What are the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures?

The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures are a series of lectures, each focusing on a single topic, held annually at the Royal Institution in London since 1825. Their purpose is to present scientific subjects to a general audience, including young people, in an informative and entertaining manner.

Who conceived and initiated the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture series?

Michael Faraday conceived and initiated the Christmas Lecture series in 1825. This initiative was particularly significant at a time when organized education for young people was scarce.

When were the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures first held?

The Royal Institution's Christmas Lectures were first held in 1825.

Have the Christmas Lectures been held every year since their inception?

The lectures have continued on an annual basis since 1825, with the exception of four years during the Second World War.

Where are the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures typically hosted?

The lectures have been hosted each year at the Royal Institution itself, except in 1929 and between 2005 and 2006. These exceptions were due to refurbishment of the building on both occasions.

How many times did Michael Faraday host the Christmas Lecture season?

Michael Faraday, who created the lectures, later hosted the lecture season on nineteen occasions, demonstrating his significant involvement and dedication to the series.

Which Nobel laureates are mentioned as having given the Christmas Lectures?

The Nobel laureate Sir William Bragg gave the Christmas lectures on four occasions, and his co-laureate son Sir Lawrence Bragg gave them twice, highlighting the prestige of the lecturers involved.

Can you name some other notable lecturers who have presented the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures?

Other notable lecturers have included Desmond Morris (1964), Eric Laithwaite (1966 & 1974), Sir George Porter (1969 & 1976), Sir David Attenborough (1973), Heinz Wolff (1975), Carl Sagan (1977), Richard Dawkins (1991), Susan Greenfield (1994), Dame Nancy Rothwell (1998), Monica Grady (2003), Sue Hartley (2009), Alison Woollard (2013), Danielle George (2014), and Saiful Islam (2016).

Who was the first female scientist to present the Christmas Lectures?

In 1994, Professor Susan Greenfield became the first female scientist to present the Christmas Lectures, marking a significant milestone in the series' history.

Who was the first non-white science lecturer for the Christmas Lectures?

The first non-white science lecturer was Kevin Fong in 2015, contributing to the increasing diversity of presenters.

Who was the first black scientist to jointly present the Christmas Lecture series?

In August 2020, Professor Christopher Jackson was announced to jointly present the 2020 lecture series, thus becoming the first black scientist to do so.

What is the role of the RI's science demonstration technician in the Christmas Lectures?

The RI's science demonstration technician is responsible for designing and creating the props for the lectures. This is a crucial role that Michael Faraday himself previously held, emphasizing the practical and experimental nature of the lectures.

Who was a popular science demonstration technician during the advent of television for the lectures?

Bill Coates was a popular science demonstration technician, serving from 1948 to 1986, particularly with the advent of television broadcasts, which brought the lectures to a wider audience.

What is the typical timeline for the preparation of the Christmas Lectures by the technician?

The technician is informed of the general subject of the lectures during spring, but the specific details are not finalized until September, with the recordings typically made in mid-December, just before the holiday season.

How did the number of Christmas Lecture sessions change due to financial constraints?

By 2009, the lectures had expanded to a series of five sessions each year. However, in 2010, due to the Royal Institution being over £2 million in debt, the number of sessions was reduced from five to three as a cost-cutting measure.

When was the first preview of a Christmas Lecture televised, and who presented it?

A 15-minute preview of a Christmas Lecture by G. I. Taylor was the first to be televised in December 1936, on the BBC's fledgling Television Service, marking the beginning of their broadcast history.

Which television networks broadcast the Christmas Lectures in their entirety from 1966 to 2004?

Each series of the Christmas Lectures was broadcast in its entirety on BBC Two from 1966 to 1999 and on Channel 4 from 2000 to 2004, making them accessible to a national audience.

When was a Royal Institution Christmas Lecture first broadcast live?

In 2000, one of the Christmas Lectures was broadcast live for the first time, adding an element of immediacy to the scientific presentations.

What concerns arose regarding the broadcasting of the Christmas Lectures after Channel 4's contract ended?

Following the end of Channel 4's contract, there were concerns that the lectures might be dropped from scheduling. Channel 4 was negotiating potential changes to the format, while the BBC announced it would not show the lectures again, stating that the broadcasting environment had evolved.

Which channel agreed to broadcast the lectures from 2005 to 2008, and what was the reaction?

Channel Five subsequently agreed to show the lectures from 2005 to 2008, an announcement that was met with derision from academics, who perhaps felt it was not the ideal platform for the prestigious series.

When did the Christmas Lectures return to the BBC, and on which channel have they been shown since?

In 2010, the lectures returned to the BBC after a ten-year absence from the broadcaster and have been shown on BBC Four each year since then, restoring their connection with the public service broadcaster.

What appeal did the Royal Institution launch in January 2022 concerning past televised lectures?

In January 2022, the RI launched an appeal to trace copies of televised lectures that are missing from the BBC's archives. These include the complete series from 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, and 1971, as well as one episode of David Attenborough's 1973 lectures titled Simple Signs and Complicated Communications.

Who delivered the first Royal Institution Christmas Lecture in 1825 and on what topic?

John Millington delivered the first Christmas Lecture in 1825, on the topic of Experimental Philosophy, which encompassed various scientific fields including Dynamics, Mechanics, Pneumatics, Hydrostatics, Optics, Magnetism, Electricity, and Astronomy.

What was the subject of Michael Faraday's first Christmas Lecture in 1827?

Michael Faraday's first Christmas Lecture in 1827 was on Chemistry, a field in which he made significant contributions.

Which lecturer presented a series on The History, Architecture, Rites, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs &c. of the Ancient World in 1828?

George John Wood presented the series titled The History, Architecture, Rites, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs &c. of the Ancient World in 1828, offering a broad cultural and historical perspective.

What was the title of Michael Faraday's famous 1848 and 1860 Christmas Lecture series?

Michael Faraday's famous Christmas Lecture series in both 1848 and 1860 was titled The Chemical History of a Candle. This lecture explored the science behind a burning candle, illustrating fundamental principles of chemistry and physics in an accessible way.

Who lectured on Light in 1861 and Electricity at Rest and Electricity in Motion in 1863?

John Tyndall lectured on Light in 1861 and Electricity at Rest and Electricity in Motion in 1863, covering key concepts in physics related to energy and electromagnetism.

What topic did Edward Frankland cover in his 1862 and 1864 Christmas Lectures?

Edward Frankland lectured on Air and Water in 1862 and The Chemistry of a Coal in 1864, focusing on environmental and material chemistry.

Which lecturer presented A Soap Bubble in 1878 and Atoms in 1880?

James Dewar presented the Christmas Lectures titled A Soap Bubble in 1878 and Atoms in 1880, exploring the properties of matter at different scales.

What was the subject of Robert Stawell Ball's lectures in 1881 and 1887?

Robert Stawell Ball lectured on The Sun, the Moon and the Planets in 1881 and Astronomy in 1887, sharing insights into celestial mechanics and observational astronomy.

Who delivered the Life in Motion; or the Animal Machine lecture series in 1891?

John Gray McKendrick delivered the Life in Motion; or the Animal Machine lecture series in 1891, focusing on the mechanics and biology of animal movement, essentially the biomechanics of living organisms.

What was the topic of John Ambrose Fleming's 1894 and 1901 Christmas Lectures?

John Ambrose Fleming lectured on The Work of an Electric Current in 1894 and Waves and Ripples in Water, Air and Aether in 1901, covering fundamental aspects of electricity and wave phenomena.

Which lecturer presented Extinct Animals in 1903?

Edwin Ray Lankester presented the Christmas Lecture series titled Extinct Animals in 1903, exploring prehistoric life forms and the fossil record.

What was the theme of Arthur Keith's 1916 Christmas Lecture?

Arthur Keith's 1916 Christmas Lecture was titled The Human Machine Which All Must Work, likely discussing human anatomy and physiology in a mechanistic context.

Who presented The World of Sound in 1919 and Concerning the Nature of Things in 1923?

William Henry Bragg presented The World of Sound in 1919 and Concerning the Nature of Things in 1923, delving into acoustics and the fundamental composition of matter.

What was the subject of Francis Balfour-Browne's 1924 lecture series?

Francis Balfour-Browne's 1924 lecture series was titled Concerning the Habits of Insects, delving into the behavior and ecology of insects, a topic within entomology.

Which lecturer presented Nerves and Muscles: How We Feel and Move in 1926?

Archibald Vivian Hill presented the Christmas Lecture series Nerves and Muscles: How We Feel and Move in 1926, focusing on the biological mechanisms of sensation and movement, a key area of physiology.

What topic did Stephen Glanville cover in 1929, when the lectures were held outside the Royal Institution?

Stephen Glanville covered How Things Were Done in Ancient Egypt in 1929, a year when the lectures were held elsewhere due to building refurbishment, offering a historical and archaeological perspective.

Who delivered the Through Space and Time lectures in 1933?

James Hopwood Jeans delivered the Through Space and Time lectures in 1933, exploring concepts of the universe and its evolution, touching upon cosmology and astrophysics.

Which lecturer presented Ships in 1936, the year of the first televised preview?

Geoffrey Ingram Taylor presented the Ships lecture series in 1936, which notably included the first televised preview of a Christmas Lecture, showcasing the engineering and physics behind maritime vessels.

Who lectured on Rare Animals and the Disappearance of Wild Life in 1937?

Julian Huxley lectured on Rare Animals and the Disappearance of Wild Life in 1937, addressing conservation and biodiversity, topics that remain highly relevant today.

Who presented Wireless in 1945, after the hiatus during World War II?

Robert Watson-Watt presented Wireless in 1945, marking the return of the lectures after the Second World War and exploring the technology of radio communication.

What was the subject of Frederic Bartlett's 1948 Christmas Lecture?

Frederic Bartlett's 1948 Christmas Lecture was titled The Mind at Work and Play, exploring aspects of human cognition and psychology, including how we learn and interact.

Who delivered the How Animals Move series in 1951?

James Gray delivered the How Animals Move series in 1951, focusing on the biomechanics of animal locomotion, from microscopic organisms to larger creatures.

What was the topic of Frank Whittle's 1954 Christmas Lecture?

Frank Whittle's 1954 Christmas Lecture was titled The Story of Petroleum, discussing the origins and uses of this vital fossil fuel, from a chemical and geological perspective.

Which lecturers presented International Geophysical Year in 1958?

John Ashworth Ratcliffe, James M. Stagg, Robert L. F. Boyd, Graham Sutton, George E. R. Deacon, and Gordon de Quetteville Robin jointly presented the International Geophysical Year lectures in 1958, covering various aspects of Earth sciences and global phenomena.

What was the title of Desmond Morris's 1964 Christmas Lecture series?

Desmond Morris's 1964 Christmas Lecture series was titled Animal Behaviour, exploring the actions and interactions of animals, a field known as ethology.

Who presented The Engineer in Wonderland in 1966?

Eric Laithwaite presented The Engineer in Wonderland in 1966, using the whimsical theme of Alice in Wonderland to explore complex engineering concepts and principles.

What was the theme of Carl Sagan's 1977 Christmas Lectures?

Carl Sagan's 1977 Christmas Lectures were titled The Planets, covering topics such as the Earth as a planet, the outer solar system, and the history of Mars, inspiring curiosity about space.

Who presented The Truth about AI in 2023?

Michael Wooldridge presented The Truth about AI in 2023, discussing how to build intelligent machines, the role of AI in daily life, and contemplating the future of artificial intelligence as either a dream or a nightmare.

What was the title of the 2024 Christmas Lecture series and who is presenting it?

The 2024 Christmas Lecture series is titled The Truth About Food and is being presented by Chris van Tulleken. The individual lecture titles include From Tastebuds to Toilet, How Food Makes Us, and The Big Food Hack.

Illuminating Minds

The Enduring Legacy of the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures: A Journey Through Scientific Discovery and Public Engagement.

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Lecture Overview

A Venerable Tradition

The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures represent an esteemed series of scientific presentations, held annually at the Royal Institution in London since 1825. These lectures are meticulously crafted to elucidate complex scientific subjects for a broad audience, with a particular emphasis on engaging young people, all delivered in an accessible and captivating manner.

Faraday's Vision

The inception of this remarkable series is attributed to the visionary scientist Michael Faraday, who initiated the Christmas Lectures in 1825. This initiative emerged during an era when structured educational opportunities for the youth were considerably limited, underscoring Faraday's commitment to public scientific literacy. Many of these seminal lectures have subsequently been published, extending their reach and impact.

Educational Imperative

Each year, the lectures focus on a singular scientific topic, allowing for an in-depth exploration that is both informative and entertaining. This pedagogical approach has cemented the lectures' role as a cornerstone of science communication, inspiring generations to engage with the wonders of the natural world and the principles of scientific inquiry.

Historical Trajectory

Enduring Annual Event

The Royal Institution's Christmas Lectures have maintained an almost unbroken annual tradition since their debut in 1825. The only interruptions occurred during four years of the Second World War and briefly in 1929, 2005, and 2006 due to necessary refurbishments of the Royal Institution building itself. Michael Faraday, the series' founder, personally hosted the lectures on an impressive nineteen occasions, setting a precedent for future distinguished presenters.

Illustrious Lecturers

Over the centuries, the lectures have attracted a pantheon of scientific luminaries. Nobel laureates such as Sir William Bragg (four times) and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg (twice) have graced the podium. Other notable figures include the zoologist Desmond Morris (1964), the engineer Eric Laithwaite (1966 & 1974), the chemist Sir George Porter (1969 & 1976), the naturalist Sir David Attenborough (1973), the astrophysicist Carl Sagan (1977), the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins (1991), and many more contemporary scientists like Susan Greenfield (1994), Monica Grady (2003), and Saiful Islam (2016).

Pioneering Inclusivity

The lectures have also marked significant milestones in promoting diversity in science communication. In 1994, Professor Susan Greenfield became the first female scientist to deliver the Christmas Lectures. The series saw its first non-white science lecturer in Kevin Fong (2015), and in August 2020, Professor Christopher Jackson made history as the first Black scientist to co-present the lecture series, reflecting an evolving commitment to broader representation in scientific discourse.

The Technician's Craft

Behind the captivating demonstrations lies the crucial work of the Royal Institution's science demonstration technician, a role famously held by Faraday himself. This individual is responsible for designing and creating the elaborate props that bring the scientific concepts to life. A particularly popular technician, Bill Coates, served from 1948 to 1986, becoming a familiar face with the advent of television broadcasts. The planning for these demonstrations is a year-long process, with specifics finalized in September for mid-December recordings.

Evolving Format

By 2009, the lecture series had expanded to five sessions annually. However, in 2010, due to financial constraints and a debt exceeding £2 million, the Royal Institution made the decision to reduce the series to three sessions. This adjustment reflects the ongoing challenges and adaptations required to sustain such a long-standing and impactful educational program.

Broadcast Evolution

Early Televised Appearances

The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have a rich history of media engagement. A 15-minute preview of a lecture by G. I. Taylor in December 1936 marked the very first time a Christmas Lecture was televised, broadcast on the BBC's nascent Television Service. This early foray into broadcasting laid the groundwork for the lectures' future widespread reach.

Shifting Networks

Following occasional broadcasts in the decades after its television debut, the entire series found a consistent home on BBC Two from 1966 to 1999. It then moved to Channel 4 from 2000 to 2004, during which time, in 2000, one of the lectures was broadcast live for the first time. After a period of uncertainty and negotiations, the lectures were shown on Channel Five from 2005 to 2008, then More4 in 2009, before making a significant return to the BBC, specifically BBC Four, in 2010, where they have remained since.

Archival Efforts

In January 2022, the Royal Institution launched a public appeal to locate missing televised copies of past lectures from the BBC's archives. This initiative highlights the historical and cultural value placed on these broadcasts, aiming to complete the digital record of series from 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, and 1971, as well as a specific episode from David Attenborough's 1973 series, "The language of animals."

Chronicle of Lectures

Below is a comprehensive listing of the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, showcasing the breadth of scientific inquiry and the distinguished individuals who have shared their knowledge with generations of eager learners.

Year	Lecturer(s)	Title of Series
1825	John Millington	Experimental Philosophy, including Dynamics, Mechanics, Pneumatics, Hydrostatics, Optics, Magnetism, Electricity, and Astronomy.
1826	John Wallis	Astronomy
1827	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1828	George John Wood	The History, Architecture, Rites, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs &c. of the Ancient World
1829	Michael Faraday	Electricity
1830	Thomas Webster	Geology
1831	James Rennie	Zoology
1832	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1833	John Lindley	Botany
1834	William Thomas Brande	Chemistry
1835	Michael Faraday	Electricity
1836	William Thomas Brande	Chemistry of the Gases
1837	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1838	John Wallis	Astronomy
1839	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and the Ocean
1840	John Frederic Daniell	The First Principles of Franklinic Electricity
1841	Michael Faraday	The Rudiments of Chemistry
1842	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements
1843	Michael Faraday	First Principles of Electricity
1844	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of the Gases
1845	Michael Faraday	The Rudiments of Chemistry
1846	John Wallis	The Rudiments of Astronomy
1847	William Thomas Brande	The Elements of Organic Chemistry
1848	Michael Faraday	The Chemical History of a Candle
1849	Robert Walker	The Properties of Matter and the Laws of Motion
1850	William Thomas Brande	The Chemistry of Coal
1851	Michael Faraday	Attractive Forces
1852	Michael Faraday	Chemistry
1853	Michael Faraday	Voltaic Electricity
1854	Michael Faraday	The Chemistry of Combustion
1855	Michael Faraday	The Distinctive Properties of the Common Metals
1856	Michael Faraday	Attractive Forces
1857	Michael Faraday	Static Electricity
1858	Michael Faraday	The Metallic Properties
1859	Michael Faraday	The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to Each Other
1860	Michael Faraday	The Chemical History of a Candle
1861	John Tyndall	Light
1862	Edward Frankland	Air and Water
1863	John Tyndall	Electricity at Rest and Electricity in Motion
1864	Edward Frankland	The Chemistry of a Coal
1865	John Tyndall	Sound
1866	Edward Frankland	The Chemistry of Gases
1867	John Tyndall	Heat and Cold
1868	William Odling	The Chemical Changes of Carbon
1869	John Tyndall	Light
1870	William Odling	Burning and Unburning
1871	John Tyndall	Ice, Water, Vapour and Air
1872	William Odling	Air and Gas
1873	John Tyndall	The Motion and Sensation of Sound
1874	John Hall Gladstone	The Voltaic Battery
1875	John Tyndall	Experimental Electricity
1876	John Hall Gladstone	The Chemistry of Fire
1877	John Tyndall	Heat, Visible and Invisible
1878	James Dewar	A Soap Bubble
1879	John Tyndall	Water and Air
1880	James Dewar	Atoms
1881	Robert Stawell Ball	The Sun, the Moon and the Planets
1882	John Tyndall	Light and the Eye
1883	James Dewar	Alchemy in Relation to Modern Science
1884	John Tyndall	The Sources of Electricity
1885	James Dewar	The Story of a Meteorite
1886	James Dewar	The Chemistry of Light and Photography
1887	Robert Stawell Ball	Astronomy
1888	James Dewar	Clouds and Cloudland
1889	Arthur Rücker	Electricity
1890	James Dewar	Frost and Fire
1891	John Gray McKendrick	Life in Motion; or the Animal Machine
1892	Robert Stawell Ball	Astronomy
1893	James Dewar	Air: Gaseous and Liquid
1894	John Ambrose Fleming	The Work of an Electric Current
1895	John Gray McKendrick	Sound, Hearing and Speech
1896	Sylvanus Phillips Thompson	Light, Visible and Invisible
1897	Oliver Lodge	The Principles of the Electric Telegraph
1898	Robert Stawell Ball	Astronomy
1899	Charles Vernon Boys	Fluids in Motion and at Rest
1900	Robert Stawell Ball	Great Chapters from the Book of Nature
1901	John Ambrose Fleming	Waves and Ripples in Water, Air and Aether
1902	Henry Selby Hele-Shaw	Locomotion : On the Earth, Through the Water, in the Air
1903	Edwin Ray Lankester	Extinct Animals
1904	Henry Cunynghame	Ancient and Modern Methods of Measuring Time
1905	Herbert Hall Turner	Astronomy
1906	William Duddell	Signalling to a Distance
1907	David Gill	Astronomy, Old and New
1908	William Stirling	The Wheel of Life
1909	William Duddell	Modern Electricity
1910	Silvanus Phillips Thompson	Sound: Musical and Non-Musical
1911	Peter Chalmers Mitchell	The Childhood of Animals
1912	James Dewar	Christmas Lecture Epilogues
1913	Herbert Hall Turner	A Voyage in Space
1914	Charles Vernon Boys	Science in the Home
1915	Herbert Hall Turner	Wireless Messages from the Stars
1916	Arthur Keith	The Human Machine Which All Must Work
1917	John Ambrose Fleming	Our Useful Servants : Magnetism and Electricity
1918	D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson	The Fish of the Sea
1919	William Henry Bragg	The World of Sound
1920	John Arthur Thomson	The Haunts of Life
1921	John Ambrose Fleming	Electric Waves and Wireless Telephony
1922	Herbert Hall Turner	Six Steps Up the Ladder to the Stars
1923	William Henry Bragg	Concerning the Nature of Things
1924	Francis Balfour-Browne	Concerning the Habits of Insects
1925	William Henry Bragg	Old Trades and New Knowledge
1926	Archibald Vivian Hill	Nerves and Muscles: How We Feel and Move
1927	Edward Andrade	Engines
1928	Alexander Wood	Sound Waves and their Uses
1929	Stephen Glanville	How Things Were Done in Ancient Egypt
1930	Arthur Mannering Tyndall	The Electric Spark
1931	William Henry Bragg	The Universe of Light
1932	Alexander Oliver Rankine	The Round of the Waters
1933	James Hopwood Jeans	Through Space and Time
1934	William Lawrence Bragg	Electricity
1935	Charles Edward Kenneth Mees	Photography
1936	Geoffrey Ingram Taylor	Ships
1937	Julian Huxley	Rare Animals and the Disappearance of Wild Life
1938	James Kendall	Young Chemists and Great Discoveries
1939–1942	No lectures due to the Second World War
1943	Edward Andrade	Vibrations and Waves
1944	Harold Spencer Jones	Astronomy in our Daily Life
1945	Robert Watson-Watt	Wireless
1946	Hamilton Hartridge	Colours and How We See Them
1947	Eric Keightley Rideal	Chemical Reactions: How They Work
1948	Frederic Bartlett	The Mind at Work and Play
1949	Percy Dunsheath	The Electric Current
1950	Edward Andrade	Waves and Vibrations
1951	James Gray	How Animals Move
1952	Frank Sherwood Taylor	How Science Has Grown
1953	John Ashworth Ratcliffe	The Uses of Radio Waves
1954	Frank Whittle	The Story of Petroleum
1955	Harry W. Melville	Big Molecules
1956	Harry Baines	Photography
1957	Julian Huxley and James Fisher	Birds
1958	John Ashworth Ratcliffe, James M. Stagg, Robert L. F. Boyd, Graham Sutton, George E. R. Deacon, Gordon de Quetteville Robin	International Geophysical Year
1959	Thomas Allibone	The Release and Use of Atomic Energy
1960	Vernon Ellis Cosslett	Seeing the Very Small
1961	William Lawrence Bragg	Electricity
1962	R. E. D. (Richard Evelyn Donohue) Bishop	Vibration
1963	Ronald King	Energy
1964	Desmond Morris	Animal Behaviour
1965	Bernard Lovell, Francis Graham-Smith, Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish	Exploration of the Universe

Year	Lecturer(s)	Title of Series	Lecture Titles	Network
1966	Eric Laithwaite	The Engineer in Wonderland	1. The White Rabbit 2. Only the Grin was Left 3. The Caucus Race 4. Curiouser and Curiouser 5. If only I were the right size to do it 6. It's the Oldest Rule in the Book	BBC Two
1967	Richard L. Gregory	The Intelligent Eye	1. Ancient Eyes and Simple Brains 2. Learning to See Things 3. Playing with Illusions 4. How Illusions Play Games with Us 5. Human Eyes in Space 6. The Future-Machines that See?
1968	Philip Morrison	Gulliver's Laws: The Physics of Large and Small	1. The World of Captain Gulliver 2. Meat and Drink Sufficient... 3. A Prodigious Leap? 4. Lilliput and Brobdingnag since the Industrial Revolution 5. Dwarf and Giant Numbers 6. Beyond the Map
1969	George Porter	Time Machines	1. In the Beginning... 2. Clockwork Harmony 3. The Tick of the Atom 4. Big Time, Little Time 5. Faster, Faster 6. To the Ends of Time
1970	John Napier	Monkeys Without Tails: A Giraffe's Eye-view of Man	1. Man has a very short neck and no tail 2. Man comes in several different sizes and shapes 3. Fancy having to climb trees in order to eat 4. Man chooses a sensible place to live at last 5. Why choose to walk on two legs when it is much safer on four? 6. What's the idea of shooting at us?
1971	Charles Taylor	Sounds of Music: The Science of Tones and Tune	1. Making and Measuring the Waves 2. From Small Beginnings 3. Growing and Changing 4. Craftsmanship and Technology 5. On the Way to the Ear 6. The End of the Journey
1972	Geoffrey G. Gouriet	Ripples in the Ether: The Science of Radio Communication	1. How It All Began 2. Getting Rid of the Wires 3. The Sound of Broadcasting 4. Pictures With and Without Wires 5. But Electrons aren't Coloured! 6. Vision of the Future
1973	David Attenborough	The Language of Animals	1. Beware! 2. Be Mine 3. Parents and Children 4. Simple Signs and Complicated Communications (lost from archives ) 5. Foreign Languages 6. Animal Language, Human Language
1974	Eric Laithwaite	The Engineer Through the Looking Glass	1. Looking Glass House 2. Tweedledum and Tweedledee 3. Jam Yesterday, Jam Tomorrow 4. The Jabberwock 5. The Time has come the Walrus said 6. It's my own Invention
1975	Heinz Wolff	Signals from the Interior	1. You as an engine 2. Pumps pipes and flows 3. Spikes and waves 4. Probes, sondes and sounds 5. Looking through your skin 6. Signals from the mind
1976	George Porter	The Natural History of a Sunbeam	1. First Light 2. Light and Life 3. A Leaf from Nature 4. Candles from the Sun 5. Making Light Work 6. Survival Under the Sun
1977	Carl Sagan	The Planets	1. The Earth as a Planet 2. The Outer Solar System and Life 3. The History of Mars 4. Mars before Viking 5. Mars after Viking 6. Planetary Systems Beyond Our Sun
1978	Erik Christopher Zeeman	Mathematics into Pictures	1. Linking and Knotting 2. Numbers and Geometry 3. Infinity and Perspective 4. Games and Evolution 5. Waves and Music 6. Catastrophe and Psychology
1979	Eric M. Rogers	Atoms for Engineering Minds: A Circus of Experiments	1. Getting to Know Atoms 2. Molecules in Motion 3. Electrified Atoms 4. Atoms that Explode 5. Atoms and Energy 6. Seeing Atoms at Last
1980	David Chilton Phillips with Max Perutz in Lecture 5	The Chicken, the Egg and the Molecules	1. What are chickens made of? 2. Machine tools of life 3. Muscle power 4. Eggs, genes and proteins 5. Haemoglobin: the breathing molecule 6. Molecules at work
1981	Reginald Victor Jones	From Magna Carta to Microchip	1. Principles, Standards and Methods 2. The Measurement of Time 3. More and More About Less and Less 4. Onwards to the Stars 5. Measurement and Navigation in War 6. Some Impacts of Measurement on Life: And Can We Take it too Far?
1982	Colin Blakemore	Common Sense	1. Making Sense 2. The Sound of Silence 3. The Sixth Sense - and the Rest 4. Show Me the Way to Go Home 5. Vive la différence 6. Enchanted Loom
1983	Leonard Maunder	Machines in Motion	1. Driving Forces 2. Gathering Momentum 3. Vibration 4. Under Control 5. Fluids and Flight 6. Living Machines
1984	Walter Bodmer	The Message of the Genes	1. We're All Different 2. The Spice of Life 3. Genetic Engineering 4. Bodies and Antibodies 5. Normal Cells and Cancer Cells 6. When Will Pigs Have Wings?
1985	John David Pye	Communicating	1. No Man is an Island 2. Animal Talk 3. The Bionic Bat 4. The Pace of Technology 5. The Integrated Body 6. Computers
1986	Lewis Wolpert	Frankenstein's Quest: Development of Life	1. First Take an Egg... 2. The Medium and the Message 3. The Right Stuff 4. Genes and Flies 5. Chain of Command 6. Growing Up and Growing Old
1987	John Meurig Thomas and David Phillips	Crystals and Lasers	1. The Micro-world 2. The architecture of crystals 3. Crystal Miracles 4. Constructing a LASER 5. The Light Fantastic 6. Crystals, lasers and the human body
1988	Gareth Roberts	The Home of the Future	1. Appliance Science 2. Home, Safe Home 3. Electronics for Pleasure 4. Home, Smart Home 5. Mixers, Meters and Molecules
1989	Charles Taylor	Exploring Music	1. What Is Music? 2. The Essence of an Instrument 3. Science, Strings and Symphonies 4. Technology, Trumpets and Tunes 5. Scales, Synthesisers and Samplers
1990	Malcolm Longair	Origins	1. The Grand Design 2. The Birth of the Stars 3. The Origin of Quasars 4. The Origin of the Galaxies 5. The Origin of the Universe
1991	Richard Dawkins	Growing Up in the Universe	1. Waking Up in the Universe 2. Designed and Designoid Objects 3. Climbing Mount Improbable 4. The Ultraviolet Garden 5. The Genesis of Purpose
1992	Charles J. M. Stirling	Our World Through the Looking Glass	1. Man in the Mirror 2. Narwhals, Palindromes and Chesterfield Station 3. The Handed Molecule 4. Symmetry, Sensation and Sex 5. In the Hands of Giants
1993	Frank Close	The Cosmic Onion	1. A is for Atoms 2. To the Centre of the Sun 3. Invaders from Outer Space 4. Anti-Matter Matters 5. An Hour to Make the Universe
1994	Susan Greenfield	Journey to the Centre of the Brain	1. The Electric Ape 2. Through a Glass Darkly 3. Bubble Bubble Toil and Trouble 4. The Seven Ages of the Brain 5. The Mind's I
1995	James Jackson	Planet Earth, An Explorer's Guide	1. On the Edge of the World 2. Secrets of the Deep 3. Volcanoes: Melting the Earth 4. The Puzzle of the Continents 5. Waterworld
1996	Simon Conway Morris	The History in our Bones	1. Staring into the Abyss 2. The Fossils Come Alive 3. The Great Dyings: Life after Death 4. Innovations And Novelty 5. Feet on the Ground, Head in the Stars: The History of Man
1997	Ian Stewart	The Magical Maze	1. Sunflowers and Snowflakes 2. The Pattern of Tiny Feet 3. Outrageous Fortune 4. Chaos and Cauliflowers 5. Fearful Symmetry
1998	Nancy Rothwell	Staying Alive	1. Sense and Sensitivity 2. Fats and figures 3. Chilling out 4. Times of our lives 5. Pushing the limits
1999	Neil F. Johnson	Arrows of Time	1. Back to the Future 2. Catching the Waves 3. The Quantum Leap 4. Edge of Chaos 5. Shaping the Future
2000	Kevin Warwick	Rise of the Robots	1. Anatomy of an Android 2. Things That Think 3. Remote Robots 4. Bionic Bodies 5. I, Robot	Channel 4
2001	John Sulston	The Secrets of Life	1. What is life? 2. How do I grow? 3. What am I? 4. Can we fix it? 5. Future of life?
2002	Tony Ryan	Smart Stuff	1. The Spider that Spun a Suspension Bridge 2. The Trainer That Ran Over The World 3. The Phone that Shrank the Planet 4. The Plaster that Stretches Life 5. The Ice Cream that Will Freeze Granny
2003	Monica Grady	Voyage in Space and Time	1. Blast Off 2. Mission to Mars 3. Planet Patrol 4. Collision Course 5. Anybody Out There?
2004	Lloyd Peck	Antarctica	1. Ice People 2. Ice Life 3. Ice World
2005	John Krebs	The Truth About Food	1. The ape that cooks 2. Yuck or yummy? 3. You are what you eat 4. When food goes wrong 5. Food for the future	Channel Five
2006	Marcus du Sautoy	The Num8er My5teries	1. The curious incident of the never-ending numbers 2. The quest to predict the future 3. The story of the elusive shapes 4. The case of the uncrackable code 5. The secret of the winning streak
2007	Hugh Montgomery	Back from the Brink: The Science of Survival	1. Peak Performance 2. Completely Stuffed 3. Grilled and Chilled 4. Fight, Flight and Fright 5. Luck, Genes and Stupidity
2008	Christopher Bishop	Hi-tech Trek	1. Breaking the Speed Limit 2. Chips with Everything 3. The Ghost in the Machine 4. Untangling the Web 5. Digital Intelligence
2009	Sue Hartley	The 300-Million-Year War	1. Plant Wars 2. The Animals Strike Back 3. Talking Trees 4. Dangerous to Delicious 5. Weapons of the Future	More4
2010	Mark Miodownik	Size Matters	1. Why Elephants Can't Dance but Hamsters Can Skydive 2. Why Chocolate Melts and Jet Planes Don't 3. Why Mountains Are So Small	BBC Four
2011	Bruce Hood	Meet Your Brain	1. What's in your head? 2. Who's in charge here anyway? 3. Are you thinking what I'm thinking?
2012	Peter Wothers	The Modern Alchemist	1. Air: the elixir of life 2. Water: the fountain of youth 3. Earth: the philosopher's stone
2013	Alison Woollard	Life Fantastic	1. Where do I come from? 2. Am I a Mutant? 3. Could I live forever?
2014	Danielle George	Sparks will fly: How to Hack your Home	1. The light bulb moment 2. Making contact 3. A new revolution
2015	Kevin Fong	How to survive in space	1. Lift off! 2. Life in Orbit 3. The next frontier
2016	Saiful Islam	Supercharged: Fuelling the future	1. Let there be light! 2. People Power 3. Fully charged
2017	Sophie Scott	The Language of Life	1. Say it with Sound 2. Silent Messages 3. The Word
2018	Alice Roberts and Aoife McLysaght	Who am I?	1. Where Do I Come From? 2. What Makes Me Human? 3. What Makes Me, Me?
2019	Hannah Fry	Secrets and Lies: The Hidden Power of Maths	1. How to Get Lucky 2. How to Bend the Rules 3. How Can We All Win?
2020	Christopher Jackson, Helen Czerski, and Tara Shine	Planet Earth: A user's guide	1. Earth Engine 2. Water World 3. Up in the Air
2021	Jonathan Van-Tam	Going viral: How Covid changed science forever	1. The Invisible Enemy 2. The Perfect Storm 3. Fighting Back
2022	Sue Black	Secrets of Forensic Science	1. Dead Body 2. Missing Body 3. Living Body
2023	Michael Wooldridge	The Truth about AI	1. How to Build an Intelligent Machine 2. My AI Life 3. The Future of AI: Dream or Nightmare?
2024	Chris van Tulleken	The Truth About Food	1. From Tastebuds to Toilet 2. How Food Makes Us 3. The Big Food Hack

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References

[1], The Royal Institution, 2018-10-02

A full list of references for this article are available at the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures Wikipedia page

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🏛️ A Venerable Tradition

💡 Faraday's Vision

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Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Lecture Overview

A Venerable Tradition

Faraday's Vision

Educational Imperative

Historical Trajectory

Enduring Annual Event

Illustrious Lecturers

Pioneering Inclusivity

The Technician's Craft

Evolving Format

Broadcast Evolution

Early Televised Appearances

Shifting Networks

Archival Efforts

Chronicle of Lectures

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice