Ribosome, small ribosomal subunit, cytosolic small ribosomal subunit
IRE1-RACK1-PP2A complex

Biological Process

The biological processes influenced by RACK1 are extensive, encompassing fundamental aspects of cell growth, division, signaling, and response to stimuli. Its regulatory roles are often characterized by both positive and negative modulation, highlighting its fine-tuned control over cellular dynamics.

Positive regulation of protein homooligomerization
Positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
Negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling
Positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
Positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process
Regulation of cell division and cell cycle
Negative regulation of phagocytosis
Positive regulation of gastrulation
Rhythmic process
Positive regulation of cell migration
Negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
Cellular response to growth factor stimulus and glucose stimulus
Negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway
Regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway
Negative regulation of gene expression and translation
Regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
Multicellular organism development
Positive regulation of GTPase activity
Negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death
Positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization
Negative regulation of cell growth
Negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
Positive regulation of apoptotic process and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
Regulation of growth
Viral process
Regulation of establishment of cell polarity
Activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
Positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
Positive regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity
Apoptotic process
Negative regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity
Protein biosynthesis and protein ubiquitination
Pigmentation
Rescue of stalled ribosome

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RACK1: The Molecular Maestro of Cellular Signaling and Translation

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

🔬 A Pivotal Protein

🔄 Dual Identity

🏗️ The Scaffold Concept

Function ⚙️

🔑 PKC Receptor & G Protein Homolog

🧬 Ribosomal Integration

🔬 Translational Regulation

Interactions 🤝

🔗 Ribosomal Anchoring

🌐 Extensive Protein Network

Genomics 🧬

👤 Human Gene Location

🐭 Mouse Ortholog Location

Expression 📈

👤 Human RNA Expression

🐭 Mouse RNA Expression

Gene Ontology 📚

🔬 Molecular Function

🏠 Cellular Component

📈 Biological Process

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

A Pivotal Protein

Dual Identity

The Scaffold Concept

Function

PKC Receptor & G Protein Homolog

Ribosomal Integration

Translational Regulation

Interactions

Ribosomal Anchoring

Extensive Protein Network

Genomics

Human Gene Location

Mouse Ortholog Location

Expression

Human RNA Expression

Mouse RNA Expression

Gene Ontology

Molecular Function

Cellular Component

Biological Process

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice