What is the primary definition of a religious war, and what is its Latin equivalent?

A religious war, also known as a war of religion or holy war, is defined as a war or conflict primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and beliefs. Its Latin equivalent is "sanctum bellum."

What are the common debates surrounding the predominant causes of conflicts labeled as religious wars in the modern period?

In the modern period, there are frequent debates regarding the extent to which religious, economic, ethnic, or other factors are the predominant causes or justifications for a given war, as it can be challenging to isolate religion as the sole driver.

According to scholars like Jeffrey Burton Russell, what might be the underlying reasons for conflicts often labeled as religious wars?

According to scholars such as Jeffrey Burton Russell, conflicts labeled as religious wars may not be strictly rooted in religion but could instead serve as a cover for underlying secular power, ethnic, social, political, and economic motivations.

What perspective do scholars like William T. Cavanaugh offer on the concept of "religious wars" and their underlying causes?

Scholars like William T. Cavanaugh argue that the classification of wars as "religious" is largely a modern Western concept, and that all such wars have underlying secular (economic or political) ramifications, suggesting that the term itself is anachronistic when applied to earlier periods.

Which contemporary conflicts are cited as examples where religious elements are overtly present, but often driven by ethnic animosities?

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Syrian civil war, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq are cited as examples where religious elements are overtly present, though studies often conclude that ethnic animosities are a significant driving factor.

What statistical estimates exist regarding the proportion of wars primarily caused by religion?

According to the *Encyclopedia of Wars*, approximately 6.87% of 1,763 recorded historical conflicts had religion as their primary cause. Matthew White's *The Great Big Book of Horrible Things* identifies religion as the primary cause for 11 of the world's 100 deadliest atrocities.

What historical conclusion can be drawn from estimates regarding religion as a cause for war?

Historical estimates and studies indicate that religion was not a common primary source for war or conflict throughout history, with other factors such as economic and political reasons playing a more frequent role.

What criteria did Konrad Repgen propose for classifying a war as a "religious war"?

Konrad Repgen proposed that a war should only be termed a "religious war" if at least one belligerent claims "religion" or religious law to justify their warfare and publicly substantiate why their use of military force against a political authority is a *bellum iustum* (just war).

How did David Onnekink differentiate between a "religious war" and a "holy war"?

David Onnekink differentiated by stating that a "religious war" is legitimized by religion or fought for religious ends, potentially by secular leaders and soldiers, whereas a "holy war" (*bellum sacrum*) requires authorization from a religious leader and participation by pious soldiers.

What are the main challenges in applying the concept of "religion" to the causes of war?

Challenges in applying the concept of "religion" to war include the difficulty in defining "religion" itself, especially across different cultures, and the challenge of isolating religion as a singular factor when it is often intertwined with social, political, and economic motivations.

How can wars of succession also be considered religious wars, and what historical examples are provided?

Wars of succession can also be considered religious wars when rival claimants to a throne represent opposing religions. Examples provided include the War of the Three Henrys, the French Wars of Religion, the Hessian War, the War of the Jülich Succession, and the Jacobite risings.

What is William T. Cavanaugh's argument regarding the historical concept of "religion" and its relation to ancient texts?

William T. Cavanaugh argues that ancient sacred texts like the Bible and the Quran did not originally contain a concept of "religion" as understood today, and the Latin word *religio* in ancient and medieval times referred to an individual virtue of worship, not doctrine or practice.

How is the conflict known as "The Troubles" in Northern Ireland often characterized, and what is the alternative interpretation?

The Troubles in Northern Ireland is often portrayed as a religious conflict between Catholic and Protestant factions, but some scholars argue that the more fundamental causes were ethnic or nationalistic rather than purely religious.

According to Kalevi Holsti's categorization of wars from 1648 to 1989, what was the trend in wars caused by the "protection of religious confreres"?

According to Kalevi Holsti, the proportion of wars primarily caused by the "protection of religious confreres" decreased over time, from 14% in 1648-1714 to 0% in the post-WWII periods (1918-1941 and 1945-1989).

What did Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod document in their *Encyclopedia of Wars* regarding the number of religious wars?

Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod documented 1763 notable wars in world history, categorizing 121 of them as "religious wars." They noted that before the 17th century, religion was often cited as a reason for conflict, whereas afterward, sovereign interests became more prominent.

How did the ancient Greek and ancient Israelite societies differ in their approach to war and religion?

While the ancient Greek world had a limited cult of Ares, the god of war, ancient Israelite society, according to Hans M. Barstad, was permeated by the concept of holy war, showing striking similarities in phraseology and ideology with other ancient Near Eastern war traditions.

When did the concept of "holy war" as a penitential and spiritually meritorious act begin to develop within Christianity?

According to Edward Peters, the concept of "holy war" (*bellum sacrum*), where fighting itself was considered a penitential and spiritually meritorious act, had not been developed by Christians before the 11th century.

What was the distinction between *bellum iustum* and *bellum sacrum* in the context of the Crusades?

*Bellum iustum* referred to a "just war," a concept accepted in early Christianity based on St. Augustine's ideas, but warfare was not considered inherently virtuous. *Bellum sacrum*, or "holy war," was a higher classification, as exemplified when Pope Urban II raised the Crusades to this status, implying fighting in God's name was a virtuous act.

What is *Dharma-yuddha* in Hindu texts, and what were the primary causes of the Mahabharata and Ramayana?

*Dharma-yuddha* in Hindu texts refers to the protocol for conducting war fairly (*jus in bello*), as seen in epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana. The Mahabharata was fought over the inheritance of the kingdom of Hastinapura, while the Ramayana was fought over the abduction of Sita by Ravana.

What verse in the Quran is cited regarding the permission to fight back, and in what context did the first forms of military jihad occur in Islam?

Quran 22:39-40 is cited as the first revelation concerning the struggle against the Meccans. The first forms of military jihad occurred after Muhammad's migration to Medina, when some inhabitants converted to Islam.

What Hebrew terms are associated with "holy war" in Judaism, and which historical revolts are cited as examples?

In Judaism, terms like *Milkhemet Mitzvah* (Commanded War) and *Herem* are associated with holy war. The Maccabean Revolt, the First Jewish-Roman War, and the Bar Kokhba revolt are cited as historical examples.

What distinction did Reuven Firestone make between the Hebrew Bible's concept of holy war and the Western concept?

Reuven Firestone distinguished that the "holy war" concept in the Hebrew Bible was fought to preserve religion and a unique people within a specific geography, not for conversion or without geographic limitation, unlike the Western concept.

What were the Sacred Wars in ancient Greece, and what was their primary cause?

The Sacred Wars were a series of conflicts fought in and around Delphi between 595 BCE and 280 BCE, primarily against individuals or states accused of sacrilegious acts against the god Apollo. The five recorded Sacred Wars occurred in different periods, including the First (595-585 BCE), Second (449-448 BCE), Third (356-346 BCE), Fourth (339-338 BCE), and Fifth (281-280 BCE).

What was King Clovis I's stated motivation for waging war against the Arian Visigoths?

King Clovis I of the Franks reportedly stated his strong desire to conquer the Arian Visigoths, who held territory in Gaul, saying, "I take it very hard that these Arians hold part of the Gauls. Let us go with God's help and conquer them and bring the land under our control."

How did Charlemagne's Saxon Wars differ from earlier Frankish-Saxon conflicts, according to Per Ullidtz?

Per Ullidtz noted that while earlier Frankish-Saxon conflicts were primarily border wars, Charlemagne's wars against the Saxons transformed into a "mission from heaven" due to his vision of unity and universal Christianity.

How does the *Encyclopædia Britannica* characterize the European wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries?

The *Encyclopædia Britannica* characterizes the European wars of religion as being fought primarily for "confessional security and political gain."

What was the Ethiopian–Adal War, and what was the primary objective of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?

The Ethiopian–Adal War (1529–1543) was a conflict between the Abyssinians and the Adal Sultanate, where Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi aimed to extinguish the Abyssinian realm and forcibly convert its population to Islam.

How was the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) characterized in its early phase, and what was the role of Archbishop Germanos of Patras?

The Greek War of Independence was sometimes considered a religious war between Christians and Muslims, particularly in its early stages. Archbishop Germanos of Patras is noted as a significant figure who initiated the rebellion, described as a champion of Hellenic liberty.

How is the Israeli-Palestinian conflict often framed, and what are the differing scholarly interpretations of its primary drivers?

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is often framed as a religious war between Jews and Muslims, particularly by extremists on both sides. However, scholars like Avi Shlaim and Ilan Pappé argue it is primarily a nationalist struggle driven by competing claims to land and sovereignty, while Benny Morris suggests it is as much a war of religion as a nationalist war.

What factors led to the formation of the All India Muslim League and the subsequent Partition of India?

The All India Muslim League was formed due to Muslim suspicion of the Hindu-majority Indian National Congress and perceived unequal rights. The British policy of "Divide and Rule" also played a role, culminating in the 1947 Partition of India into India and Pakistan, which resulted in significant displacement and loss of life.

What role has religion played in inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria?

Religion has often played a role in inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria, with riots against the Igbo people in the 1950s and 1960s reportedly sparked by religious conflict, and later clashes between Muslim herders and Christian farmers near Jos in 2010 resulting in hundreds of casualties.

What led to the Buddhist Uprising in South Vietnam in 1966?

The Buddhist Uprising in South Vietnam in 1966 was largely a result of discrimination against the majority Buddhist population by the Catholic minority government of Ngo Dinh Diem, which pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized Buddhists.

What were the primary causes of the Dungan Revolt and the Panthay Rebellion in China, and what were the inter-ethnic dynamics involved?

The Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) and the Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873) were primarily driven by racial antagonism and class warfare among the Hui people, rather than solely by Islam. Tensions also arose between Hui and Uyghur populations, exacerbated by government policies and historical massacres.

What were the main factors contributing to the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)?

The causes of the Lebanese Civil War are debated, but key factors included the militarization of Palestinian refugees and PLO forces, an arms race among Lebanese factions, and deep divisions along religious lines (Sunni Muslim, Christian, Shiite Muslim, and Druze). The Cold War and the aftermath of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War also played significant roles.

How did the Iranian and Iraqi governments frame the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)?

The Iranian revolutionary government generally described the Iran–Iraq War as a religious war, using the narrative of *jihad* to mobilize troops. In contrast, the Ba'athist Iraqi government framed its justifications around Persian-Arab historical enmity and Arab nationalism, alongside strategic goals like controlling the Shatt al-Arab waterway.

How have the Yugoslav Wars, specifically the Croatian and Bosnian Wars, been interpreted in terms of religious conflict?

The Yugoslav Wars have been interpreted by some as religious wars, pitting Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, and Muslim Bosniaks against each other, with traditional religious symbols being used during the conflicts. However, some scholars argue that while religion played a significant role as a motivating and integrating factor, the wars were primarily nationalistic or ethnic in nature.

What was the primary cause of the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)?

The Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) is described as an ethnoreligious conflict, primarily caused by the Muslim central government's efforts to impose Sharia law on the non-Muslim southern population, which ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan.

What historical period is associated with the Islamization of the Sudan region?

The Islamization of the Sudan region is associated with the period from the 10th to the 11th century.

What event is linked to the destruction of the Kingdom of Aksum in the 10th century?

The destruction of the Kingdom of Aksum in the 10th century is linked to the figure of Gudit.

When did the Muslim conquest of Egypt occur?

The Muslim conquest of Egypt occurred in the 7th century.

What was the Cristero War in Mexico, and during what period did it take place?

The Cristero War was a conflict in Mexico that occurred between 1926 and 1929, often characterized by religious and anti-clerical tensions.

What historical event is associated with the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532?

The Battle of Cajamarca in 1532 is associated with the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.

What historical period is associated with the Soga–Mononobe conflict in Japan?

The Soga–Mononobe conflict in Japan occurred in the 6th century CE.

What was the Yellow Turban Rebellion in China?

The Yellow Turban Rebellion was a peasant revolt in China that took place from approximately 184 to 205 CE, often associated with religious and social unrest.

What is the approximate timeframe for the Mughal–Sikh Wars?

The Mughal–Sikh Wars took place during the 17th and 18th centuries.

What historical event is referenced by the 2002 Gujarat riots?

The 2002 Gujarat riots refer to communal violence that occurred in India in that year.

When did the Iran–Iraq War take place?

The Iran–Iraq War occurred from 1980 to 1988.

What was the approximate timeframe of the Northern Crusades?

The Northern Crusades took place from the 12th to the 15th century.

What historical event is associated with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in the 4th century CE?

The Battle of the Milvian Bridge in the 4th century CE is associated with the Christianization of the Roman Empire, particularly with Emperor Constantine's vision and subsequent conversion.

What was the Amboise conspiracy, and in what century did it occur?

The Amboise conspiracy was a significant event in 16th century France, related to the Huguenot rebellions and religious tensions.

Religious War Wiki: Echoes of Faith: A Chronicle of Religious Conflict

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Defining Religious War

Core Definition

A religious war, or war of religion, sometimes termed a holy war (Latin: sanctum bellum), is a conflict primarily instigated or justified by divergences in religious beliefs and practices. The historical analysis of such conflicts is complex, often involving a confluence of religious, economic, ethnic, and political motivations.

Scholarly Debate

Scholars like Jeffrey Burton Russell suggest that conflicts labeled "religious" may often serve as a pretext for underlying secular power, ethnic, social, or economic objectives. Conversely, others argue that the classification of wars as strictly "religious" is a modern Western construct, often anachronistically applied to historical events that possessed significant secular ramifications.

Cultural Context

The very concept of "religion" and its distinct separation from other societal domains (like law, politics, or ethnicity) is a subject of ongoing academic discourse. The term's modern usage, particularly in cross-cultural contexts, can be challenging, as historical texts and societal structures did not always delineate these spheres as distinctly as contemporary Western frameworks might.

Religion's Role in Conflict

Isolating Factors

The precise applicability of religion as a primary driver of war is debated. Many conflicts exhibit multifaceted origins, where religious elements are intertwined with political succession, territorial disputes, or ethnic animosities. The difficulty in isolating religion as the sole or dominant cause complicates definitive categorization.

Just War Theory

The concept of a "just war" (bellum iustum) predates the formal notion of "holy war" (bellum sacrum) in Christian thought. While early Christian perspectives often viewed warfare with spiritual concern, the development of the Crusades marked a shift towards viewing combat as a penitential and spiritually meritorious act, authorized by religious authorities.

Historical Terminology

The term "religion" itself has evolved. In ancient languages and cultures, concepts analogous to "religion" were often conflated with "law" or "duty" (e.g., Sanskrit dharma, Arabic deen). This linguistic and conceptual nuance underscores the challenge in applying modern definitions of religious conflict retrospectively.

Frequency and Impact

Statistical Perspectives

Quantitative historical analyses suggest that wars primarily driven by religious motivations constitute a relatively small percentage of all recorded conflicts. Estimates vary, with some studies indicating around 7% of historical conflicts were fundamentally rooted in religious causes, while other factors like political and economic interests often play a more dominant role.

Shifting Motivations

Historically, particularly before the 17th century, religious justifications were frequently employed to legitimize warfare. However, with the rise of nation-states and secular political thought, conflicts increasingly became framed in terms of sovereign interests, even when religious identities were deeply involved.

Global Scope

Religious conflict is not confined to any single region or era. From ancient polytheistic societies to modern geopolitical struggles, the intersection of faith and conflict has manifested across diverse cultures and historical periods, often reflecting complex societal dynamics.

Conceptualizing Holy War

Ancient Traditions

In ancient polytheistic societies, warfare often had religious dimensions, with deities associated with conflict. However, the concept of "holy war" as a distinct, divinely sanctioned endeavor gained prominence with the development of monotheistic religions, where faith itself became a primary justification for armed struggle.

Christian Context

Early Christian thought, influenced by concepts of just war, generally viewed warfare with caution regarding the spiritual state of combatants. The Crusades, however, marked a significant development, with Pope Urban II elevating certain campaigns to the status of bellum sacrum, or holy war, emphasizing spiritual merit.

Islamic Context

In Islam, the concept of jihad, often translated as "struggle," has military connotations. Early Islamic texts, such as Quran 22:39-40, provide permission to fight back against oppression, framing such actions within a divine mandate for justice and the protection of religious communities.

Hindu Context

Hindu texts, particularly the epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, discuss Dharma-yuddha, or righteous war. This concept outlines protocols for conducting warfare justly, emphasizing ethical conduct and responsibility, though the precise definition and initiation of such wars remain subjects of interpretation.

Jewish Context

Within Rabbinic Judaism, the concept of Milkhemet Mitzvah (commanded war) appears in historical accounts of conflicts like the Maccabean Revolt and the Jewish-Roman Wars. These events are interpreted by some scholars as instances of religiously motivated warfare, aimed at preserving religious identity and a specific people within a defined geography.

Antiquity: Sacred Wars and Early Conflicts

Greco-Roman Warfare

In classical antiquity, conflicts such as the Sacred Wars in Greece, fought around Delphi, were often linked to sacrilegious acts against deities like Apollo. These wars highlight an early intersection of religious sites and political-military objectives.

Ancient Israel

Ancient Israelite society, as described in the Hebrew Bible, featured a pervasive concept of "holy war." Scholars note striking similarities in phraseology and ideology between Israelite war traditions and those of other ancient Near Eastern cultures, suggesting a shared conceptual framework for religiously sanctioned conflict.

Early Mesoamerica

In Mesoamerica, the Toltec Empire experienced internal conflicts between devotees of Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl, which can be characterized as religious wars, leading to the displacement of one group and the spread of their beliefs to other regions.

Middle Ages: Faith, Conquest, and Conversion

Christianization and Conquest

The Christianization of Europe involved numerous conflicts, such as the Saxon Wars under Charlemagne, which combined territorial expansion with the forced conversion of pagan populations. Similarly, the early Islamic conquests and subsequent interactions with other faiths often involved religious motivations alongside political and economic drivers.

The Crusades

The Crusades represent a prominent example of religiously motivated warfare, aimed at recapturing the Holy Land and supporting the Byzantine Empire. While religious fervor was a significant factor, socio-economic and political considerations also played crucial roles in shaping these campaigns.

Reconquista

The Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula, spanning centuries, involved a complex interplay of religious, political, and ethnic factors. Christian military orders, in particular, demonstrated a strong commitment to religious warfare, often engaging in conflict with Muslim populations.

East Asian Conflicts

In Japan, the introduction of Buddhism led to conflicts like the Soga–Mononobe conflict, where religious beliefs and political power struggles were deeply intertwined, influencing the adoption of state religions and societal structures.

Early Modern Period: Reformation and Statecraft

European Wars of Religion

The 16th and 17th centuries witnessed extensive religious conflicts across Europe, notably the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War. These wars, while often framed in confessional terms, were also driven by political ambitions and the consolidation of state power.

English Civil War

The English Civil War (1642–1651) is viewed by some historians as a religious conflict, with Puritan beliefs influencing Parliamentarian opposition to a perceived "Catholic" monarchy. The language of legal and constitutional defense often masked underlying religious motivations.

Horn of Africa

The Ethiopian–Adal War (1529–1543) was a significant military confrontation with strong religious dimensions, involving the forced conversion attempts by the Adal Sultanate and the intervention of European forces, ultimately exhausting both polities.

Modern Era: Nationalism, Ideology, and Faith

Greek Independence

The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) was characterized by a blend of nationalist and religious appeals. The rebellion's leadership, including religious figures, invoked both national liberation and a "holy war" narrative against Ottoman rule.

Partition of India

The partition of British India in 1947, leading to the creation of India and Pakistan, was deeply influenced by religious and ethnic identities. The ensuing conflict and displacement highlighted the potent role of religion in shaping national narratives and interstate relations.

Imperial Japan

During World War II, Imperial Japan utilized Shinto and Buddhist ideologies to legitimize its expansionism. The concept of "Hakkō ichiu" (eight corners of the world under one roof) framed the war as a sacred mission, fostering nationalistic fervor and sacrifice.

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

While primarily an ethnic and territorial conflict, the Israeli-Palestinian dispute is often imbued with religious significance by extremists on both sides. Competing historical, ethnic, and religious claims to the land fuel ongoing tensions and violence.

Nigerian Conflicts

Inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria frequently possess a religious dimension, with clashes between Muslim and Christian communities often exacerbated by political and economic grievances, leading to significant violence and displacement.

Yugoslav Wars

The Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s were characterized by intense ethnic and nationalistic conflicts, where religious identities (Orthodox Christianity, Catholicism, Islam) became significant markers of group affiliation and mobilization, often serving as a unifying factor for military action.

Sudanese Civil War

The Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) is often described as an ethnoreligious conflict, stemming from the central government's imposition of Sharia law on the non-Muslim south, ultimately leading to the secession of South Sudan.

Historical Timeline

Global Conflicts

Religious wars and conflicts with significant religious components have occurred across continents and throughout history. The provided timelines illustrate the temporal distribution and geographical spread of such events, from antiquity to contemporary conflicts.

Key conflicts in Africa with religious dimensions include the Islamization of the Sudan region, the Ethiopian–Adal War, and various modern insurgencies and civil wars in regions like Nigeria and the Sahel, often involving clashes between Islamic and Christian communities or internal sectarian strife.

Americas

In the Americas, conflicts such as the Utah War, the Cristero War in Mexico, and various inter-indigenous or colonial-religious conflicts highlight the role of faith in shaping historical events and societal structures.

Conflicts like the Utah War (Mormon conflict), the Cristero War (Catholic resistance against secularization), and various indigenous uprisings often had religious underpinnings, reflecting tensions between traditional beliefs, colonial powers, and imposed religious systems.

Asia

Asian history is replete with conflicts where religion played a significant role, including the Soga–Mononobe conflict in Japan, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, the Sikh-Mughal Wars, and modern conflicts in regions like Kashmir and Myanmar.

From ancient Buddhist-Hindu conflicts in India to the Sikh-Mughal Wars, the Taiping Rebellion, and modern insurgencies in Afghanistan and Myanmar, religious and ethnic identities have frequently been central to the outbreak and character of Asian conflicts.

Europe

Europe's history is marked by numerous religious wars, from the early Christianization conflicts and the Crusades to the devastating European Wars of Religion, including the Thirty Years' War, and later conflicts like the Irish Wars of the Three Kingdoms.

The continent's history is deeply marked by religious conflict, from the early pagan-Christian clashes and the Crusades to the Reformation-fueled European Wars of Religion, the English Civil War, and the complex ethno-religious dimensions of the Yugoslav Wars.

Related Concepts

Just War Theory

The philosophical and ethical framework that outlines conditions under which armed conflict is considered morally permissible, often intersecting with religious doctrines on warfare.

Religious Violence

A broader term encompassing acts of violence motivated by or attributed to religious beliefs, which may include terrorism, persecution, and sectarian strife.

War of Ideas

Conflicts driven by fundamental differences in ideologies, philosophies, or worldviews, where religion can be a significant component or manifestation of these broader ideological clashes.

Odium Theologicum

Intense animosity and hatred between individuals or groups holding differing theological views, which can sometimes escalate into broader societal or political conflict.

Scholarly Notes

Definitional Nuances

The classification of a war as "religious" is often contingent on the definition of "religion" itself and the methodology used to analyze historical causality. Scholars emphasize the need for careful consideration of multiple contributing factors beyond overt religious claims.

Language and Culture

The historical understanding and expression of religious concepts vary significantly across cultures and languages. Terms often translated as "religion" in modern contexts may have encompassed broader notions of law, custom, or societal order in their original usage.

Secular vs. Sacred

The distinction between secular and religious motivations in warfare is frequently blurred. Many conflicts labeled "religious" possess significant secular underpinnings, such as territorial control, political power, or ethnic identity, which are often intertwined with religious affiliation.

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References

Neil McMullin. Buddhism and the State in Sixteenth-Century Japan. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1984.

Jonathan Kirsch God Against The Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism, Penguin, 2005.

Tyerman, Christopher. The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, London, 2004. PP. 63.

William M. Watt: Muhammad at Medina, p.4; q.v. the Tafsir regarding these verses

Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia (1993â2002) s.v. "kruistochten". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

Guggenberger, Anthony, A General History of the Christian Era: The Papacy and the Empire, Vol.1, (B. Herder, 1913), 372.

Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia (1993â2002) s.v. "hussieten". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia (1993â2002) s.v. "Sigismund [Duitse Rijk]". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993â2002) s.v. "Japan. Â§5.2 De introductie van de vastelandsbeschaving". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993â2002) s.v. "Tolteken". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

See, for example, Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopians: A History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), pp. 96f and sources cited therein.

For example, David D. Laitin and Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987).

Velikonja, Mitja. "In hoc signo vinces: religious symbolism in the Balkan wars 1991â1995." International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 17.1 (2003): 25-40.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Religious war Wikipedia page

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This document has been generated by an AI, drawing upon publicly available academic and historical data. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and comprehensive coverage, the content is intended for educational and informational purposes only.

This is not professional historical or geopolitical analysis. The information provided should not be considered a substitute for rigorous academic research or consultation with subject matter experts. The interpretation and presentation of historical events can be complex and subject to ongoing scholarly debate.

The creators of this content are not responsible for any errors, omissions, or interpretations derived from the information presented herein. Users are encouraged to consult primary sources and scholarly literature for a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Echoes of Faith

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Defining Religious War ⚖️

📜 Core Definition

🤔 Scholarly Debate

🌐 Cultural Context

Religion's Role in Conflict 🔗

❓ Isolating Factors

⚖️ Just War Theory

📜 Historical Terminology

Frequency and Impact 📊

🔢 Statistical Perspectives

📈 Shifting Motivations

🌍 Global Scope

Conceptualizing Holy War 🕊️

🏛️ Ancient Traditions

✝️ Christian Context

☪️ Islamic Context

🕉️ Hindu Context

✡️ Jewish Context

Antiquity: Sacred Wars and Early Conflicts 🏺

🏛️ Greco-Roman Warfare

📜 Ancient Israel

⚔️ Early Mesoamerica

Middle Ages: Faith, Conquest, and Conversion 🏰

✝️➡️☪️ Christianization and Conquest

⚔️🛡️ The Crusades

🇪🇸 Reconquista

🏯 East Asian Conflicts

Early Modern Period: Reformation and Statecraft 👑

🇪🇺 European Wars of Religion

🇬🇧 English Civil War

🇪🇹 Horn of Africa

Modern Era: Nationalism, Ideology, and Faith 🌍

🇬🇷 Greek Independence

🇮🇳🇵🇰 Partition of India

🇯🇵 Imperial Japan

🇮🇱🇵🇸 Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

🇳🇬 Nigerian Conflicts

🇷🇸🇭🇷🇧🇦 Yugoslav Wars

🇸🇩 Sudanese Civil War

Historical Timeline 🕰️

🌍 Global Conflicts

🌎 Americas

🌏 Asia

🇪🇺 Europe

Related Concepts 🔗

⚖️ Just War Theory

🔥 Religious Violence

⚔️ War of Ideas

😠 Odium Theologicum

Scholarly Notes 📝

🤔 Definitional Nuances

🗣️ Language and Culture

⚖️ Secular vs. Sacred

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

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📜 References

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Defining Religious War

Core Definition

Scholarly Debate

Cultural Context

Religion's Role in Conflict

Isolating Factors

Just War Theory

Historical Terminology

Frequency and Impact

Statistical Perspectives

Shifting Motivations

Global Scope

Conceptualizing Holy War

Ancient Traditions

Christian Context

Islamic Context

Hindu Context

Jewish Context

Antiquity: Sacred Wars and Early Conflicts

Greco-Roman Warfare

Ancient Israel

Early Mesoamerica

Middle Ages: Faith, Conquest, and Conversion

Christianization and Conquest

The Crusades

Reconquista

East Asian Conflicts

Early Modern Period: Reformation and Statecraft

European Wars of Religion

English Civil War

Horn of Africa

Modern Era: Nationalism, Ideology, and Faith

Greek Independence

Partition of India

Imperial Japan

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Nigerian Conflicts

Yugoslav Wars

Sudanese Civil War

Historical Timeline

Global Conflicts

Americas

Asia

Europe

Related Concepts

Just War Theory

Religious Violence

War of Ideas

Odium Theologicum

Scholarly Notes

Definitional Nuances

Language and Culture

Secular vs. Sacred

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice