What is the State Duma and what is its role within the Russian government structure?

The State Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia. The Federal Assembly is the bicameral parliament of the Russian Federation, with the Federation Council serving as its upper house. The State Duma was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993.

Where are the headquarters of the State Duma located?

The State Duma is headquartered in central Moscow, situated near Manege Square. The building itself is known as the State Duma building.

What legislative body did the State Duma replace, and what event led to this change?

The State Duma replaced the Supreme Soviet of Russia. This change occurred as a result of the new constitution introduced by Boris Yeltsin following the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, which was subsequently approved in a nationwide referendum.

How has the electoral system for the State Duma changed over time, specifically regarding party-list proportional representation?

In the 2007 and 2011 Russian legislative elections, a full party-list proportional representation system with a 7% electoral threshold was utilized. However, this system was later repealed. The electoral system has generally been a mixed system of parallel voting, with a return to this system in February 2014 after a period of pure party-list proportional representation with a higher threshold.

What has been the evolution of the term length for the State Duma deputies?

The term length for State Duma deputies has varied. It was initially two years for the 1993-1995 elections. For the 1999-2007 elections, the term was four years. Since the 2011 elections, the term length has been set at five years, a change implemented after constitutional amendments in 2008.

What historical precedents exist for the term 'duma' in Russia?

The history of the duma in Russia dates back to earlier forms of assemblies. These include the boyar dumas of Kievan Rus' and Muscovite Russia, as well as the State Dumas established during Tsarist Russia.

When was the State Duma of the Russian Empire established, and what prompted its creation?

The State Duma of the Russian Empire was founded in 1905. Its establishment followed significant unrest and upheaval during the Russian Revolution of 1905, marking Russia's first elected parliament.

How did Tsar Nicholas II's initial attempts to activate the State Duma fare?

Tsar Nicholas II's first two attempts to make the State Duma active were largely ineffective. Each of these early Dumas was dissolved after only a few months of operation.

Which of the Imperial State Dumas was the only one to serve its full term?

The third State Duma was the only one of the Imperial State Dumas to last for its entire five-year term.

What was the composition of the third State Duma after the 1907 electoral reform?

Following the 1907 electoral reform, the third Duma, elected in November 1907, was predominantly composed of members from the upper classes. This composition resulted from the removal of radical influences within the Duma.

What significant historical impact did the establishment of the Duma have on Russia's political system?

The establishment of the Duma after the 1905 Revolution signaled significant changes to the previously autocratic Russian Imperial system. It played a contributing role in the February Revolution of 1917, which led to the abolition of the Tsarist autocracy and the overthrow of the Tsardom.

What was the political landscape of the Duma following the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis?

After the 1993 crisis and the adoption of a new constitution, the State Duma was formed. In the December 1993 elections, pro-Yeltsin parties secured 175 seats, while the left bloc won 125 seats. The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) held a significant balance of power with 64 deputies.

What was the threshold for party-list seats in the 1993 Duma elections, and how were regional interests represented?

In the 1993 elections, only parties that secured over five percent of the vote qualified for party-list seats, with eight parties meeting this threshold. Additionally, 35 deputies could form a registered group to represent regional or sectoral interests.

Which party emerged as the leading political force after the 1995 Russian legislative election?

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation became the leading political party in Russia after the 1995 election, winning 157 seats. Gennady Seleznyov, a Communist, was elected Speaker of the State Duma.

How did the State Duma function as a political forum in the late 1990s?

During the latter half of the 1990s, the State Duma became an important platform for lobbying by regional leaders and businessmen. These groups sought legislative advantages, such as tax breaks, and the work of key committees, like those for defense, foreign affairs, and the budget, attracted considerable media attention.

Which parties were dominant in the State Duma in the early 2000s?

Following the 1999 parliamentary elections, the pro-presidential Unity party and the Communist Party were the leading political forces within the State Duma.

What political system characterized the State Duma after the 2003 elections, and how has this evolved?

After the 2003 elections, a dominant-party system was established, with the United Russia party, formed shortly before, holding a majority of seats. United Russia has consistently maintained an absolute majority in all subsequent elections.

How has the State Duma been described in terms of its legislative power during Vladimir Putin's presidency?

During Vladimir Putin's presidency, the State Duma has increasingly been referred to as a 'rubber stamp.' This reflects a shift towards electoral authoritarianism, where the legislature's role has become more aligned with supporting executive initiatives.

Which four parties formed the political landscape of the State Duma after the 2007 elections?

After the 2007 elections, a four-party system emerged in the State Duma, consisting of United Russia, the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, and A Just Russia. Other parties failed to secure enough votes to be represented.

How did the term length of the State Duma change in 2008?

In 2008, amendments to the Constitution were adopted, which increased the term of the State Duma from four years to five years.

What did the 2016 Dissernet exposé reveal about the academic credentials of State Duma members?

A 2016 exposé by Dissernet indicated that approximately one in nine members of the State Duma had obtained academic degrees through theses that were substantially plagiarized and likely ghostwritten.

What renovations occurred at the State Duma building in the late 2010s?

The State Duma building underwent reconstruction starting in May 2019 and concluding in September 2020. During this period, the State Duma temporarily convened in the House of Unions. A new conference room, designed as an amphitheater, was also presented as part of the renovation plans.

Which new party entered the State Duma following the 2021 elections, and what was the significance of this?

The 'New People' party was elected to the State Duma after the 2021 elections. This marked the first time since 1999 that five parties were represented in the Duma, indicating a slight diversification of the party system.

What are the specific powers granted to the State Duma by the Russian Constitution?

The Constitution of Russia enumerates several special powers for the State Duma, including: consenting to the appointment of the Prime Minister, hearing annual government reports, deciding on confidence in the Government, appointing and dismissing the Chairman of the Central Bank, appointing and dismissing half of the auditors and the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber, appointing the Commissioner for Human Rights, announcing amnesty, and bringing charges against the President for impeachment.

What is the State Duma's role in the appointment of the Prime Minister of Russia?

The State Duma must provide consent for the appointment of the Prime Minister of Russia, as stipulated by the Constitution.

Under what circumstances can the State Duma initiate impeachment proceedings against the President of Russia?

The State Duma can initiate impeachment proceedings against the President of the Russian Federation. This action requires a two-thirds majority vote of the deputies.

How are bills processed and adopted by the State Duma?

Bills are adopted by the State Duma with a majority vote of the total number of deputies, unless the Constitution specifies a different procedure. After approval by the State Duma, bills are then debated and approved or rejected by the Federation Council.

What is the typical procedure for recording individual deputy votes in the State Duma?

Relatively few roll call votes that identify individual deputies' votes are officially published. Individual votes are typically registered only when voting is open and conducted using an electronic method. However, every electronic vote cast by a deputy is registered by the computer system.

What are the eligibility requirements for becoming a deputy of the State Duma?

Any citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 21 years old and possesses the right to participate in elections is eligible to be elected as a deputy to the State Duma. However, individuals elected to the Duma cannot simultaneously hold a position in the Federation Council.

What restrictions are placed on the professional activities of State Duma deputies?

The office of a State Duma deputy is a full-time, professional position. Deputies are prohibited from being employed in the civil service or engaging in any other remunerative activities, with the exception of teaching, research, or other creative pursuits.

Who has served as Chairman of the State Duma since its modern establishment?

The Chairmen of the State Duma since its establishment in 1994 have been: Ivan Rybkin (1994–1996), Gennadiy Seleznyov (1996–2003), Boris Gryzlov (2003–2011), Sergey Naryshkin (2011–2016), and Vyacheslav Volodin (since 2016).

What were the periods of service for the first four Chairmen of the modern State Duma?

The first four Chairmen of the modern State Duma served as follows: Ivan Rybkin from 1994 to 1996, Gennadiy Seleznyov from 1996 to 2003, Boris Gryzlov from 2003 to 2011, and Sergey Naryshkin from 2011 to 2016.

Which convocations of the State Duma have occurred since its re-establishment in 1993?

The State Duma has had eight convocations since its re-establishment. These are the 1st (1993–1995), 2nd (1995–1999), 3rd (1999–2003), 4th (2003–2007), 5th (2007–2011), 6th (2011–2016), 7th (2016–2021), and the current 8th (since 2021).

What was the seat distribution for the Communist Party (KPRF) in the 1993 Russian legislative election?

In the 1993 Russian legislative election, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF) won 42 seats.

Which party held the largest number of seats in the State Duma following the 1999 elections?

After the 1999 Russian legislative election, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF) held the largest number of seats with 113.

How many seats did United Russia secure in the 2003 Russian legislative election?

United Russia secured 223 seats in the 2003 Russian legislative election, establishing a dominant position in the State Duma.

What was the seat count for the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) in the 2011 election?

In the 2011 Russian legislative election, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) won 56 seats.

How many seats did United Russia win in the 2016 Russian legislative election?

United Russia won 343 seats in the 2016 Russian legislative election.

In the 2021 Russian legislative election, which party won the most seats, and how many did it secure?

In the 2021 Russian legislative election, United Russia won the most seats, securing a total of 324 seats (126 from party-list and 198 from constituencies).

What was the total number of seats in the State Duma following the 2021 election?

Following the 2021 election, the State Duma comprised a total of 450 seats.

What was the voter turnout percentage for the 2021 Russian legislative election?

The voter turnout for the 2021 Russian legislative election was 51.58% for the party-list vote and 50.83% for the constituency vote.

What is the official website of the State Duma?

The official website of the State Duma is duma.gov.ru/en/.

What is the Russian term for the State Duma, and how is it commonly abbreviated?

The Russian term for the State Duma is Gosudarstvennaya duma. It is commonly abbreviated to Gosduma.

What is the pronunciation of the Russian term 'Gosudarstvennaya duma'?

The pronunciation of 'Gosudarstvennaya duma' is commonly rendered as DOO-mə.

How is the Russian territory divided for the purpose of electing deputies to the State Duma?

According to the law adopted in 2014, the Russian territory is divided into constituencies, each electing a single candidate. A single, unified constituency is used for the distribution of party-list seats.

What are some of the key powers of the State Duma related to government appointments and oversight?

The State Duma has the power to consent to the appointment of the Prime Minister, decide on the confidence in the Government, and appoint and dismiss the Chairman of the Central Bank and half of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber. It also appoints the Commissioner for Human Rights.

What role does the State Duma play in the impeachment process of the President?

The State Duma can initiate charges against the President of the Russian Federation for impeachment. This action requires a two-thirds majority vote from the deputies.

What does the State Duma do regarding amnesty?

The State Duma has the authority to announce amnesty.

What was the composition of the Duma in the 2021 election, detailing the seats held by major parties?

In the 2021 election, United Russia secured 324 seats, the Communist Party won 57 seats, A Just Russia – For Truth obtained 27 seats, the Liberal Democratic Party had 21 seats, and New People secured 13 seats. Additionally, 5 independent deputies were elected, and there were 2 vacant seats.

What is the significance of the 'Duma Building on Manege Square' mentioned in the text?

The Duma Building on Manege Square is depicted in an image caption, indicating it is a significant location associated with the State Duma's operations.

State Duma Wiki: The Russian Duma: Pillars of Governance

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Historical Context

Origins and Imperial Era

The concept of the 'Duma' traces its lineage back to the advisory councils of medieval Rus' and Muscovite Russia, evolving through the Boyar Dumas. The modern State Duma's precursor, the State Duma of the Russian Empire, was established in 1905 following the 1905 Revolution. Tsar Nicholas II's initial attempts to operationalize it were short-lived, with the first two Dumas dissolved prematurely. The third Duma, however, completed its five-year term, demonstrating a period of relative stability.

Revolution and Soviet Interlude

The Duma played a role in the tumultuous events leading to the February Revolution of 1917, which ultimately abolished the Tsarist autocracy. Following the revolution, the Provisional Committee of the State Duma emerged. However, the subsequent Soviet period saw the dissolution of such representative bodies, replaced by different structures of governance.

Post-Soviet Re-establishment

The current State Duma was established by the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the constitutional crisis of 1993. It replaced the Supreme Soviet, marking a significant shift towards a federal, semi-presidential republic with a bicameral legislature. The Duma headquarters are located in Moscow, near Manege Square.

Constitutional Authority

Enumerated Powers

The Russian Constitution explicitly grants the State Duma specific powers, including:

Consenting to the appointment of the Prime Minister of Russia.
Reviewing annual reports from the Government of the Russian Federation.
Deciding on motions of confidence in the Government.
Appointing and dismissing the Chairman and auditors of the Central Bank of Russia.
Appointing and dismissing the Commissioner for Human Rights.
Announcing amnesty.
Initiating impeachment proceedings against the President (requiring a two-thirds majority).

The Duma exercises these authorities through the adoption of decrees.

Legislative Process

Bills are typically passed by a majority vote of the total number of deputies. Once approved by the State Duma, legislation proceeds to the Federation Council for debate and approval or rejection. The Duma utilizes electronic voting systems, and while not all votes are publicly recorded roll calls, individual voting data is registered internally.

Electoral Framework

Voting System and Term

The electoral system has evolved. Currently, a parallel voting system is employed: 225 seats are filled via party-list proportional representation with a 5% electoral threshold, while the remaining 225 seats are determined by first-past-the-post voting in single-mandate constituencies. The term length for deputies was initially two years, then four, and has been set at five years since the 2011 elections.

Recent Election Dynamics

The 2021 legislative election saw United Russia maintain its majority, securing 324 seats. Other parties represented include the Communist Party (57 seats), A Just Russia – For Truth (27 seats), Liberal Democratic Party (21 seats), and New People (13 seats). Turnout was approximately 51.58% for party-list voting and 50.83% for constituency voting.

Deputy Composition

Eligibility Criteria

To be elected as a deputy to the State Duma, a citizen of the Russian Federation must be at least 21 years old and possess electoral rights. Crucially, individuals serving as deputies cannot simultaneously hold positions in other representative bodies of state power or local self-government. The role of a State Duma deputy is a full-time, professional position, precluding concurrent employment in the civil service, though teaching, research, or creative activities are permitted.

Party Representation

The political landscape within the Duma is dominated by several major parties. As of the 8th convocation (post-2021 election), United Russia holds a significant majority. Other parties represented include the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), A Just Russia – For Truth (SRZP), and New People. The composition reflects the electoral outcomes and the prevailing political alignments.

Organizational Structure

Seat Allocation

The State Duma comprises 450 deputies. The distribution of seats is determined by the electoral system, balancing party-list representation with constituency-based victories. This structure ensures a mix of national party mandates and direct regional representation.

Political Groups

The current political alignment (8th Duma) shows United Russia holding 324 seats. The Communist Party (CPRF) has 57 seats, A Just Russia – For Truth (SRZP) has 27, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDPR) has 21, and New People has 13. There are also 3 independent deputies and 10 vacant seats.

List of Convocations

Legislative Periods

The State Duma has convened multiple times since its re-establishment in 1993. Each convocation represents a specific legislative period, determined by the election cycle. Below is a summary of these convocations and their corresponding periods.

State Duma Convocations
Duma	Period	Election
1st	12 December 1993 – 17 December 1995	1993
2nd	17 December 1995 – 19 December 1999	1995
3rd	19 December 1999 – 7 December 2003	1999
4th	7 December 2003 – 2 December 2007	2003
5th	2 December 2007 – 4 December 2011	2007
6th	21 December 2011 – 18 September 2016	2011
7th	5 October 2016 – 19 September 2021	2016
8th	12 October 2021 – present	2021

Legislative Procedures

Bill Passage

The legislative process involves the introduction of bills, which are then debated and voted upon. A bill requires the majority support of the total number of deputies to be adopted by the State Duma. Following Duma approval, the bill moves to the Federation Council for further consideration. The use of electronic voting systems ensures that each deputy's vote is recorded, contributing to transparency in the legislative process.

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References

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Important Notice

This content has been generated by an AI model and is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is based on data available from Wikipedia and may not reflect the most current information or nuances of the topic.

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The Russian Duma: Pillars of Governance

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Historical Context ⏳

🏛️ Origins and Imperial Era

💥 Revolution and Soviet Interlude

📜 Post-Soviet Re-establishment

Constitutional Authority ⚖️

📜 Enumerated Powers

🏛️ Legislative Process

Electoral Framework 🗳️

🗳️ Voting System and Term

📊 Recent Election Dynamics

Deputy Composition 👥

👤 Eligibility Criteria

⚖️ Party Representation

Organizational Structure 🏗️

🔢 Seat Allocation

📊 Political Groups

List of Convocations 📅

🗓️ Legislative Periods

Legislative Procedures ⚙️

📝 Bill Passage

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Historical Context

Origins and Imperial Era

Revolution and Soviet Interlude

Post-Soviet Re-establishment

Constitutional Authority

Enumerated Powers

Legislative Process

Electoral Framework

Voting System and Term

Recent Election Dynamics

Deputy Composition

Eligibility Criteria

Party Representation

Organizational Structure

Seat Allocation

Political Groups

List of Convocations

Legislative Periods

Legislative Procedures

Bill Passage

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice