What is the full name and abbreviation of the specialized agency of the United Nations described in the article?

The specialized agency of the United Nations described in the article is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known by its abbreviation, UNESCO.

What is the primary mission of UNESCO as stated in its founding principles?

UNESCO's primary mission is to promote world peace and security by advancing international cooperation in education, arts, sciences, and culture. It aims to foster dialogue and understanding among nations to contribute to sustainable development and respect for human rights.

Where is UNESCO headquartered, and how many regional field offices does it operate?

UNESCO's headquarters are located in Paris, France. The organization also maintains 53 regional field offices across the globe to support its diverse activities.

What was UNESCO's predecessor organization, and when was UNESCO officially formed?

UNESCO was founded on November 16, 1945, as the successor to the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. Its constitution came into force on November 4, 1946, after the twentieth ratification by a member state.

How can UNESCO's mandate for international cooperation be traced back to the League of Nations?

UNESCO's mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution in 1921, which proposed studying the feasibility of nations freely sharing cultural, educational, and scientific achievements. This led to the creation of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC) in 1922.

What key declarations and conferences in the 1940s contributed to the idea and establishment of UNESCO?

Several key events in the 1940s contributed to UNESCO's establishment, including the Moscow Declaration (1943) which expressed the necessity for an international organization, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals (1944), and the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) in San Francisco (1945), which recommended convening a conference for an educational and cultural organization.

Who was Rab Butler, and what was his influence on the development of UNESCO?

Rab Butler was the United Kingdom's Minister of Education at the time of UNESCO's formation. He played a significant role in the development of the organization's constitution and founding ideas.

What significant work has UNESCO undertaken against racism, starting with statements in 1950?

UNESCO has actively worked against racism, beginning with a declaration by anthropologists and scientists in 1950, which was followed by the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice. These statements aimed to counter racial discrimination and promote understanding.

Describe UNESCO's early work in fundamental education, citing the example of the Marbial Valley project in Haiti.

UNESCO's early efforts in fundamental education included a pilot project in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, launched in 1947. This project aimed to improve basic education and literacy, demonstrating UNESCO's commitment to educational development in various regions.

What convention, adopted in 1972, led to the establishment of the World Heritage Committee and the first World Heritage List inclusions in 1978?

The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in 1972, was a landmark achievement. This convention led to the establishment of the World Heritage Committee and the subsequent inscription of the first sites onto the World Heritage List in 1978.

How did UNESCO contribute to the creation of CERN in 1954?

UNESCO played a role in the creation of CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) by organizing an intergovernmental meeting in Paris in December 1951. This meeting led to the establishment of the European Council for Nuclear Research, which was responsible for the later formation of CERN.

What was the significance of the 1968 intergovernmental conference organized by UNESCO regarding the environment and development?

The 1968 intergovernmental conference organized by UNESCO was the first of its kind focused on reconciling the environment and development. Its main outcome was the creation of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme, addressing issues of sustainable development.

What was the "New World Information and Communication Order" initiative, and what role did UNESCO play in it?

The "New World Information and Communication Order" was an initiative from the late 1970s that called for a more equitable global flow of information and communication. UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems, which produced the MacBride report, to address these issues.

What is World Press Freedom Day, and how did UNESCO contribute to its establishment?

World Press Freedom Day is observed annually on May 3rd to promote freedom of expression and press freedom. UNESCO's endorsement of the Windhoek Declaration in 1993, which advocated for media independence and pluralism, led the UN General Assembly to designate this date.

What was the impact of Palestine's admission to UNESCO in 2011 on the United States' and Israel's relationship with the organization?

Palestine's admission as a member state in 2011 led to the United States withdrawing its funding due to laws preventing financial contributions to UN organizations accepting Palestine. Israel also froze payments and imposed sanctions, stating the admittance would be detrimental to peace talks.

How does UNESCO support comparative education and strengthen national educational leadership?

UNESCO supports comparative education by providing expertise, fostering partnerships, and strengthening national educational leadership. It also operates the UNESCO Chairs program, an international network of academic institutions.

What is the Seville Statement on Violence, and what notion does it refute?

The Seville Statement on Violence, adopted by UNESCO in 1989, refutes the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organized violence. It asserts that violence is a learned behavior, not an innate human characteristic.

Name three types of projects or places designated by UNESCO for their cultural and scientific significance.

UNESCO designates various projects and places for their cultural and scientific significance, including Global Geoparks, Biosphere Reserves through the Man and the Biosphere Programme, and cities designated as Cities of Literature.

How does UNESCO promote freedom of expression and freedom of the press?

UNESCO promotes freedom of expression and freedom of the press through initiatives like the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), advocating for freedom of information legislation, and promoting the safety of journalists.

What is the purpose of the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World?

The International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World (2001-2010) aimed to foster global understanding and peaceful coexistence, particularly among younger generations.

What is the purpose of the UNESCO-CEPES, established in Bucharest, Romania?

UNESCO-CEPES, the European Centre for Higher Education, was established in Bucharest, Romania, in 1972 to promote international cooperation in higher education within Europe and with other participating countries.

What is the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works?

The UNESCO Collection of Representative Works was a program that ran from 1948 to 2005, focused on translating works of world literature into and from multiple languages, aiming to promote cultural diversity and understanding.

What are the two new UNESCO lists that have been proposed?

Two new UNESCO lists have been proposed: one focusing on movable cultural heritage, such as artifacts and paintings, and another focusing on the world's living species.

What is the mission of *The UNESCO Courier* magazine?

The mission of *The UNESCO Courier* magazine is to promote UNESCO's ideals, serve as a platform for dialogue between cultures, and provide a forum for international debate on significant global issues.

How many international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have official relations with UNESCO?

UNESCO maintains official relations with 322 international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), classifying them as either 'operational' or 'formal' affiliations.

What is the purpose of the UNESCO Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE)?

The UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, located in Delft, Netherlands, is dedicated to postgraduate education, training, and research in water, sanitation, and related fields, contributing to sustainable water management.

How many prizes does UNESCO award across its various fields of competence?

UNESCO awards a total of 26 prizes across its fields of competence, which include education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information, and peace.

Name two UNESCO prizes related to literacy.

Two UNESCO prizes related to literacy are the UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize and the UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy.

What is the L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science?

The L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science recognize and celebrate the achievements of women in scientific research, promoting gender equality in the field of science.

What is the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize awarded for?

The Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize is awarded by UNESCO to individuals, organizations, or institutions that have made a significant contribution to promoting, seeking, realizing, or maintaining peace.

How many member states and associate members did UNESCO have as of July 2023?

As of July 2023, UNESCO had 194 member states and 12 associate members.

Which UN member states are explicitly mentioned as *not* being UNESCO state parties, alongside Liechtenstein?

Besides Liechtenstein, the United Nations member states explicitly mentioned as not being UNESCO state parties are Israel.

What is the total number of Directors-General UNESCO has had since its inception, and how many are women?

Since its inception in 1946, UNESCO has had 11 Directors-General, comprising nine men and two women.

Who is the current Director-General of UNESCO, and from which country are they?

The current Director-General of UNESCO, as of June 2023, is Audrey Azoulay, who hails from France.

How often does the UNESCO General Conference meet, and what are its primary functions?

The UNESCO General Conference meets biannually to set the agency's programs and budget. It also elects members of the executive board and appoints the Director-General.

What is the UNESCO headquarters located in Paris, and who were some of the architects involved in its construction?

The UNESCO headquarters is located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris, France. Architects Bernard Zehrfuss, Marcel Breuer, and Luigi Nervi collaborated on its construction.

What are the four primary types of UNESCO field offices categorized by function and geographic coverage?

UNESCO field offices are categorized into four primary types: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaus, and liaison offices, each serving specific functions and geographic areas.

Which UNESCO field office serves as the Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and also as a Cluster Office for several West African nations?

The UNESCO office in Dakar, Senegal, serves as the Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and also functions as a Cluster Office for Cape Verde, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal.

What was the nature of the controversy surrounding a UNESCO resolution on East Jerusalem in October 2016, particularly concerning the naming of the holy site?

The controversy arose when a UNESCO resolution on East Jerusalem referred to the sacred hilltop compound solely by its Muslim name, "Al-Haram al-Sharif," omitting the Jewish names "Temple Mount" or "Har HaBayit." This omission was criticized by Israel as denying Jewish ties to the site.

What specific action did Israel take in response to the UNESCO resolution on the Cave of the Patriarchs and Rachel's Tomb?

In response to a UNESCO executive board vote in October 2010 that declared the Cave of the Patriarchs and Rachel's Tomb as part of the "occupied Palestinian Territories," Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO and froze payments.

What was the controversy surrounding a UNESCO advertising campaign intended to highlight international trafficking in looted artifacts?

A UNESCO advertising campaign had to be withdrawn because it falsely presented museum-owned artworks with known provenances as recently looted items, misrepresenting their origins and acquisition history.

What are CDS/ISIS and OpenIDAMS, and how does UNESCO support them?

CDS/ISIS is a generalized information storage and retrieval system, while OpenIDAMS is a software package for processing and analyzing numerical data. UNESCO develops, maintains, and disseminates both packages free of charge.

What were the primary reasons cited by the United States for its withdrawal from UNESCO in 1984?

The United States withdrew from UNESCO in 1984 citing the organization's "highly politicized" nature, perceived "hostility toward the basic institutions of a free society," unrestrained budgetary expansion, and poor management under its Director-General at the time.

What led to the United States and Israel announcing their withdrawal from UNESCO in October 2017?

In October 2017, the United States and Israel announced their withdrawal from UNESCO, citing mounting arrears, the need for fundamental reform within the organization, and continuing "anti-Israel bias" as key reasons.

What is the significance of the "New World Information and Communication Order" initiative?

The "New World Information and Communication Order" initiative aimed to democratize media and create a more equitable access to information globally, addressing perceived imbalances in international communication flows.

What is the purpose of the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme?

The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme aims to preserve and promote access to the world's documentary heritage, safeguarding significant collections and archives for future generations.

Unesco Wiki: UNESCO: Architecting Global Understanding

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About UNESCO

Mission and Mandate

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). Its core mission is to promote world peace and security by advancing international cooperation in education, the sciences, culture, and communication. It seeks to build bridges between nations and foster mutual understanding through these vital domains.

Global Reach

UNESCO boasts a significant global presence, comprising 194 member states and 12 associate members. It maintains 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions, facilitating its work across diverse cultural and political landscapes. This extensive network enables UNESCO to engage with partners across governmental, non-governmental, and private sectors.

Headquarters and Structure

Headquartered in Paris, France, UNESCO operates under a structured framework. The Director-General serves as the chief administrator, appointed every four years. The General Conference, composed of member states, convenes biannually to set programs and budgets, while the Executive Board manages the organization's operations.

Historical Context

Origins and Foundation

UNESCO's roots trace back to the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), established in 1922. However, the impetus for its modern form arose from the devastation of World War II. The Moscow Declaration (1943) and subsequent conferences solidified the need for an international body to foster peace through collaboration. The Constitution was signed in London on November 1, 1945, and UNESCO officially came into existence on November 16, 1945.

Post-War Mandate

Shaped by the experiences of WWII, UNESCO's founding mission centered on advancing peace, sustainable development, and human rights. It aimed to prevent future conflicts by building intellectual and moral solidarity among peoples. This guiding principle informs its activities across its five core program areas: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication and information.

Key Milestones

Throughout its history, UNESCO has championed significant initiatives. Notable achievements include influential statements on race (starting in 1950), the landmark Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), and the establishment of the Man and the Biosphere Programme (1968). It has also played a crucial role in promoting media freedom and supporting educational development globally.

Core Activities

Education

UNESCO leads global efforts to improve education quality and accessibility. It supports research in comparative education, fosters partnerships, and strengthens national educational systems. Initiatives include the UNESCO Chairs network, the ASPNet schools network, and the publication of influential reports like the Education for All Global Monitoring Report.

Sciences

In natural and social sciences, UNESCO promotes scientific research, knowledge sharing, and international cooperation. It focuses on areas like water resource management (International Hydrological Programme), biosphere reserve management, and fostering scientific capacity building, particularly in developing regions.

Culture

UNESCO is renowned for its work in safeguarding cultural heritage. It spearheads initiatives like the World Heritage List, the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, and the Memory of the World Programme. These efforts aim to protect and promote the world's diverse cultural expressions and historical legacies.

Communication & Information

UNESCO champions freedom of expression, press freedom, and access to information. It supports media development, promotes journalist safety, and advocates for internet universality principles (human rights-based, open, accessible, multi-stakeholder). It also works to preserve linguistic diversity and endangered languages.

Specialized Institutes

UNESCO operates a network of specialized institutes and centers that provide crucial support for its programs worldwide. These entities focus on specific areas of expertise, contributing to UNESCO's global objectives.

Education Institutes

Several institutes focus on education: The International Bureau of Education (IBE) in Geneva, the Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL) in Hamburg, the International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) with offices in Paris, Buenos Aires, and Dakar, the Institute for Information Technologies in Education (IITE) in Moscow, the International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa (IICBA) in Addis Ababa, the International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC) in Caracas, the Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP) in New Delhi, and the UNESCO-UNEVOC Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Bonn.

Science & Water Institutes

Key scientific institutes include the International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change in Koblenz, the IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education in Delft, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) in Montreal.

Awards and Recognition

UNESCO bestows numerous prizes across its fields of competence, recognizing outstanding contributions to education, science, culture, communication, and peace.

Education Prizes

Notable education awards include the King Sejong Literacy Prize, the Confucius Prize for Literacy, the Prize on Education for Sustainable Development (supported by Japan), the Prize for Girls' and Women's Education, the Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Teacher Effectiveness, and the King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize for using ICTs in Education.

Science Prizes

In the sciences, UNESCO recognizes excellence through the L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science, the Kalinga Prize for Popularization of Science, the Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences, the Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology, the Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation, the Mendeleev International Prize in Basic Sciences, and the Al Fozan Prize for Young Scientists.

Social, Cultural & Peace Prizes

The organization also awards the Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science, the Juan Bosch Prize for Social Science Research, the Madanjeet Singh Prize for Tolerance and Non-Violence, the Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture, the International José Martí Prize, the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, and the Melina Mercouri Prize for Cultural Landscapes.

Communication Prizes

In communication and information, the prestigious UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize is awarded annually. Other awards include the Jikji Memory of the World Prize and prizes related to quality education for persons with intellectual disabilities.

Membership Overview

Member States and Associates

UNESCO currently comprises 194 member states and 12 associate members. Membership includes most UN member states, with notable exceptions like Israel and Liechtenstein (though the US has had a complex membership history). Cook Islands, Niue, and Palestine are also members. Membership status can evolve, reflecting geopolitical dynamics.

Membership Changes

The organization has experienced shifts in membership over time. For instance, South Africa withdrew in 1955 but rejoined in 1994. The United States withdrew in 1984, rejoined in 2003, left again in 2018, and rejoined in 2023, only to announce another withdrawal effective December 2026. Israel departed in 2019. Nicaragua announced its withdrawal effective December 2026.

Leadership History

UNESCO has been led by eleven Directors-General since its inception. The leadership has primarily come from Western Europe, but also from Central America, North America, West Africa, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Notably, two women have held the position.

Directors-General Table

The following table details the Directors-General of UNESCO, their country of origin, and their term of service.

Directors-General of UNESCO
Order	Name	Country	Term
1st	Julian Huxley	United Kingdom	1946–1948
2nd	Jaime Torres Bodet	Mexico	1948–1952
–	John Wilkinson Taylor (acting)	United States	1952–1953
3rd	Luther Evans	United States	1953–1958
4th	Vittorino Veronese	Italy	1958–1961
5th	René Maheu	France	acting 1961; 1961–1974
6th	Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow	Senegal	1974–1987
7th	Federico Mayor Zaragoza	Spain	1987–1999
8th	Koïchiro Matsuura	Japan	1999–2009
9th	Irina Bokova	Bulgaria	2009–2017
10th	Audrey Azoulay	France	2017–Present

General Conference Sessions

The General Conference is UNESCO's supreme decision-making body. It meets every two years to review the organization's work, approve the program and budget, and elect members of the Executive Board.

Conference History

The first session was held in Paris in 1946. Subsequent sessions have taken place globally, reflecting UNESCO's international scope. The table below lists the location, year, chairperson, and their country for each session.

General Conference Sessions
Session	Location	Year	Chaired by	Country
1st	Paris	1946	Léon Blum	France
2nd	Mexico City	1947	Manuel Gual Vidal	Mexico
3rd	Beirut	1948	Hamid Bey Frangie	Lebanon
1st extraordinary	Paris	1948
4th	Paris	1949	Edward Ronald Walker	Australia
5th	Florence	1950	Stefano Jacini	Italy
6th	Paris	1951	Howland H. Sargeant	United States
7th	Paris	1952	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	India
2nd extraordinary	Paris	1953
8th	Montevideo	1954	Justino Zavala Muniz	Uruguay
9th	New Delhi	1956	Abul Kalam Azad	India
10th	Paris	1958	Jean Berthoin	France
11th	Paris	1960	Akale-Work Abte-Wold	Ethiopia
12th	Paris	1962	Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro	Brazil
13th	Paris	1964	Norair Sisakian	Soviet Union
14th	Paris	1966	Bedrettin Tuncel	Turkey
15th	Paris	1968	William Eteki Mboumoua	Cameroon
16th	Paris	1970	Atilio Dell'Oro Maini	Argentina
17th	Paris	1972	Toru Haguiwara	Japan
3rd extraordinary	Paris	1973
18th	Paris	1974	Magda Jóbóru	Hungary
19th	Nairobi	1976	Taaita Toweett	Kenya
20th	Paris	1978	Napoléon LeBlanc	Canada
21st	Belgrade	1980	Ivo Margan	Yugoslavia
4th extraordinary	Paris	1982
22nd	Paris	1983	Saïd Tell	Jordan
23rd	Sofia	1985	Nikolai Todorov	Bulgaria
24th	Paris	1987	Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez	Guatemala
25th	Paris	1989	Anwar Ibrahim	Malaysia
26th	Paris	1991	Bethwell Allan Ogot	Kenya
27th	Paris	1993	Ahmed Saleh Sayyad	Yemen
28th	Paris	1995	Torben Krogh	Denmark
29th	Paris	1997	Eduardo Portella	Brazil
30th	Paris	1999	Jaroslava Moserová	Czech Republic
31st	Paris	2001	Ahmad Jalali	Iran
32nd	Paris	2003	Michael Omolewa	Nigeria
33rd	Paris	2005	Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan	Oman
34th	Paris	2007	Georgios Anastassopoulos	Greece
35th	Paris	2009	Davidson Hepburn	Bahamas
36th	Paris	2011	Katalin Bogyay	Hungary
37th	Paris	2013	Hao Ping	China
38th	Paris	2015	Stanley Mutumba Simataa	Namibia
39th	Paris	2017	Zohour Alaoui	Morocco
40th	Paris	2019	Ahmet Altay Cengizer	Turkey
41st	Paris	2021	Santiago Irazabal Mourão	Brazil
42nd	Paris	2023	Simona Miculescu	Romania

Executive Board Representation

The Executive Board comprises 58 representatives elected by the General Conference for four-year terms. Representation is allocated across six geographical groups, ensuring broad regional participation.

Board Membership

The board's composition reflects UNESCO's global membership. The current term (2021-2025) includes representatives from various nations across different regions, demonstrating the organization's commitment to diverse perspectives in its governance.

Term	Group I (9 seats)	Group II (7 seats)	Group III (10 seats)	Group IV (12 seats)	Group V(a) (13 seats)	Group V(b) (7 seats)
2017–2021	Finland, Portugal, Turkey	Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria	Cuba, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela	Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines	Burundi, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Zambia, Zimbabwe	Egypt, Jordan, Morocco
2021–2025	Austria, Iceland, Turkey	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lithuania	Chile, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Uruguay	Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Philippines, Pakistan, South Korea, Thailand	Benin, Congo, Guinea, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Senegal, Togo	Saudi Arabia, UAE, Tunisia

Commemorative Days

UNESCO observes numerous international days, highlighting critical global issues and promoting its core values. These observances serve to raise awareness and encourage international action.

Key Observances

Examples include International Day of Education (Jan 24), International Day of Women and Girls in Science (Feb 11), World Radio Day (Feb 13), International Mother Language Day (Feb 21), World Engineering Day (Mar 4), International Women's Day (Mar 8), World Art Day (Apr 15), World Book and Copyright Day (Apr 23), World Press Freedom Day (May 3), World Day for Cultural Diversity (May 21), International Day of Peace (Sep 21), and International Day for Tolerance (Nov 16).

Date	Name
14 January	World Logic Day
24 January	World Day for African and Afrodescendant Culture
24 January	International Day of Education
25 January	International Day of Women in Multilateralism
27 January	International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust
11 February	International Day of Women and Girls in Science
13 February	World Radio Day
21 February	International Mother Language Day
4 March	UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development
8 March	International Women's Day
14 March	International Day of Mathematics
20 March	International Francophonie Day
21 March	International Day of Nowruz
21 March	World Poetry Day
21 March	International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
22 March	World Water Day
5 April	International Day of Conscience
6 April	International Day of Sport for Development and Peace
15 April	World Art Day
23 April	World Book and Copyright Day
30 April	International Jazz Day
3 May	World Press Freedom Day
5 May	African World Heritage Day
5 May	World Portuguese Language Day
16 May	International Day of Light
21 May	World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
22 May	International Day for Biological Diversity
5 June	World Environment Day
8 June	World Oceans Day
17 June	World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
7 July	Kiswahili Language Day
18 July	Nelson Mandela International Day
26 July	International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem
9 August	International Day of the World's Indigenous People
12 August	International Youth Day
23 August	International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
8 September	International Literacy Day
9 September	International Day to Protect Education from Attack
15 September	International Day of Democracy
20 September	International Day for University Sport
21 September	International Day of Peace
28 September	International Day for the Universal Access to Information
5 October	World Teachers' Day
6 October	International Geodiversity Day
11 October	International Day of the Girl Child
13 October	International Day for Disaster Reduction
17 October	International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
24 October	United Nations Day
27 October	World Day for Audiovisual Heritage
2 November	International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists
3 November	International Day for Biosphere Reserves
First Thursday of November	International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying
5 November	World Day of Romani Language
5 November	World Tsunami Awareness Day
10 November	World Science Day for Peace and Development
14 November	International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property
Third Thursday of November	World Philosophy Day
16 November	International Day for Tolerance
18 November	International Day of Islamic Art
25 November	International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
26 November	World Olive Tree Day
29 November	International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
1 December	World AIDS Day
2 December	World Futures Day
3 December	International Day of Persons with Disabilities
10 December	Human Rights Day
18 December	International Migrants Day
18 December	World Arabic Language Day

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References

Peccia, Tiziano, Rasha Kelej, Ahmed Hamdy, and Ahmed Fahmi. "A reflection on Public-Private Partnershipsâ contribution to the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals.", Scienza e Pace - UniversitÃ di Pisa, 8.1 (2017): Research Papers.

Hamdy, Ahmed, Mohammed Kyari, Marie Johnson, Ahmed Fahmi, and Tiziano Peccia. "Towards Women participation in Scientific Research in Africa." Published by African Union Scientific, Technical and Research Commission (AU-STRC).

A full list of references for this article are available at the UNESCO Wikipedia page

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Important Disclaimer

Educational Context

This content has been generated by an AI model for educational purposes, drawing information from publicly available sources, primarily Wikipedia. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and adherence to the source material, the information may not be exhaustive, entirely up-to-date, or free from interpretation.

This is not official guidance. The information presented here should not substitute consultation with official UNESCO documentation or expert advice. UNESCO's mandate and activities are complex and constantly evolving.

The creators of this page are not liable for any inaccuracies, omissions, or actions taken based on the information provided. Users are encouraged to consult primary sources for definitive information.

UNESCO: Architecting Global Understanding

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

About UNESCO ℹ️

🌐 Mission and Mandate

🌍 Global Reach

🏛️ Headquarters and Structure

Historical Context ⏳

📜 Origins and Foundation

🕊️ Post-War Mandate

🌟 Key Milestones

Core Activities 🛠️

🎓 Education

🔬 Sciences

🎨 Culture

💬 Communication & Information

Specialized Institutes 🏫

📚 Education Institutes

💧 Science & Water Institutes

Awards and Recognition 🏆

📖 Education Prizes

💡 Science Prizes

🤝 Social, Cultural & Peace Prizes

📰 Communication Prizes

Membership Overview 👥

🗺️ Member States and Associates

⚖️ Membership Changes

Leadership History 🧑‍🏫

📅 Directors-General Table

General Conference Sessions 🗓️

📋 Conference History

Executive Board Representation ⚖️

🌍 Board Membership

Commemorative Days 🗓️

📅 Key Observances

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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References

📜 References

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📜 Educational Context

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About UNESCO

Mission and Mandate

Global Reach

Headquarters and Structure

Historical Context

Origins and Foundation

Post-War Mandate

Key Milestones

Core Activities

Education

Sciences

Culture

Communication & Information

Specialized Institutes

Education Institutes

Science & Water Institutes

Awards and Recognition

Education Prizes

Science Prizes

Social, Cultural & Peace Prizes

Communication Prizes

Membership Overview

Member States and Associates

Membership Changes

Leadership History

Directors-General Table

General Conference Sessions

Conference History

Executive Board Representation

Board Membership

Commemorative Days

Key Observances

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

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Gamer's Corner

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References

Feedback & Support

Important Disclaimer

Educational Context